KSEEB Solutions for Class 8

KSEEB Solutions For Class 8 Civics Chapter 3 Why Do We Need a Parliament?

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KSEEB Solutions Class 8 Civics Chapter 3 Why Do We Need a Parliament? Textbook Questions

Question 1 Why do you think the nationalist movement supported the idea that all adults have a right to vote?

Answer. Indian National Congress was established in 1885 and Nationalist leaders demanded that there should be elected members n the legislature with a right to
discuss the budget and ask questions. The Government, of India Act 1909 introduced the indirect, election to the I legislative Assembly. Nat on leaders were not satisfied with this Act because the right to vote was very restricted and limited.

Under the act of 1919 and 1935 voter numbers increased but adult franchise was not introduced. Indian leaders demanded adult franchises and hence when they got a chance to frame the Constitution for India, adult franchise was introduced.

KSEEB Solutions For Class 8 Civics Chapter 3 Why Do We Need A Parliament

Question 2 In this 2004 map of Parliamentary constituencies alongside, roughly identify the constituencies in your State. What is the name of the MP from your constituency? How many MPs does your state have? Why are certain constituencies colored green while others are colored blue?

Answer. LokSabha Constituency Kamal-Sh. Arvind Sharma (Congress MP) State Haryana: Lok Sabha Seats-10. Constituent es colored green are reserved for S.T. and Constituencies colored blue are reserved for S.C.

Capture-3-civics-map

Question 3 You have read in Chapter I that the ‘Parliamentary form of government that exists in India has three tiers. This includes the Parliament (central government} and the various State Legislatures (state governments). Fill in the following table Answer with information on the various representatives from your area:

Answer.
Capture-3-civics-table

Why Do We Need a Parliament? Text Questions

Question 1 What do you think the artist is trying to convey through the image of Parliament on the previous page?

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Answer Through the above photograph, the artist is trying to depict that Indians play a huge part in running the government. People are the pillars of our parliament, meaning they play a vital role in the functioning of the government Being a democracy, citizens participate in the selection and smooth functioning of the government.

Question 2 Give one reason why you think there should be Universal Adult Franchise. Do you think there would be any difference if the class monitor was selected by the teacher or elected by the students? Discuss.

Answer Universal Adult Franchise should prevail as it contains equality among the people. Men and women should have an equal contribution towards the decision-making process. Yes, there would be a difference if the class monitor was selected by the teacher rather than being elected by the students. The monitor selected by the teacher will not represent the whole class. Whereas the monitor elected by the students would have been democratically elected and he/she would be the true representation of the class strength.

Question 3 Use the terms ‘constituency’ and ‘represent’ to explain who an MLA is and how the person gets elected.

Answer The Palam constituency is represented by Dharam Dev Solanki as an MLA of the Delhi Vidhan Sabha. The procedure to select an MLA is as follows

  1.  Tickets are allotted to the party candidates for contesting elections.
  2. The members fill their nominations and file them with the returning officer.
  3. They campaign with their policies and programs.
  4.  The citizens vote on the day of the elections and the person getting the highest number of votes is selected as an M LA of that particular constituency.

Question 4 Discuss with your teacher the difference between a State Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) and a Parliament (Lok Sabha).

Answer

 

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Question 5 From the list below, identify the work of a State government and that of a Central government.

(a) The decision of the Indian government to maintain peaceful relations with China.
(b) The decision of the Madhya Pradesh government to discontinue Board exams in Class VIII for all schools under this Board.
(c) A new train connection between Ajmer and Mysore will be introduced.
(d) Introduction of a new 1,000 rupee note.

Answer.
(a) Central Government
(b) State Government
(c) Central Government
(d) Central Government

Class 8 Civics Why Do We Need A Parliament KSEEB Notes 

Question 6 Fill in the blanks with the following words: Universal adult franchise; MLAs; Representative; Directly

Answer. Democratic governments in our times are usually referred to as representative democracies. In representative democracies, people do not participate directly but, instead, choose their representative through an election process. These MMs meet and make decisions for the entire population. These days, a government cannot call itself democratic unless it allows what is known as the universal adult franchise. This means that all adult citizens in the country- are allowed to vote.

Question 7 You have read that most elected member, whether in the Panchayat, the Vidhan Sabha, or the Parliament, is elected for a fixed period of five years. Why do we have a system where the representatives are elected for a fixed period and not for life?

Answer. The choices of the people keep on changing. If elected for life, a minister, MLA, etc., may neglect .his/her duty thinking that he/she has held over
the people. The people should get an opportunity
to voice their concerns and change the government if it is not happy with the work the elected representatives are doing.

Question 8 You have read that people participate in other ways and not just through elections to express approval or disapproval of the actions of the government. Can you describe three such ways through a small skit?

Answer. Three ways are Public rallies, Mass Media and Campaigning.

Question 9 Use the table given on page 35 to answer the questions below:

• Who will form the government? Why?
• Who will be presented for discussions in the Lok Sabha?
• Is this process similar to what you have read about in Class VII? 

Answer.
• Indian National Congress will win because it secured a two-thirds majority in the Lok Sabha.
• MPs will be presented.
• Yes, it is a similar process.

Question 10 The photograph shows results from the 3rd Lok Sabha elections held in 1962.
Use the photograph to answer the following questions:
(a)Which state has the highest number of MPs in the Lok Sabha? Why do you think this is so?
(b)Which state has the least number of MPS in the Lok Sabha?
(c)Which political party has won the most seats in all states?
(d)Which party do you think will form the government? Give reasons why.

Answer.
(a) Uttar Pradesh. This is because it is the state with the largest number of constituencies.
(b) Manipur and Tripura have the lowest number of MPs in the Lok Sabha.
(c) Congress.
(d) Congress.

Question 11 In the above question, what information is being sought from the Minister of Women and Child Development? If you were a Member of Parliament (MP), list two questions that you would like to ask.

Answer. The school nutritional policy of the government is being asked from the Minister of Women and Child Development. If I was a Member of Parliament (MP), the two quests ones that I would like to ask are:

  1. What new schemes are being launched for the upliftment of the status of rural women?
  2.  Although mid-day meals are being provided, why is the student t most shocking low in the rural areas?

Question 12 Looking at the table given on page 39, would you say that people’s participation during the past 50 years has decreased/increased/been stable after initial increase?

Answer. The voter turnout during the past 50 years has been unstable. During the 4th Lok sabha election, the voter turnout was 61 %, which declined to 55% during
the 5th election. The 8th elections saw 63% of the population, which dropped to 56% in the I Oth and 58% in the 14th elections.

Question 13 Why do you think there are so few women in Parliament? Discuss.

Answer. There are few women in the parliament as there is discrimination against women in every field. It has been recently suggested that there should be more reservations of women in parliament.

Why Do We Need a Parliament Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 How many members are nominated in the Rajya Sabha by the President?

Answer. Twelve members are nominated in the Rajya Sabha from amongst the scholars, art sts, and social workers.

Question 2 What does Parliament consist of?

Answer. The Parliament of India consists of the President of India, the Council of the States (Rajya Sabha}, and the House of the People (Lok Sabha). Rajya Sabha is the Upper House and Lok Sabha is the Lower House.

Question 3 How are members of Lok Sabha elected?

Answer. The members of Lok Sabha are elected directly by the people. Every citizen of 18 years has a right to vote.

Question 4 How many seats are reserved for scheduled castes in the Lok Sabha?

Answer. In Lok Sabha, 34 seats are reserved for scheduled castes.

Question 5 How many seats are reserved for scheduled tribes in Lok Sabha?

Answer. In Lok Sabha, 47 seats are reserved for scheduled tribes.

Question 6 In the 15th Lok Sabha elections held in 2009 the Congress got a large number of seats but still not enough to form the majority party in the Lok Sabha. Thus, it formed a United Progressive Alliance (UPA) with the other political parties, who were their allies.

Answer. The alliance of the Congress Party was: DMK; NCP; T.M.C. and N.C.

Question 7 Under which Act, the British government allowed some elected representation?

Answer. The British Government allowed for some elected representation under the Government of India Act 1909.

Question 8 Give one reason why you think there should be the Universal Adult Franchise.

Answer. Democracy is based on the principle of equality. Hence, all citizens should be given the right to vote on the basis of equality.

Question 9 Who controls and guides the government?

Answer. The Parliament controls and guides the government

Question 10 Which is the supreme law-making institution in India?

Answer. In India, Parliament is the supreme law-making institution.

Question 11 Which state has the highest number of MPs in the Lok Sabha?

Answer. Uttar Pradesh has 30 MPs in the Lok Sabha.

Question 12 Who presides over the Joint session of the Parliament?

Answer. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha presides over the meetings of the Joint Session of the Parliament

KSEEB Class 8 Civics Chapter 3 Questions And Answers 

Question 13 Mention any four functions of the Speaker of Lok Sabha.

Answer.

  1.  He allows the members to ask questions.
  2. No member can address the House without his permission.
  3. He preserves order in the House.
  4. He presides over the meetings of the Lok Sabha.

Question 14 What are the various types of bills of the parliament?

Answer. Bills are of three types:
(1) Ordinary Bill
(2) Money Bill and
(3) Constitutional Bill.

Why Do We Need a Parliament? Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 Discuss the main four features of the Indian Parliament.

Answer.

  1.  Indian Parliament is Bicameral.
  2. Rajya Sabha (Upper House) of the Parliament is permanent.
  3. Lok Sabha (Lower House) represents the whole nation.
  4. Rajya Sabha represents the states.
  5.  The Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha.

Question 2 Give the names of the two Houses of the Parliament and also their term.

Answer. The two Houses of the Parliament are the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.

  1. Term of the Lok Sabha: The members of the Lok Sabha are elected for a period of five years. But the President can dissolve it before the end of the
    tenure as well. During an emergency, due to external aggression or internal insurrection on, its term can be extended.
  2.  Term of the Rajya Sabha: Rajya Sabha is a permanent house. But after every two years, one-third (I 13) of its members retire and new ones are elected in their place. Thus, every member is elected for a term of six years.

Question 3 Who is the Speaker?

Answer. The Speaker is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha. He is elected by the members of the Lok Sabha from among themselves. The Speaker ^resides over the meetings of the House; maintains j order in the House and conducts the business of the House in accordance with the Rules of the House. The Constitution also provides for the office of the Deputy Speaker.

Question 4 You have read that most elected members whether in the Panchayat or the Vidhan Sabha or the Parliament are elected for a fixed period of five years. Why do we have a system where the representatives are elected for a fixed period of five years?

Answer. The Panchayats. the Vidhan Sabha and the Parliament members are elected for a fixed tenure of five years and not for life due to the following reasons:

  1. Fixed tenure for the elected representatives is more democratic than the election for life.
  2. Representatives elected for fixed tenure generally look after the interest of the masses whereas a person elected for life generally misuses his power for his own interests.
  3. For a good democratic system, it is essential that the election should be held after a fixed time, so that people get a chance to elect their true representatives.
  4.  Voters or the Public have a check on their representatives and the representatives are responsible for public opinion.

Question 5 Describe the constitutional powers of the Rajya Sabha.

Answer. The Rajya Sabha exercises constitutional functions along with the Lok Sabha. A constitutional bill may originate in either House of the Parliament. The constitutional bill should be passed in each House by a majority of its total membership and by a majority of two-thirds of the members present and voting. The Constitution is silent on how to resolve a deadlock between the two Houses.

Question 6 What do you understand by ‘Zero Hour?

Answer. The time immediately following the ‘Question Hour in both Houses has come to be popularly known as ‘Zero Hour. It is a Zero Hour in more than one sense. It is a non-existent hour. It starts at 12 noon, which is the zero hours of the day. It came to be called an hour also because very often it continued for one full hour until the House rose for lunch at I p.m. In the rules, there is no mention of any Zero Hour at all.

Question 7 Mention the special powers of the Rajya Sabha.

Answer. Under the Constitution, the Rajya Sabha has been vested with two special and exclusive powers. They are:

  1. Under Article 249, the Rajya Sabha may declare by resolution, passed by a two-thirds majority of its members present and voting, that it is necessary or
    expedient in the national interest that Parliament should make laws with respect to any matter enumerated in the State List.
  2.  (a) Rajya Sabha is competent to create one or more All India Services if it passes a resolution by a two-thirds majority.
    (b) Rajya Sabha alone can in if ate the proposal for removing the Vice-President.

Question 8 How is the Lok Sabha more powerful than the Rajya Sabha?

Answer. Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha because:

  1.  The members of the Lok Sabha are direct/ elected while those of the Rajya SaDha are indirectly elected.
  2. A money bill cannot be introduced in the Rajya Sabha. It originates in the Lok Sabha only. It is sent for recommendation to the Rajya Sasha and not
    passing. If the Rajya Sabha returns it after 14 days, it is assumed as passed.
  3. The Lok Sabha controls the executive whereas the Rajya Sabha has no effective control over the executive (cabinet).

Question 9 Define the term ‘no-confidence’ and ‘no-confidence motion’.

Answer. No-confidence means that the leader of the House has lost the confidence of the majority of members and is no longer wanted to lead the party and the government. The no-confidence motion is a formal resolution tabled in the House to see whether the leader enjoys the confidence of the members of the House. If the motion is passed, the leader resigns and is replaced by the new incumbent.

Question 10 What is understood by an adjournment motion?

Answer. An adjournment motion is a proposal for postponing the normal business of the House in order to discuss a matter or an urgent public importance, such as a serious riot a case of police firing on a procession or a grave railway accident, and so on.

Why Do We Need A Parliament KSEEB Class 8 Textbook Solutions 

Question 11 What are the qualifications for a member of Lok Sabha? 

Answer.

  1.  He must be a citizen of India.
  2.  He must have completed 25 years of age.
  3.  He must not hold any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State.
  4.  He must possess such other qualifications as may be prescribed by the Parliament.
  5. No person can be a member of both the Houses of Parliament.

Question 12 Write down the financial powers of the Lok Sabha.

Answer. Lok Sabha controls the finances of the State. A money bill can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha and not in the Rajya Sabha If there is a difference of opinion on whether a particular bill is a money bill or any other bill, the decision of the speaker of the Lok Sabha will be final.

Why Do We Need a Parliament? Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1 Describe the powers of the Union Parliament.

Answer. The following are the main powers of the Union Parliament:

  1. Legislative Powers: The Parliament can frame laws on the subjects mentioned in the Union List and Concurrent List. Under certain special circumstances, the Parliament gets the right to frame laws on the subjects mentioned in the State List
  2. Financial Powers: The Parliament controls the finances of the country. The budget is passed by the Parliament
  3. Executive Powers: The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers are responsible to the parliament for their actions and policies. the Parliament has the power to remove the Council of Ministers by passing a vote of no-confidence.
  4. Judicial Powers: The Parliament can remove the President from the office through impeachment. The Parliament can remove the judges of the High Courts and Supreme Court by passing a resolution to that effect
  5.  Electoral Powers: The elected members of Parliament participate in the election of the President The Vice-President is elected by the members of both the Houses of Parliament

Question 2 Describe the composition of the Indian Parliament.

Answer. The Union Parliament consists of the President and the two Houses to be known respectively as ;
the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and the house of the People (Lok Sabha).

  1.  Rajya Sabha: Rajya Sabha is the Upper House of the Parliament It can have at the most  250 members in it. The President of India nominates 12 members. These are persons who j have distinguished themselves in the field of art literature, science, and social service. Rest of j the members are elected by the members of State Legislatures. At present, it consists of 245 I (233 + 12) members in all. I/3rd of its members retire after every two years and the other j members are elected to fill up the vacancies. Each member remains in office for a period of j 6 years.
  2.  Lok Sabha: Lok Sabha is the lower House of the Parliament It can have at the most 550  elected members. 530 members can be directly elected by the voters from different States and j 20 members can be elected from the Un on Ter r stories. The members will be elected according ! to the laws framed by the Union Parliament The President can nominate two members of the j Anglo-Indian community if he feels that in the Lok Sabha, this community has not got adequate j representation. In this manner, the maximum strength of the Lok Sabha can be 552. But, at j present Lok Sabha has 543 elected members. The members of the Lok Sabha are elected for a period of 5 years. The President of India can dissolve the Lok Sabha before the expiry of its j term and can order fresh elections. The members of the Lok Sabha elect one Speaker and one  Deputy Speaker from among its members.

Important Questions For KSEEB Class 8 Civics Chapter 3 

Question 3 Explain the law-making process in the Parliament.

Answer. The Parliament enacts laws for the whole country. The resolution that is introduced in the Parliament for the purpose of making law or changing old law or amending the Constitution is called a bill. An ordinary’ bill has to pass through the following stages to become an act:

  1.  Introduction of the Bill: An ordinary bill can be introduced in any House either by a minister or by a member of the House.
  2.  First Reading: The bill at this stage is not debated and discussed in detail only the objects and the main principles involved are discussed.
  3.  Committee Stage: The members of the selected committee members discuss the bill in detail and debate the merits and demerits o* the bill.
  4. Second Reading: The report of the committee is discussed in detail. The bill is discussed clause by clause and item by item. The members of the House can suggest amendments in the bill.
  5.  Third Reading: There is not much discussion on the bill at this stage. The entire bill is put to vote at this stage and it is either rejected or passed.
  6.  Bill in the Second House: The bill is to pass through all the stages in this House also.
  7.  Assent of the President: After the bill is passed by both the Houses it is sent to the President for his assent. The bill becomes an act when the President gives his assent to it.

Why Do We Need a Parliament? Hots Corner

Question 1 State the miscellaneous powers of the Parliament.

Answer.

  1. The elected members of both the Houses of Parliament participate in the election of the President.
  2. The Vice-President is elected by the members of Doth the House of Parliament.
  3. The Parliament can recommend to the President the removal of a Judge of the Supreme Court and High Court for their misbehavior or incompetence.
  4. The Parliament can recommend to the President the removal of the Chief Election Commissioner and the Comptroller and Auditor General of India.

Question 2 What are the qualifications of a member of Lok Sabha?

Answer.

  1.  He must be a citizen of India.
  2. He/She must have completed 25 years of age.
  3. He/She must not hold any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State.
  4. He/She must not be of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court.
  5. No person can be a member of both Houses of Parliament.

Question 3 How is Rajya Sabha constituted?

Answer. The maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha can be 250. Out of these, 12 members are nominated by the President The remaining 238 members represent the States and the Union Territories. The representatives of the states are elected by the elected members of their Legislative Assemblies and in the case of the Union, Territories are chosen in such a manner as the Parliament may by law determines. At present, Rajya Sabha consists of 245 members.

Question 4 Write down the financial powers of the Lok Sabha.

Answer. Lok Sabha controls the finances of the State. A money bill can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha and not in the Rajya Sabha. If there is a difference of
opinion, whether a particular bill is a money bill or any other bill, the decision of the speaker of the Lok Sabha will be final.

Why Do We Need a Parliament? Miscellaneous Questions

A.Multiple Choice Questions Tick the correct option from the choices provided:

Question. I. Who is the head of the state?

(a) Prime Minister
(b) Cabinet
(c) President
(d) Council of Ministers

Ansswer. (c) President

Question.2. What is the present strength of Lok Sabha?

(a) 545 members
(b) 550 members
(c) 515 members
(d) 555 members

Ansswer. (a) 545 members

Question 3 Who acts as a link between the Cabinet and the President of India?

(a) Council of Ministers
(b) Ministers of State
(c) Prime Minister
(d) Vice President

Answer. (c) Prime Minister

Question 4 The Lower House of the Indian Parliament is known as:

(a) Rajya Sabha
(b) Lok Sabha
(c) Legislative Assembly
(d) Council of States

Ansswer. (b) Lok Sabha

Question 5 The tenure of the members of the Rajya Sabha is:
(a) 5 years
(b) 4 years
(c) 6 years
(d) 3 years

Answer. (c) 6 years

Question 6 Who is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha?

(a) Vice-President
(b) Prime Minister
(c) Speaker
(d) Home Minister

Answer. (c) Speaker

KSEEB Civics Chapter 3 Class 8 Multiple Choice Questions 

Why Do We Need a Parliament? B.True or False

State whether the following statements are true or false:

  1. The Parliament consists of the President, Lok Sabha, and Rajya Sabha.
  2. Prime Minister presides over the meetings of Lok Sabha.
  3. Vice-President is the presiding officer of the Rajya Sabha.
  4. Rajya Sabha is more powerful than the Lok Sabha.
  5.  Members of Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people on the basis of a Universal Adult Franchise.
  6. Rajya Sabha is a permanent House.
  7. The Lok Sabha can be dissolved by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister.
  8.  The Parliament controls and guides the government.
  9. Each constituency elects one representative to Lok Sabha.
  10.  Members of the Rajya Sabha are elected for a fixed tenure of five years.

Answer.

  1. True
  2.  False
  3. True
  4.  False
  5.  True
  6.  True
  7. True
  8. True
  9.  True
  10.  False

Why Do We Need a Parliament? C. Match the Following

Find and write the correct options from the given below columns:

Capture-3-civics-Match-the-following

Answer.

1. (c)
2. (b)
3. (a)
4. (d).

Why Do We Need a Parliament? D.Picture Interpretation

Look at the following picture and answer the questions that follow:

Capture-3-civics.

  1. What does the following picture depict?
    Answer. The following picture is of the Indian parliament.
  2. How many houses does it have?
    Answer. It consists of 2 houses, the lower house or the Lok Sabha, and the Upper House or the Rajya Sabha.
  3. How many members does it have?
    Answer. The Lok Sabha consists of 552 members and the Rajyasabha consists of 250 members.

 

 

KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 History Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside

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KSEEB Solutions For Class 8 History Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside

Question 1 Match the following:

(i) ryot
(ii) maha1
(iii) nij
(iv) ryoti

(a) village
(b) peasant
(c) cultivation on ryot’s land
(d) cultivatior on planter’s own land

Answer: (i) (b) (ii) (a) (iii) (d) (iv) (c)

Question 2. Fill in the blanks:

(a) Growers of woad in Europe saw _____ as a crop which would provide competition to their earnings.
(b) The demand for indigo increased in late eighteenth-century Britain because of ______
(c) The international demand for indigo was affected by the discovery of ______
(d) The Champaran Movement was against _____

Answer. (a) Indigo (b) Industrialisation (c) Synthetic dyes (d) Indigo planters  Let’s Discuss

Question 3. Describe the main features of the Permanert Settlement.

Answer. Following were the main features of Permanent Settlement:

  • According to the settlement, the rajas and taluqdars were regarded as zamindars and were declared the owners of their lands.
  • Zamindars were asked to collect rent from the peasants and pay a fixed amount of revenue to the Company.
  • The revenue amount to be paid was fixed by the Company.
  • It was believed that this system would ersure a regular flow of revenue for the Company and zamindars will take steps to improve agriculture.

KSEEB Solutions For Class 8 History Chapter 3 Ruling The Countryside

Question 4 How was the mahalwari system different from the Permanent Settlement?

Answer. Permanent Settlement: It is a system of revenue collection which was introduced in the provinces of Bengal and Bihar by Lord Cornwallis in 1793. The entire work of revenue collection was assigned to the zamindars, who were given hereditary rights over the land on the condition that they would pay a fixed amount of revenue to the government every year. Zaminaors were free to collect revenue from peasants as much as they wanted.
Mahalwari system: Under this system, the revenue-collectors went from village to village, inspecting and measuring the fields and recording the customs of different groups. The estimated revenue from each field was added to calculate the revenue that each village would pay. This demand was not fixed and would be revised over a certain period. The village headman was given the charge to collect and pay revenue to the Company.

Question 5. Give two problems which arose with the new Munro system of fixing revenue.

Answer The problems which arose with Munro system are:

  • Revenue officials fixed very high revenue demands because they wanted to increase the Company’s income from land.
  • Peasants were unable to pay the high taxes. So, they fled from their villages. Officials thought that the new system would bring prosperty to the peasants, but this did not happen.

Question 6 Why were ryots reluctant to grow indigo

Answer  Ryots were reluctant to grow indigo because planting indigo had certain problems which are given below:

  • Ryots were given loans to grow indigo and were forced to sign an agreement. Once they started to take loans, they were unable to repay them.
  • The peasants soon came to know that this system was harsh. The prices which they received for the indigo they produced were very low and the cycle of loans never ended.
  • The planters insisted that indigo should be cultivated on the best soil where rice was generally cultivated. The indigo plant has deep roots, which reduces the fertility of the soil. After an indigo harvest, r ce could not be sown on that land.
    Because of these problems, the ryots were reluctant to grow indigo.

Question 7 What were the circumstances which led to tne eventual collapse of indigo production in Bengal?

Answer:

The following were the circumstances which led to the collapse of indigo production in Bengal:

  •  Farmers were given loans to grow indigo and were forced to sign an agreement Once the cycle of loan started, it never came to an end. Finally, the planters refused to grow indigo which led to the collapse of indigo production.
  • Indigo had deep roots and it depleted the fertility of the soil. After an indigo harvest rice could not be sown on that land. That’s why they refused to grow indigo.
  • The prices given to indigo planters were very’ low because of which they did not want to grow indigo.
  • In March 1859, thousands of ryots in Bengal refused to grow indigo. Ryots refused to pay rents, attacked the indigo factories and the agents of the planters were beaten up. So, the production of indigo fell in Bengal.

Class 8 History KSEEB Ruling The Countryside Notes 

Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside Text Questions

Question 1 Why do you think Colebrook is concerned with the conditions of the under-ryots in Bengal?

Read the preceding pages and suggest possible reasons.

Answer. The under-ryots in Bengal were employed by the powerful ryots to work in their fields. These under¬tenants had to work very hard, but still remained impoverished. They were always under debt and their produce was low.

Question 2. Imagine that you are a Company representative sending a report back to England about the conditions in rural areas under Company rule. What would you write?

Answer. The situation in the Indian countryside is extremely pathetic. The artisans are fleeing from their villages and the peasants are under severe debt. The agriculture is declining and not enough revenue can be generated from those areas because the produce is very low.

Question 3. Imagine you are a witness giving evidence before the Indigo Commission. W.S. Seton Karr asks you “On what condition will ryots grow indigo?” What will your answer be?

Answer The rots should not be forced, but encouraged to produce indigo. This was only possible if high prices were offered to the peasants and labourers for their produce and hard work.

Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside Additional Questions

 Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. When was the East India Company appointed as the Diwan of Bengal?

Answer. On 12th August 1765, the East India Company was appointed as the Diwan of Bengal.

Question 2. When did Bengal face a severe famine and how many people were killed in it?

Answer. A terrible famine occurred in Bengal in 1770 and around 10 million people were killed.

Question 3. When and by whom was Permanent Settlement introduced?

Answer. The Permanent Settlement was introduced ir 1793 by the then Governor-General of India, Lord Cornwallis.

Question 4. Who were made the owners of land in Permanent Settlement?

Answer. The rajas and taluqdars were recognised as zaminaars and they were made the owners of land.

Question 5. What was the advantage of Permanent Settlement to the Company?

Answer. As a result of the Permanent Settlement, the Company was assured of a fixed and regular income.

Question 6. What was the disadvantage of Permanent Settlement?

Answer. The revenue had been fixed so high that the zammars found it difficult to pay. Anyone who failed to pay the revenue lost his zamindari. Many zamindaris were sold off by the Company.

Question 7. Why was there a need to change the system of land?

Answer. The Company thought of ways to fix permanent revenue since it needed more money to meet its expenses of trade ard administration. That’s why there was a need to change the system of land.

Question  8. Who introduced the mahalwari system and where?

Answer. An Englishman named Holt Mackenzie devised the mahalwari system n the north-western Drovinces of the Bengal Presidency in 1822 CE.

KSEEB Class 8 History Solutions For Ruling The Countryside 

Question 9. What was the unit of measurement in the mahalwari system?

Answer. Mahal or village was the unit in the mahalwari system.

Question 10. Who was to pay revenue in the mahalwari system?

Answer. It was decided that the village would pay the revenue in the mahalwori system.

Question  11. Who introduced the ryotwari system?

Answer. After the wars with Tipu Sultan, Captain Alexander Reid introduced the ryotwari system in some areas owned by the Company.

Question 12. With whom was the settlement made in the ryotwari system?

Answer. In raitwari system, the settlement was made directly with cultivators or r/ots who had tilled the land for generations.

Question 13. Name some crops that the British encouraged the Indians to grow.

Answer. The British encouraged the production of crops like opium, indigo, tea, sugarcane, jute, wheat, Sd cotton and rice.

Question 14. Which one thing was common in the KalamKari print and the floral cotton print?

Answer. The one thing common in both the prints was tne use of rich blue colour, commonly known as indigo.

Question 15. Which European countries started to grow indigo?

Answer. The French began cultivating indigo in the Caribbean islands, the Portuguese in Brazil, the British in Jamaica and the Spanish in Venezuela.

Question 16. What was nij cultivation?

Answer. In this system, the planters produced indigo in lands under his direct control. He either owned the land or rented it from the zamndars. The planter himself hired the labourers.

Question 17. When did the ryots in Bengal refuse to grow indigo?

Answer. In March 1859, thousands of r/ots in Bengal refused to grow indigo.

Question 18. Why did the indigo peasants think that the British Government would support them in their struggle?

Answer. After the revolt, the British Government was worried about the possibility of another rebellion. Hence, the indigo peasants thought that the Government would support them.

Question 19. Why did the British Government set up the Indigo Commission?

Answer. The British Government set up the Indigo Commission to enquire into the system of indigo production.

Ruling The Countryside Class 8 KSEEB Questions And Answers 

Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. How did the responsibility of the Company change as the Diwan of Bengal?

Answer

  • When the Company got Diwani rights of Bengal, it became the chier financial administrator of the areas under its control. Now, the Company had to manage and organise revenue resources,
  •  The Company was also responsible for the administration of its territory. It had to yield enough revenue to meet the increasing expenses.

Question 2. What did the Company officials learn from their past experiences as administrators?

Answer

  • As administrators, the Company officials learnt a lot from their past experiences. The officials had to move with great caution since they represented an alien or foreign power. They had to pacify the local people who had ruled the countryside and w ielded extensive power in the society.
  • The Company officials knew it well that these local rulers could only be controlled, and not entirely eliminated.

Question 3. What were the conditions of Bengal’s economy after 1765?

Answer

  • The Company got Diwani rights of Bengal in 1765. Soon after, Bengal’s economy faced deep crises. Artisans began to leave their villages because they were forced to sell their goods at low prices to the Company.
  • Peasants were unable to pay the dues and taxes demanded from them. Agricultural cultivation showed signs of collapse.
  • In 1770, a terrible famine occurred in Bengal in which around 10 million people were killed. Around one-third of the population was wiped out

Question 4. What do you understand by the term ‘Permanent Settlement’?

Answer  Permanent Settlement is a system of revenue collection which was introduced in the provinces of Bengal and Bihar by Lord Cornwallis in 1793. The entire work of revenue collection was assigned to the zarvindars, who were given hereditary rights over the land on the condition that they would pay a fixed amount of revenue to the government every year.

Question 5. What were the demerits of Permanent Settlement?

Answer

  •  Landlords became the permanent owners of the land. As a result, a new class of landlords came up, which was loyal to the British.
  •  Landlords who lived away from their lands were adversely affected. They could not collect revenue from the farmers and were unable to deposit it to the government on time. As a result, they had to sell   their  lands to pay the tax.
  •  This system hardly paid any attention to the plight of farmers as they were left at the mercy of the landlords. The landlords collected revenue from them mercilessly and did not treat the peasants well. As a   result, the conditions of the farmers worsened.
  •  Most of the landlords did not pay attention to the improvement of their lands. Instead, they lived a lavish life in big cities like Calcutta.

Question 6. What were the merits of Permanent Settlement?

Answer

The income of the Company became certain. Now, it was easy for the Company to prepare its budget

  • Landlords were now- made permanent ow-ners of the land. They undertook some steps to improve agricultural means and soil fertility.
  • Now, the Company did not have to assess the land revenue time and again.
  • As the landlords were made the permanent owners of the land, they were pleased with the British and remaned loyal in times of internal revolts.

Question 7. What do you understand by the mahalwari system?

Answer

Holt Mackenzie, an Englishman, introduced the system of mahalwari in 1822. In this system, the revenue-collectors went from village to village inspecting and measuring the land, and recording the customs and rights of different communities. The estimated revenue from each plot was added to calculate the revenue that each village had to pay. This demand was not fixed and could be revised over time. The charge of collecting revenue was given to the village headman instead of the zamindar. This system came to be known as tie mahalwari system.

Question 8. What do you understand by the ryotwari system?

Answer

The system of land revenue collection introduced in Madras and Bombay Presidencies by the British is known as the r,otwar’ system. The government made settlements with farmers for a specific period of about 30 years. The farmers had to pay 50% of the produce to the government every year, and this settlement could be revised after a stipulated period.

Question 9. Why did the woad producers in Europe pressurise their governments to ban the import of indigo?

Answer

Indian indigo was in great demand in Europe as it was used by cloth manufacturers in Italy, France and Britain. But, only small amounts of Indiar indigo reached the European markets that too, at very- high prices. Hence, European cloth-manufacturers had to depend on another plant called ’woad’ to make blue and violet dyes. This Dlarrt was easily available in Europe. Woad producers were concerned about strict competition from indigo, so they pressurised their governments to ban the import of indigo

Explanation Of Ruling The Countryside In KSEEB History 

Question 10. Why did the demand of Indian indigo grow in Europe?

Answer

  •  Industrialisation took place in Britain and cotton production expanded very quickly. Demand for cloth-dyes had increased considerably.
  •  As the demand for indigo increased rapicly in Europe, its existing supply from West Indies and America collapsed due some reasons.
  •  The indigo production fell by half between 1783 and 1789 CE. Due to this, the demand for Indian indigo increased in Europe.

Question 11 How did the indigo cultivation grow over the years in India?

Answer Indian indigo was in great demand in Europe. As less amount of indigo reached Europe at a very j high price, the commercial agents and the Company officials started investing their money in j indigo production. Many of the Company officials left their jobs to trade in indigo. A number of j Englishmen came to India to become planters, as they hoped to earn high profits. They received j loans from the Company and the banks to set up their business. In this way, the indigo cultivation  grew over the years.

Question 12. Why did the indigo plantation diminish in tha Caribbean islands?

Answer

  • In the 18th century, the French planters used to produce indigo and sugar in the French colony of Saint Domingue in the Caribbean Islands. The African slaves working on the plantations revolted against
  • their masters in 1791. Many plantations were burnt down and some planters were killed.
  • In 1792 C.E., slavery was abolished by France in the French colonies. All these events led to the diminishing of the indigo plantations on the Caribbean Islands.

Question 13. What is meant by indigo cultivation on the land of ryotsi

Answer

  • The ryots were forced to sign contracts with the planters. The village headmen signed these contracts on the behalf of the farmers.
  • Those who signed the contract, got advance loans from planters to produce indigo. The loan, however, committed the ryot to cultivate indigo on a minimum of 25% of his land.
  • They were provided seeds and drill by the planter while the cultivators took to growing crops. After receiving the produce, the planters gave fresh loans to the ryots and this cycle continued.

Question 14. What happened during the Blue Rebellion?

Answer

  • Then of Bengal refused to grow indigo in March 1859. As the rebellion spread, they attacked the indigo factories and refused to pay rents to the planters.
  • Women also joined the rebellion using their kitchen implements. Those who worked for the planters were boycotted and the agents of planters were beaten up when they came to collect rent.
  • Ryots swore that they would not take advances to grow indigo and bravely resist the Dlanters.

Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Explain the merits and demerits of the Permanent Settlement of land in Bengal.

Answer. During the time of Lord Clive, the East India Company got tne Diwani rights of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa from the Mughal emperor. The Company had no means to collect the taxes. Therefore, the work of collecting land revenue was given to the local officials. The method of collecting revenue by the officials was improper. Warren Hastings, therefore, made some reforms in this system. After the reforms, neither the revenues of the Company increased nor the landlords became happy. Cornwallis, therefore, introduced the Permanent Settlement of is started in 1793.

Merits of Permanent Settlement

  • Income of the Company became certain. Now, it was easy for the Company to prepare its budget
  • Landlords were now made permanent owners of the land. They, therefore, started making improvements in agriculture.
  • Now, the Company did not have to assess the land revenue time and again.
  • As the landlords were made the permanent owners of land, they were pleased with the British and sided with the government in times cf internal revolts.

Demerits of permanent settlement

  • Landlords became the permanent owners of land. A new class of zamindars was bom which was loyal to the British.
  • Landlords who lived away from their lards were adversely affected. They could not collect revenue from the farmers and were unable to deposit it to the government in time. As a result, they had to sell their lands to pay the tax.
  • Due to lack of proper measurement of land, less revenue was fixed. As a result, the income of the landlords increased, but the income of the government remained stagnant.
  • Most of the landlords did not pay attention to the improvement of their lands. They gave their lands on contract and stayed in big cities like Calcutta enoying a luxurious life there.
  • The Permanent Settlement did not pay attention to the rights of the farmers. They were left at
    the mercy of the landlords. The landlords collected revenue from them mercilessly and did not ! treat them well.
  • As a result, the conditions of the farmers worsened. In brief, we can say that the objective of Cornwallis was to improve the conditions of the farmers : through Permanent Settlement but, only the landlords benefitted. The conditions of the farmers ; became even more miserable.

Question 2 Explain in brief about the Permanent Settlement, the ryotwari system and the mahalwari system.

  • Permanent Settlement: Permanent Settlement is a system of revenue collection which was introduced in the provinces of Bengal and Bihar by Lord Cornwallis in 1793. The entire work of revenue collection was assigned to zamincars, who were given hereditary rights over the land on the condition that they would pay a fixed amount of revenue to the government every year.
  • Ryotwari system: This system of land revenue collection was introduced by the British in the Madras and Bombay Pres dencies. The government made settlements with farmers for a specific period of about 30 years. The farmer had to pay 50% of their production to the government every year. The settlement could be revised after the stipulated period.
  • Mahalwari system: Holt Mackenzie, an Englishman, introduced a new system of rnahalwar in 1822. In this system, the revenue-collectors went from village to village inspecting and measuring the land, and recording the customs and rights of different groups.
    The estimated revenue was calculated for each village. This demand was not fixed and could be revised. The village headman, and not the zam’ndawas given the charge of collecting revenue and deposit it to the Company. This system came to oe known as the mahalwar system.

KSEEB Notes for Class 8 History Ruling The Countryside 

Question 3. What were the problems associated with ni cultivation?

Answer

  • The planters found it difficult to expand the area under n cultivation. Indigo could be cultivated only on fertile lands. Planters needed larger areas to cultivate indigo and only scattered areas were fertile.
  •  Planters tried to get lease for lands near the indigo factories and started to evict the peasants from those areas. This led to several conf icts.
  • More labour was required to cultivate indigo on huge plantations. Since the farmers were engaged in cultivating rice, labour was not easily available.

This cultivation on large scale required many ploughs and bullocks. The ploughs and bullocks were not available at the time the indigo planters needed them. Farmers often put them to use on rice-fields.

In this way, many problems were present in n‘ cultivation of indigo. Therefore, planters found an alternative mode of cultivation, ;.e., the ryot system.

Question 4 Describe in brief the events that occurred during the Blue Rebellion.

Answer.

  • The ryots of Bengal refused to grow indigo in March 1859. As the rebellion spread, they attacked the indigo factories with bov/s, arrows, swords and spears and they refused to pay rents to the planters. Women also oined the rebellion with their kitchen implements.
  • Those who worked for the planters were socially boycotted and the agents of planters were beaten up when they came to collect rent. Ryots swore that they would not sow indigo and resist the planters.
  • In 1859. the indigo ryots felt that the village headmen and local zamindars had supported them in their rebellion against the planters. In many villages, the headmen mobilised the ryots and fought against the planters. Even zamnda’S urged the t) ots to rebel against the planters. The n ots also bel eved that the British Government would support them.
  • In the end, the British Government set up a commission which concluded that the planters used coercive methods against, the peasants. The peasants were to fulfill their existing contracts and were not bound to sign any further contracts.

Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside Hots Corner

Question 1 Why did Mahatma Gandhi launch the Champaran Movement against the indigo planters?

Answer. A peasant from Bihar Dersuaded Mahatma Gandhi to visit Champaran and see the plight of the indigo-cultivators. Gandhii visited Champaran in 1917 and he launched the Champaran Movement against the indigo planters.

Question 2 The farmers made direct contracts with the British in the ryotwari system. Why?

Answer  Captain Alexander Reaa and Thomas Munro held the view that there were no traditional zamindars in south India. Hence, the British should directly make contracts with farmers (or ryots) who had tilled the land from the ages.

Question 3  What were the recommendations of the Indigo Commission?

Answer  The recommendations of the Indigo Commission are:

  • The British Government set up the Indigo Commission to enquire into the system of indigo production. The Commission recommended that the planters were guilt)’ of using coercive methods with indigo cultivators.
  • It also declared that the work of indigo production was not profitable to the rycts. So, the Commission asked the r/ois to fulfill their existing contracts and empowered them to refuse growing indigo in future.

KSEEB Class 8 History Chapter 3 Important Questions 

Question 4 How were the zamindars advantaged by the Permanent Settlement as against the farmers?

Answer

  • The zamindars benefited from the Permanent Settlement. They became the permanent owners of land.
  • They were giver the right to sell and modify lands. They used to give fixed revenue to the Company but could collect any amount from the farmers as they wished.
  • If any farmer was unable to pay the revenue, he was thrown out of his land. Most of the zamindars used to live a lavish life but farmers lived a life of poverty. In brief, we can say that the zamindars benefrtted from the Permanent Settlement as against the farmers.

Question 5 Explain the Champaran Movement and the role of Mahatma Gandhi in it.

Answer

  •  The condition of indigo cultivators in Charmaran District of Bihar was very pitiable. They were greatly exploited in their bagaans. Gandhiji was requested by indigo cultivators to come to their rescue as they knew about his struggle in South Africa. Gandhiji went over there in 1917 and heard them out.
  • The government officials of Champaran directed Gandhiji to leave Champaran but he hardly listened to them. He was ready to go tc jail if he would be tried in the court. The Government was forced to withdraw its decision and an Enquiry Commission was appointed, of which Gandhiji was one of the members. The Government agreed to take action in favour of the farmers.

Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside Miscellaneous Questions

A. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) Tick the correct option from the choices provided:

Question 1 Which company was given the Diwani rights of Bengal in 1765?

(a) English East India Company

(b) Dutch East India Company

(c) French East India Company

(d) None of these

Answer  (a) English East India Company

Question 2 Who introduced Permanent Settlement of land in Bengal?

(a) Lord Hastings

(b) William Bentinck

(c)Lord Cornwallis

(d) None of these

Answer. (c) Lord Cornwallis

Detailed Notes On Ruling The Countryside KSEEB 

Question 3 What was made a unit in the mahalwari system of land?

(a) Peasant

(b) Village

(c) Group

(d) Production

Answer. (b) Village

Question 4 The British came to India as

(a) Conquerors

(b) Sellers of goods

(c) Travellers

(d) Traders

Answer (b)Traders

Question 5 were known as ryots.

(a) Cultivators

(b) Zamrdars

(c) Landlords

(d) Labourers

Answer. (a) Cultivators

Question 6  The Champaran Movement was against the

(a) British

(b) The Indigo planters

(c) Landlords

(d) Revenue officials

Answer  (b) The Indigo planters

Question 7 Who were asked to collect rent from the peasants and pay fixed revenue to the Company in Permanent Settlement?

(a) Village headman

(b) Revenue officials

(c) Cultivators

(d) Zam’rdars

Answer (d) Zairindais

Question 8 Who was given the charge to collect and to pay revenue to the Company in mahalwari system?

(a) Village headman

(b) Cultivators

(c) Zamindar

(d) Revenue officials

Answer (a) Village headman

Question 9 What was done by thousands of indigo ryots of Bengal in 1859?

(a) Refused to pay rents

(b) Attacked indigo factories

(c) Agents of planters were beaten up

(d) All of these

Answer (d) All of these

Question 10 Introduced the mahalwari system.

(a) Holt Mackenzie

(b) Lord Cornwallis

(c) Lord Hastings

(d) Alexander Read

Answer. (a) Holt Ma

Simplified Notes For KSEEB Class 8 History Ruling The Countryside 

B. Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside Match the Following

Find and write the correct options from the given below columns:

match the following chapter 3 history

C. Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside Picture Interpretation

Question 1. Study the following picture and answer the following questions:

picture interpretation

  1. Who is the person receiving the Diwani rights from the Mughal Emperor?
  2. How did the responsibility of the Company change after getting the Diwani rights of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha?

    Answer

 

  1.  This person is Robert Clive, the Governor-General of India, who is receiving the Diwani rights of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa from the Mughal Emperor, Shah Alam II.
  2. When the Company got Diwani rights of Bengal. Bihar and Orissa, it became the chief financiai administrator of the areas under its control. Now, it not only had to think about administration of land but also, it had to organise the revenue resources. It had to yield enough revenue to meet the increasing expenses of the Company. As a trading Company, it also had to ensure that it could buy the products it needed and sell what t wanted to.

Question 2. Study the given picture carefully and answer the following questions:

picture interpretation

  1. What does this picture tell us?
  2. Why were these markets badly affected?

Answer

  1. This picture depicts the weekly market at Murshidabad in Bengal.
  2. Peasants and artisans from rural areas regularly came to these weekly markets to sell their goods and buy what they needed. But, when the British started to buy raw materials in bulk and started to sell manufactured goods, Indian cottage industries were destroyed and these markets were badly affected.

Part A – Our PASTS – III (History)

Part B – Resources and Development (Geography)

Part C: Social and Political Life -III (Civics)

KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Biology Chapter 6 Circulatory System Notes

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KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Biology Chapter 6 Circulatory System Notes

All living organisms need food and minerals for survival. In both the animals and the plants, there is a transport system that carries the food and other substances to the various parts of the body. This transportation system in the animals and human beings is called the circulatory system.

The main transport system in human beings is the ‘blood circulatory system’ (which is commonly known as just ‘circulatory system’). In the circulatory system, blood carries digested food, water and oxygen to all the parts of the body.

It also takes away the waste products like carbon dioxide made in the body cells. Thus, the blood circulatory system makes food, water and oxygen available to every part of the body, and helps in removing waste materials of the body like carbon dioxide, etc.

the circular system

Circulatory System

The various organs of the circulatory system in humans are: Heart and Blood vessels (Blood vessels are of three types: arteries, veins and capillaries). Blood is also considered a part of the circulatory system. In the circulator)’ system, the heart acts as a pump to push out blood. The blood vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries) act as tubes or pipes through which blood flows in the whole body.

KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Biology Chapter 6 Circulatory System Notes

Blood

Blood is a red coloured liquid which flows in blood vessels and circulates in our body. Blood is red because it contains a red pigment called haemoglobin. Blood has many different cells which perform different functions. Blood consists of four components: plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

Plasma is a liquid and red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets keep floating in it. The blood is able to transport (or carry) various substances in the body due to the presence of different components in it. We will now describe all the four components of blood and their functions in somewhat detail.

Plasma

The liquid part of blood is called plasma. Plasma is a pale yellow, sticky liquid. It is 90 per cent water and 3.5 per cent common salt. Plasma contains dissolved substances such as digested food and waste products (like carbon dioxide and urea). Plasma carries water and dissolved substances such as digested food and waste products from one part to another part in the body.

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

Red blood cells are red in colour due to the presence of a red pigment called haemoglobin inside them. Haemoglobin present in the red blood cells carries oxygen to different parts and ultimately to all the cells. If there is a deficiency of haemoglobin in the blood of a person, it becomes difficult to provide oxygen efficiently to all the cells of his body.

Class 8 Biology KSEEB Circulatory System Notes 

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

The white blood cells fight infection and protect us from diseases. This is because white blood cells help to fight against germs which may enter our bodies and cause diseases. Some white blood cells can eat up the germs (like bacteria) wrhich cause diseases. Other white blood cells make chemicals known as antibodies’ to fight against infection. White blood cells are much smaller in number than red blood cells.

Platelets

Platelets arc the tiny fragments of special cells formed in the bone marrow. Platelets help in the clotting of blood in a cut or wound. When someone gels injured, then blood starts flowing from the cut made by the injury. After some time, however, a dark red clot is formed which plugs the cut and bleeding stops.

If, however, there were no platelets in the blood, then bleeding caused by a cut from an injury would not stop. This may cause loss of too much blood from the body of a person leading to death.

circular system the compounts of blood

Functions of Blood

The blood performs number of important functions in our body. Some of these functions have been discussed here:

  •  Blood helps in carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide between the respiratory organs and tissues.
  •  Blood helps in carrying the stored food and vitamins to the tissues or organs where they are generally needed.
  •  It helps in transporting the waste products from the tissues to the excretory organs and regulates the water balance.
  •  It contains antibodies to fight against the infections in the body.
  •  It helps in transporting the nutrients and water to all parts of the body from the alimentary canal.
  •  It prevents excessive bleeding in case of accidents by forming blood clots.
  •  It carries hormones from the glands to the parts where it is needed for action.
  •  It helps in regulating the temperature of an organism and distribution of heat equally in all parts of the body.

Blood Groups

Blood type am vary from person to person. The red blood cells in the blood contain number of protein molecules called the antigens. The antigens are foreign substances in the body of humans that initiate the production of antibodies by the human immune system. The antibodies are chemical substances which are made by the human body in response to the foreign substances or antigens.

Thus, based on the antigens and antibodies, blood group also differ. Karl Landsteiner discovered that sometimes during blood transfusion from one person (donor) to the other (recipient), the foreign blood lends to clump and cause shock or jaundice.

This happens when the blood groups of the two human beings, the donor and the recipient, are different. Hence it is very important to know the blood groups of different people before any such process. The blood groups are differentiated on the basis of antigens and antibodies present in the blood.

  • The antigens are found on the surface of RBCs and the antibodies are present in the plasma.
  • There are four types of blood groups (A, B, AB, and O) in human beings based on the presence or absence of antigens and antibodies.
  •  The blood group A has antigen A on its RBCs and antibody B.
  •  The blood group B has antigen B and antibody A.
  •  The blood group AB has both antigens A and B but no antibodies.
  •  The blood group O has no antigens but both antibodies A and B.
  •  O type blood can be given to persons of all type of blood groups such as O, A, B, AB. The person having blood group O is called Universal donor. The person with blood group AB can receive the blood from all type of blood groups, Le. AB, A, B, and O and is therefore called Universal acceptor.

KSEEB Class 8 Biology solutions for Circulatory System 

Blood Transfusion

The transfer of blood from one person to the other is called blood transfusion. When people are seriously ill or get injured then, there are chances that they lose a lot of blood and thus, might need blood transfusion. The person who receives blood is called recipient. The person who donates blood is called donor. It is necessary to match the type of blood of the recipient and the donor before transfusion.

The antibodies and antigens present in blood act against each other. When the blood of opposite antigen is transfused into the body of a person, the antibodies of the person act against the antigens and cause clumping of the blood. Tt may lead to infections or even death. Thus, blood transfusion must be done by matching the blood groups of donor and recipients.

circular- system- Different- blood- groups- with- antigen- and- antibody- present- in- them

Rhesus or the Rh factor

The blood contains another important antigen which is Rh factor or the Rhesus factor. This determines the compatibility of the blood transfusion to be given to the recipient. The Rh factor can be positive or negative. A person can be called Rh positive or Rh negative, depending on the presence or absence of the Rh factor.

The Rh negative people do not have an antibody in the plasma as against the Rh factor. If a person with Rh negative is given blood with Rh positive by mistake, then recipient develops antibodies against the Rh factor. Repeated transfusion of blood to the recipient with Rh positive factor can become very dangerous and may endanger the recipient’s life.

circular-system-Transfusion-compatibility-of-donors-and-recipients

Blood Vessels

Blood vessels carry blood throughout our body. ’Ihe blood vessels run between the heart and the rest of the body. There are three types of blood vessels in our body—arteries, veins and capillaries.

Arteries

Arteries are the blood vessels which carry blood from the heart to all the parts of the body. In other words, arteries are the blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart. Arteries arc found in the whole of our body. The arteries have thick and elastic walls, because blood flows through them at high pressure. The main artery (called aorta) is connected to the left ventricle of the heart.

The main artery carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to all the parts of the body (except the lungs). Another artery called pulmonary artery is connected to the right ventricle of the heart. The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

Circulatory System Class 8 KSEEB Questions And Answers 

Veins

Veins are the blood vessels which carry blood from all the parts of the body back to the heart. In other words, veins are the blood vessels which carry blood towards the heart. The greenish-blue lines which we see just below the skin on our hands and legs are the veins.

The deoxygenated blood returns to the heart at low pressure through the veins. Since the blood flows at low pressure through the veins, so the veins have thin walls.

Veins have valves in them which allow the blood in them to flow in one direction only towards the heart. The valves prevent the backflow of blood in veins. The main vein is connected to the right atrium of the heart. The main vein carries deoxygenated blood from all the parts of the body (except lungs) back to the heart.

Another vein called pulmonary vein is connected to the left atrium of the heart. The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood (rich in oxygen) from lungs back to the heart.

circular-system-Differences-between-arteries-and-veins

Capillaries

Capillaries are the extremely thin blood vessels which connect arteries to veins. Thus, capillaries are always present in-between the arteries and veins in our body. Capillaries (also called ‘blood capillaries’) are present throughout our body. Every cell of the body is near a capillary. The capillaries have extremely thin walls which allow substances to pass from blood into the body cells, and also from body cells into the blood.

The oxygenated blood from arteries enters into the capillaries in all the parts of the body. The various dissolved substances present in the blood (like food and oxygen) pass into body cells through the thin walls of the capillaries. At the same time, the waste products (like carbon dioxide) formed in the body cells enter into blood through the thin walls of capillaries.

 

circular-system-Types-of-blood-vessels

Heart

The heart is an organ which pumps blood to all the parts of our body through a network of tubes called blood vessels. Our heart ‘beats’ continuously to circulate blood in the body. The heart works like a pump non-stop throughout our life. The heart lies between the two lungs and above the diaphragm in the chest cavity. The heart is made of special muscle called ‘cardiac muscle’.

The heart is surrounded by a two-layered tissue membrane called pericardium. The space between the two layers is filled with fluid called pericardial fluid.

Structure of Heart

Human heart has four compartments called ‘chambers’. The upper two chambers of heart are called atria (singular of atria is atrium), and the lower two chambers of heart are called ventricles. On the left side of the heart are left atrium and left ventricle. On the right side of the heart are right atrium and right ventricle.

These chambers are meant to prevent the mixing of pure and impure blood. Right and left ventricles are separated by an interventricidar septum.

Explanation Of Circulatory System In KSEEB Class 8 Biology 

Auricles

Auricles (or atrium) are the upper chambers of the heart. They have thin walls and receive blood from different parts of the body. The right auricle receives the impure blood while the left auricle receives the pure blood.

Ventricles

The lower chambers of the heart are known as ventricles. They have thick walls as they have to pump the blood out of the heart to different parts of the body. The right ventricle pumps the impure blood while the left ventricle pumps the pure blood A thick muscular septum wall is present between two auricles and the two ventricles.
The septum divides the heart into left and right sides.

circular-system-Structure-of-heart

Heart valves

Valves inside heart regulate the flow of the blood. They don’t allow oxygenated blood to mix with deoxygenated blood. The right auricle opens into the right ventricle through the auriculo-ventricular opening which is protected by a tricuspid valve. It helps prevent back flow of blood into right auricle. Similarly, a bicuspid valve at the opening of the left auricle into ventricle prevents back flow of blood.

At the base of pulmonary artery and the aorta are the semi-lunar valves which direct the flow of blood and prevents back flow.

The valves present in the heart are discussed here:

  • Tricuspid valve: It is located at the opening between right auricle and right ventricle.
  • Bicuspid or mitral valve: It is located between left auricle and left ventricle.
  • Pulmonary semilunar valve: It is present at the opening of right ventricle into pulmonary artery.
  • Aortic semilunar valve: It is located at the point of origin of aorta from left ventricle.
  • Superior vena cava: It brings deoxygenated blood from upper body parts (head, neck, chest and arms) to the right auricle.
  • Posterior vena cava: It brings deoxygenated blood from posterior or lower body parts, i.e. abdomen and legs to the right auricle. It is the largest vein.
  • Aorta: It arises from left ventricle and carries oxygenated blood to supply it to all body parts. Abdominal aorta is the largest artery.
  • Coronary arteries: There are two coronary arteries right and left, arising from the base of aorta and supply blood to heart muscles.

Blood Circulation

The blood circulates in our body by the pumping action performed by the heart. The pumping action of heart starts by the contraction of its muscular walls. The alternate contraction and relaxation continues regularly. The blood circulates twice through the heart making one complete round of blood circulation through the body.

This is called double circulation. In this arrangement, blood flows between lungs and heart and then between heart and body. That way in the human beings, the circulation cycle works in two ways: pulmonary (lung) circulation and systemic (body) circulation.

Pulmonary Circulation

In this process, the right ventricle sends de-oxygenated blood to tire lungs for oxygenation through pulmonary artery and the left auricle receives oxygenated blood from the lungs through pulmonary vein.

Systemic Circulation

In this process, the right auricle receives de-oxygenated blood from the different parts of the body and the left ventricle sends oxygenated blood through aorta to different parts of the body. In blood circulation, the de-oxygenated blood is collected from the different parts of our body in the pulmonary artery through two major veins called the vena cava and is brought to the right auricle. After the contraction of the right auricle, the blood is pushed into the right ventricle.

When the right ventricle contracts, then the tricuspid valve prevents the blood from flowing back into the right auricle. From the right ventricle, the blood gets pumped into the pulmonary artery which carries the blood into the lungs. There is an exchange of gases, i.e., oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs. The oxygenated blood is then carried into the left auricle by the help of the pulmonary vein. Left auricle pumps the blood into the left ventricle. The left ventricle opens into the large artery called the aorta which carries blood out to different parts of the body.

circular-system-Blood-circulation

KSEEB Class 8 Biology Chapter 6 Important Questions 

Heartbeats

The heart pumps blood into arteries by contracting. When the heart contracts, it becomes smaller in size and pushes the blood into main artery with a great force. Then the heart relaxes (comes back to its original size) and gels filled up with blood from pulmonary vein. In this way, the heart keeps on contracting and relaxing again and again to pump blood into the body continuously. One complete contraction and relaxation of the heart is called a heartbeat.

The heart of an adult person usually beats about 72 to 80 times in a minute (while resting). This is called the heart rate. We can feel our heartbeats if we place our hand on the left side of our chesl just above the heart region. The heart beats can be counted easily by counting the pulse.

Though the average number of heartbeats of an adult person while resting is about 72 to 80 beats per minute but the number of heartbeats increase during and after a physical exercise or when a person is excited. The heart beats faster during and after a physical activity or exercise because our body needs more energy under these conditions.

The faster beating of heart pumps blood more rapidly to the body organs which supplies more oxygen to the body cells for rapid respiration to produce more energy. The increase in number of heartbeats caused by exercise, excitement, fear or nervousness, however, lasts for a short time after which it becomes normal. The average heart rate in infants is far higher than in adults. A doctor listens to our heartbeats with the help of an instrument called stethoscope.The stethoscope amplifies (makes louder) the sound of heartbeats so that the doctor can hear the heartbeats clearly.

circular-system-a-stethoscope
A stethoscope consists of three parts:

  •  A chest piece (which carries a sensitive diaphragm at its bottom). The diaphragm amplifies the soimds of heartbeats.
  •  Two ear pieces (which are made of two metal tubes). These are put by the doctor into his ears.
  •  A rubber tube which joins the chest piece to the ear pieces. The rubber tube transmits the sound from the chest piece into the ear pieces. A stethoscope is used to hear clearly the ‘heartbeats’ by placing the chest piece over the heart region of chest. The diaphragm amplifies the sounds of heartbeats coming from within the body and the rubber tube and ear pieces transmit these sounds to the ears of the doctor. Doctors can get clues about the condition
    of our heart by listening to the heartbeats through the stethoscope.

Pulse

Every time the heart beats, blood is forced into arteries. This blood makes the arteries expand a little. The expansion of an artery each time the blood is forced into it, is called pulse. Each heartbeat generates one pulse in the arteries, so the pulse rate of a person is equal to the number of heartbeats per minute i.e., 72 to 80 per minute. Thus, the pulse rate is the same as the heart rate. Just like heartbeats, the pulse rale of a person is higher after a physical exercise or when a person is excited.

Most of our arteries lie deep inside our body and hence cannot be used to feel the pulse. But the wrist, temple and neck are some places where the arteries are close to the surface of skin and we can feel the pulse with our finger tips. The pulse is traditionally taken above the wrist. We usually see the doctor taking the pulse rate of a patient by keeping his fingers on the wrist of the patient and at the same lime looking into his watch.

Blood Pressure

The pressure at which blood is pumped around the body by the heart is called blood pressure. The blood pressure of a person is always expressed in the form of two values called ‘systolic pressure’ and ‘diastolic pressure’. The phase of the heart beat when the heart contracts and pumps the blood into arteries is called ‘systole’. And the phase of heart beat when the heart relaxes (or expands) and allows the chambers to till with blood is called ‘diastole’.

The maximum pressure at which the blood leaves the heart through the main artery (aorta) during contraction phase, is called the systolic pressure. This high pressure in the main artery maintains a steady flow of blood in all the arteries towards the capillaries.

The minimum pressure in the arteries during the relaxation phase of heart is called the diastolic pressure. The value of diastolic pressure is always lower than that of the systolic pressure. The blood pressure of a person is expressed in terms of millimetres of mercury (which is written as mm Hg). The normal blood pressure values arc:

Systolic pressure: 120 mm Hg

Diastolic pressure: 80 mm Hg

This is usually written as 120/80.

Detailed Notes On Circulatory System KSEEB 

Conditions Related To The Heart Functions

Heart is a very sensitive organ. Here are some of the conditions that may result from the improper functioning of the heart. Some of them have been discussed here.

Palpitation

You must have felt racing heartbeats in a nervous situation such as during exams. This condition arises when the heart beats very fast and we feel the beating of our own heart. The person feels breathlessness, tightness around the chest and dizziness also. This condition is called palpitations.

Cardiac Arrest

Another condition related to the functioning of heart is cardiac arrest. The person collapses and loses consciousness. Cardiac arrest or heart attack occurs when there is an obstruction in the flow of the blood, in arteries. This may happen due to a clot or thickening of the arteries due to cholesterol deposition. It could also happen due to damage in coronary arteries. High blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, smoking or drinking too much alcohol are some reasons behind this condition of heart.

Hypertension

When a person is having higher than normal systolic and diastolic pressure, the person is said to be suffering from hypertension or high blood pressure. This condition prevails even if a person is at rest. Hypertension is the major cause of diseases such as diabetes and heart diseases.

Lymphatic System

A system of tiny tubes called lymph vessels and lymph nodes (or lymph glands) in the human body which transports the liquid called lymph from the body tissues to the blood circulatory system is called lymphatic system. Lymph capillaries are tiny tubes which are present in the whole body just like blood capillaries. Since the ends of the lymph capillaries in the body tissues are closed, so the tissue fluid can only seep into the walls of the lymph capillaries present in the body tissues.

Moreover, since the pores in the walls of the lymph capillaries are somewhat bigger, so even large protein molecules present in the tissue fluid can enter into lymph capillaries. The lymph capillaries join to form larger lymph vessels. The lymph vessels have lymph nodes (or lymph glands) at intervals. The lymph nodes contain special type of cells called lymphocytes. Lymph nodes containing lymphocytes are involved in the cleaning of lymph and protecting the body from disease.

The lymph vessels are connected to large veins of the blood circulatory system. Thymus and spleen are important lymphatic organs. Lymph is a light yellow liquid which is somewhat similar in composition to blood plasma. It contains large protein molecules and digested food (which come into it from the tissue fluid between the cells). It also contains germs from the cells and fragments of dead cells.
Lymph is another medium of circulation in the human body. But lymph flows in only one direction – from body tissues to the heart. Since lymph is derived from the tissue fluid which remains outside the cells of the body, so it is also called extracellular fluid. Lymph contains a special type of white blood cells called lymphocytes which help in fighting infection and disease.

Lymph containing large protein molecules, digested fat, germs and fragments of dead cells from the tissue fluid around the body cells seeps into the lymph capillaries present throughout the body. From lymph capillaries, lymph passes into larger lymph vessels containing lymph nodes.

In the lymph nodes, lymph is cleaned by white blood cells called lymphocytes. These white blood cells eat the germs and dead cells, and also make antibodies for protecting the body from disease.
The cleaned lymph containing large protein molecules, digested fat and other useful materials is transported by lymph vessels to the large veins (called subclavian veins) which run just beneath the collar bone. These veins carry the lymph to the heart. In this way, the circulation of lymph from the body tissues to the heart is completed.

circular-system-The-lymphatic-system

Simplified Notes For KSEEB Class 8 Circulatory System 

The Functions of Lymph (or Lymphatic System)

  •  Lymph (or lymphatic system) takes part in the nutritive process of the body. It puts into circulation large protein molecules and digested fat by carrying them from the tissues into the blood stream.
  • It protects the body by killing the germs drained out of the body tissues with the help of lymphocytes contained in the lymph nodes, and by producing antibodies.
  • Lymph (or lymphatic system) helps in removing the waste products like fragments of dead cells, etc.

Activity

Aim: To measure the pulse and heart rate Material Required: Stopwatch Procedure:

  •  Work in pairs.
  •  One student of each pair will measure the pulse rate and heart rate of another student in the pair.
  •  The first student will place his middle and index fingers on the inner side of the other student s wrist. There will be a regular thumping in the wrist. This thumping is pulse.
  •  Count the pulse for 30 seconds and multiply it by 2. This gives average pulse rate in one minute.
  •  Now count the pulse rate after a jog. Repeat the process with other student of the pair.
  • Observations: The pulse rate at rest is and after physical exercise is .
  • Inference: The pulse is less at resting stage comparec to that after physical exercise. This is because exercise increases the body’s need of oxygen which in turn increases the pulse rate.

Keywords

  • Circulatory system: Basic transport system of food ard other substances in the animals and human beings
  • Artery: Vessel which carries oxygenated blood to various body tissues
  • Veins: Vessels which carries deoxygenated blood to heart
  • Haemoglobin: Red colour pigment present in the blood
  • Diastole: A term used when the heart is relaxed
  • Systole: A term used for contraction of the heart
  • Aorta: The largest artery
  • Antigens: Foreign substances in the body of humans that initiate the production of antibodies

Summary

  •  The transport system in the animal and human beings is called the circulatory system.
  •  The oxygen which is taken in by the lungs during the process of respiration and the nutrients which are absorbed by the intestines during the process of digestion has to be transported to the other cells of the body.
  • The circulatory system in animals and humans consists of blood, blood vessels and heart.
  •  Blood is a tissue which contains specialised cells. It is a red coloured fluid that flows inside the blood vessels. Blood contains RBCs, WBCs and platelets.
  •  The blood circulates in our body through a network of blood vessels, i.e., arteries, veins, and capillaries.
  •  The heart is a muscular organ which is located in the chest. It is divided into four chambers or cavities.
  •  The contraction of auricles and ventricles make a sound called heartbeat. The rhythmic beating of the arteries due to the beating of the heart is called Dulse.
  •  The blood circulates in our body by the pumping action of the heart.
  •  There are four major kinds of blood groups which depend on the presence of antigens and antibodies within them.
  •  The transfer of blood from one person to the other is called blood transfusion.
  •  The blood contains another important antigen which is Rh factor or the Rhesus factor.

KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Biology Chapter 4 Ecosystem Notes

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KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Biology Chapter 4 Ecosystem Notes

The physical and biological world where we live is called our environment. The environment includes our physical surroundings like air (or atmosphere), water bodies, soil (land) and all the organisms such as plants, animals, human beings and micro-organisms like bacteria and fungi (called decomposers).

All these constituents of the environment are dependent on one another. So, all of them interact with one another and maintain a balance in the environment in a natural way.

Ecosystem

The various spedes of living organisms (plants and animals) interact among themselves as well as with their physical environments like soil, air and water. Living organisms interact with one another through their food chains in which one organism consumes another organism. The living organisms like plants interact with soil to get essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, etc. with air to get carbon dioxide and also with water bodies, for carrying out the process of photosynthesis.

Thus, the various communities of living organisms (called biotic communities) like plants and animals along with soil, air and water of that region form a self-sustaining or functional unit of the living world. This ‘functional unit’ or ‘system’ made up of living and non-living components which is capable of independent existence is called an ecosystem. The ecosystem includes all the communities of an area (all the plants and animals of an area) functioning with their non-living environment like soil, air and water.

We can now define an ecosystem as follows. An ecosystem is a self-contained unit of living things (plants, animals and decomposers), and their non-living environment (soil, air and water). An ecosystem needs only the input of sunlight energy for its functioning. The examples of ecosystems are: a grassland (meadow); a forest; a desert; a mountain; a pond; a lake; a river; and sea. When we say that a pond or lake is an ecosystem, then the word pond also includes all the aquatic life (plants and animals) which occurs in this pond water. The term ‘ecosystem’ is derived from the Greek word Oikos\ meaning a house’.

 

KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Biology Chapter 4 Ecosystem Notes

Class 8 Biology KSEEB Ecosystem Notes 

Components Of an Ecosystem

All the ecosystems are made up of two main components—Biotic components, and abiotic components. Biotic components mean living components and abiotic components mean non-living components. Thus, we can now say that an ecosystem consists of non-living environment and the living biological community.

ecosystem DivisionofanecosystemBiotic Components of an Ecosystem

The biotic component of an ecosystem (or the living component of an ecosystem) is a community of organisms (like plants and animals), which is made up of many different inter dependent populations. The biotic community (or living community) of an ecosystem includes three types of organisms: producers, consumers and decomposers

Producer Organisms (or Autotrophs)

These organisms synthesize their own food. All the green plants are producers.

Consumer Organisms (or Heterotrophs)

These are the organisms which are dependent on others for food. All the animals are consumers. Consumers are further divided into the following groups:

ecosystemFoodrelationsofvariouslivingorganisms

Herbivores

Some animals eat only plants (or their products). Those animals which eat only plants are called herbivores. The herbivores may eat grasses, leaves, grains, fruits or the bark of trees. Some of the examples of herbivores are cow, buffalo, goal, sheep, horse, deer, camel, ass, ox, elephant, monkey, squirrel, rabbit and hippopotamus. Cow is called a herbivore because it eats only plants (or plant products) as food. Herbivores are also known as herbivorous animals.

The animals which get their food by eating the producers (plants) directly are called primary consumers. Since herbivores obtain their food directly from plants (or producers), therefore, herbivores (like cattle, deer, goat, etc.) are primary consumers.

Carnivores

Some animals eat only other animals. They do not eat plant food at all. Those animals which eat only other animals as food are called carnivores. The carnivores eat the meat (or flesh) of other animals. So. we can also say that those animals which eat only the meat (or flesh) of other animals are called carnivores. Some of the examples of the carnivores are: lion, tiger, frog, vulture, kingfisher, lizard, wolf, snake and hawk.

Lion is called a carnivore because it eats only the meat (or flesh) of other animals like deer, rabbit and goat, etc. Carnivores are also known as carnivorous animals. The carnivores are usually of two types: small carnivores and large carnivores. The small carnivores which feed on herbivores (primary consumers) are called secondary consumers. For example, a frog, lizard, bird and fox, etc., are secondary consumers.

The large carnivores (or top carnivores) which feed upon the small carnivores (secondary consumers) are called tertiary consumers. For example, lion, tiger and birds of prey (such as hawk) are some of the tertiary consumers. Please note that humans (man) can be primary, secondary or tertiary consumers depending on the food which they eat.

KSEEB Class 8 Biology Solutions For Ecosystem

Omnivores

Some animals cat both, plants as well as other animals. Those animals which eat both, plants and animals, are called omnivores. In other words, the omnivores eat plant food as well as the meat (or flesh) of other animals. Some of the examples of omnivores are: man (human beings), dog, crow, sparrow, bear, mynah and ant. Humans are called omnivores because they eat both, plant food (such as grains, pulses, fruits and vegetables) as well as meat of animals (such as goat, chicken and fish). Omnivores are also called omnivorous animals.

Decomposer organisms (or saprotrophs)

These are the organisms which consume the dead remains of other organisms. Certain bacteria and fungi are decomposers.

Abiotic Components of an Ecosystem

The abiotic components of an ecosystem (or the non-living components of an ecosystem) include the physical environment like soil, water and air along with the inorganic substances like carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, water, phosphorus, sulphur, sodium, potassium, calcium and other elements present in them. The physical factors or climatic factors like light, temperature, pressure and humidity are also considered abiotic components of the ecosystem.

Sunlight

Intensity and duration of light play an important role in the life of an organism and in its activities. Green plants synthesize their food in the presence of sunlight. All animals depend on plants for food, either directly or indirecdy. So, sunlight is the ultimate source of energy for all living organisms. Length of a day also influences the reproductive cycle of poultry and birds. Most of the animals are active during daytime whereas there are animals which show activities during night time only. These animals are called nocturnal animals.

Air

Air is a mixture of several gases. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are two gases that support life on the Earth. Plants need carbon dioxide for preparing their food by photosynthesis. Both plants and animals use oxygen for respiration. Carbon dioxide is exhaled by animals. It is also added to the environment by burning of fuels. Oxygen is given out by plants during photosynthesis.

Water

Water is an important constituent of plants and animals. The human body is about 60 % water by weight. Plants absorb water from the soil through their roots. Water is a raw material essential for photosynthesis. Water acts as a medium of transport in the bodies of both plants and animals. It is through water that nutrients and waste materials move throughout the body. Water is one of the important factors for seed germination.

Water is the habitat for many organisms such as lotus, water lily fish, whale, shark and seahorse. Some organisms need oxygen dissolved in water to survive.

Humidity

Humidity is a quantity representing the amount of water vapour in the atmosphere or in a gas. Humidity also affects the type of organisms in an area.

Soil

Soil is the top layer of the Earth’s surface in which plants grow. It is a mixture of fine rock particles, minerals, microorganisms and decomposed bodies of plants and animals. Soil also contains water. Soil is sometimes called the ‘skin of the Earth’. Soil provides the medium for plant growth. Soil is home for many animals such as snails, earthworms and ants.

Ecosystem Class 8 KSEEB Questions And Answers 

Temperature

The temperature determines the best climate and place for the survival of living organisms. It is a measure of warmth or coldness of a substance or environment. Sun’s heat reaches the Earth and makes it warm. Being just at the right distance from the sun, our planet Earth has a temperature that favours the growth and survival of living organisms. Moreover, the layer of air around it helps to retain the heat and not let it escape.

Without air, the Earth would be too cold to live! On the Earth, places near the poles are very cold while those near the middle part are hotter. That is why, very few organisms live in polar regions. Temperature affects the distribution of plants and animals on the Earth. Thus, we now know that the biotic components are closely dependent on abiotic components.

Interaction Within Biotic Components of  Environment and Energy Flow

Food Chain

Anything which we eat to live is called food. Food contains energy. The food (or energy) can be transferred from one organism to the other through food chains. The starting point of a food chain is a category of organisms called producers. Producers are, in fact, plants. So, we can say that all the food chains begin with a green plant (or grass) which is the original source of all food. Let us take an example to understand the meaning of food chain. Suppose there is a field having a lot of green plants (or producers of food).

Now, plants can be eaten up by a rat. The rat, in turn, can be eaten up by a cat. And finally, the cat can be eaten up by a wolf. So, we find that there is a sequence (or order) in which one organism eats up the other organism (or consumes the other organism) to fill its belly. ‘Itie sequence of living organisms in a community in which one organism consumes another organism to transfer food energy, is called a food chain.

In simple words, a list of organisms (living beings) showing “who eats whom” is called a food chain. Let us make this point more clear by taking the example of a simple food chain operating in a grassland or forest. In a grassland or forest, there is a lot of grass (which are green plants). This grass is eaten up by animals like deer. And this deer is then consumed (eaten up) by a lion. This food chain tells us that grass is the starting point of this food chain.

The grass is eaten up by deer and the deer is then eaten up by a lion. In this food chain, grass is the producer organism which uses sunlight energy to prepare food like carbohydrates by the process of photosynthesis. This grass is then consumed by a herbivore called deer. And the deer is consumed by a carnivore called lion. A food chain represents a single directional (or unidirectional) transfer of energy.

For example, the above food chain tells us that the transfer of energy takes place from grass to deer and then to lion. It cannot take place in the reverse direction from lion to deer to grass. The study of food chains in an area or habitat helps us in knowing various interactions among the different organisms and also their interdependence.

ecosystemfoodchain

 

Food Web

Food web is basically several interlocking and independent food chains in an ecosystem. Each living organism in the ecosystem is a part of multiple (different food) chains. For instance, a grasshopper and giraffe are herbivores. Similarly, different herbivores can be eaten by different carnivores. Thus, we see that there are a lot of food chains that prevail in an ecosystem which are interconnecting, overlapping and interdependent in nature. Hence, we can describe food web as a network of food chains that are linked together in one form or the other.

ecosystemafoodweb

In this food web, we can see a network of numerous pathways along which the food (or energy) flows within grassland community.
This food web starts from the plants which is a producer and ends in top carnivore hawk (baaz). There are as many as six food chains operating in the food web shown above which have been marked 1,2, 3,4, 5 and 6 .

  •  In the 1st food chain, plants are eaten by rabbit and then the rabbit is eaten by hawk: Plants -»Rabbit -»Hawk
  •  In the 2nd food chain, plants are eaten by mice (or rats) and the mice are eaten by hawks: Plants ->Mice ->Hawk
  •  In the 3rd food chain, plants are eaten by-mice; mice is eaten by snake and then snake is consumed by hawks: Plants ->Mice -> Snake -> Hawk
  •  In the 4th food chain, plants are eaten by seed-eating birds and the seed-eating birds are consumed by hawks: Plants Seed-eating Bird -> Hawk
  •  In the 5th food chain, plants are eaten up by grasshopper and the grasshopper is consumed by hawks: Plants -» Grasshopper -»Hawk
  •  In the 6th food chain, plants are eaten by grasshopper, grasshopper is eaten by frog, frog is eaten by snake and then snake is consumed by hawk: Plants -> Grasshopper -> Frog Snake -> Hawk

Explanation Of Ecosystem In KSEEB Class 8 Biology 

Trophic Levels

A food chain represents the flow’ of food (or energy) in a given set of organisms or living beings. The various steps in a food chain at which the transfer of food (or energy) takes place are called trophic levels. In fact, in a food chain, each step representing an organism forms a trophic level. In most simple terms, ‘trophic level’ means ‘feeding level’ of the organism. The plants are producers (or autotrophs) and constitute the first trophic level.

They fix up the sun’s energy’ and make it available for consumers (or heterotrophs). Herbivores (which feed upon plants) constitute the second trophic level. Carnivores (that feed upon herbivores) constitute the third trophic level. Large carnivores or top carnivores (w’hich feed upon small carnivores), constitute the fourth trophic level.

ecosystemVarioustrophic levelsinafoodchain

The various trophic levels in a food chain can be represented diagrammatically as follows:

Food Pyramid

An ecological pyramid is a graphical illustration to show the flow of energy through different forms of life. It has a large base which continuously narrows as we move upwards. The base of the pyramid represents producers (plants), then herbivores again primary consumers and then secondary and then finally tertiary or topmost consumers.

Pyramid of Numbers

The pyramid shown here represents the number of organisms in each trophic level hence called pyramid of numbers. In case of grassland ecosystem, the small plants and grasses are always higher in number. This number represents a decrease in the number as we move towards the apex consumer.

ecosystem pyramid of numbers

Pyramid of Biomass

This type of pyramid shows the relationship between the organisms of different trophic levels in terms of biomass. The biomass of organisms generally decrease from producers to the top carnivores in grassland ecosystem. Biomass is the total weight of dry mailer present in the ecosystem at any one time.

Flow of Energy

Green plants use solar energy during photosynthesis and convert it into chemical energy. The energy is transferred along food chains from one trophic level to the next. However, the amount of available energy decreases from one trophic level to the next. Energy flow in an ecosystem starts from the Sun which produces all the energy needed for life. The green plants or the producers are also called autotrophs. These organisms harness the energy of the Sun and convert it into sugars.

These organisms obtain 100 per cent of the energy they produce. The primary consumers which eat the autotrophs get the next most energy, but this is only 10 per cent of the original energy that the autotrophs get. Next, the secondary consumers, which eat the primary consumers get nutrients, but this is only 1 per cent of the energy that was originally in the plant. Tertiary consumers, at the top of the food chain eat secondary and primary consumers, and they only get 0.1 per cent of the energy originally produced by green plants.

KSEEB Class 8 Biology Chapter 4 Important Questions 

Interaction Between Biotic and Abiotic Factors

All organisms and their life processes are greatly influenced by their interaction with other living organisms as well as with abiotic components of the environment. An ecosystem is a living system where all organisms live together in a community, abiotic and biotic and how they connect and interact with each other. It is formed by the interaction between the biotic factors and abiotic factors in a habitat. Some examples of ecosystem include pond ecosystem, forest ecosystem and sea ecosystem. We will discuss about forest ecosystem here.

Forest Ecosystem

A forest ecosystem consists of the community of plants, animals, microbes and all other organisms in interaction with the chemical and physical features of their environment forest ecosystem includes abiotic components such as, organic and inorganic substances present in the soil and atmosphere. It also includes dead organic debris. Biotic components include trees of different species, shrubs and other ground vegetation. Green plants conducting photosynthesis serve as the producers of a forest ecosystem.

Animals such as ants, beetles, flies, bugs, spiders and grasshoppers hopping around the trees feed on tree leaves. These arc called primary consumers. Secondary consumers include different kinds of birds, snakes, lizards crawling on trees. These secondary consumers mainly feed on these primary consumers or herbivores. The top consumers or tertiary consumers such as, tiger, lion, leopard feed on such animals.

Decomposers include wide variety of microorganisms including fungi and bacteria. The decomposers of the forest ecosystem break down dead plants and animals, returning the nutrients to the soil to be made usable by the producers.

Flora and fauna in a forest ecosystem

Flora means the plants which grow naturally in a particular area. Fauna on the other hand means animals living naturally in an area. There are different type of forests found in different regions of the world, for example tropical, temporal, boreal and arboreal forests. Therefore, the plants and animals living in forests of cold regions will be different from forests in warmer regions.

Role of flora

Plants maintain the natural forest ecosystem. They comprise of a variety of trees, herbs, shrubs, mosses. All animals, directly or indirectly, depend on plants for their food. For example, herbivores eat plants, and carnivores and omnivores feed on herbivores. So plants directly or indirectly provide food to all other organisms. The plants lake in carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and give out oxygen in the atmosphere. Animals lake in this oxygen while breathing.

Many animals such as monkeys and birds depend on plants for shelter. Some animals make holes in the trees and live there. Birds build their nests on the trees. There are a number of insects such as grasshopper, moths and ants that live on the trees.

Role of fauna

Animals play an important role in maintaining the ecosystem in a forest. Animals take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide while breathing. This carbon dioxide in turn is utilised by the plants in the process of photosynthesis and oxygen is released Animals help plants to reproduce through pollination. Animals such as insects, birds and other animals help the plants by carrying the pollen grains to various places for pollination. The animals help the plants with the process of seed dispersal.

The fruits are eaten by animals and birds. They then walk or fly to distant places and spread the seeds which come out with their droppings. Some seeds stick to the furs of the animals or birds and are carried from one place to the other.

Interdependence between Organisms

We have already studied that biotic components of the ecosystem cannot live independently. They are interdependent on each other. Similarly, different organisms in the forest along with plants and animals are all interdependent. They depend on each other for food, protection and shelter. Hence, it is important to control this biodiversity by managing the balance between the two. Some of the ways of interdependence are predation, parasitism and symbiosis.

Predation

In an ecosystem, predation is a biological interaction where a predator (an organism that is hunting) feeds on its prey (the organism that is attacked). The decline in the number of predators leads to an increase in the number of prey. An increase in the predator population leads to a decrease in the prey population. When prey population declines then predators get less prey and so the predator population will also decline.

For example, tiger feeds on deer, owls on rats etc. In this relationship, tiger is a predator and deer is prey. At times an animal could be a predator as well as a prey. For example, in a food chain frog is the predator for grasshopper (prey). In the same food chain, frog is the prey for the snake (predator).

Simplified Notes For KSEEB Class 8 Ecosystem 

Parasitism

It is a non-mutual relationship between species, where one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host, sometimes without killing the host organism. Parasitism could be between animals, between plants or between animals and plants. In this interaction, the species smaller in size (the parasite) lives in or on the larger species, called the host. For example, fleas or ticks that live on dogs and cats are parasites. They live on the blood of the host animal.

Symbiosis

It is an interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both. Symbiosis is a mutually beneficial relationship. For example, a group of soil bacteria called Rhizobia live in the root nodules of leguminous crops. In turn, these bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen turning it into usable form of nitrogen for the plants.

ecosystem- root- nodules
Conservation of Natural Resources

Natural resources are essential for the survival of human beings, plants, and animals. The water we drink, the food we cat, the air we inhale to survive are all either natural resources or obtained from natural resources. In absence of any of these resources, life will not exist on Earth. The human population has increased manifolds in the recent times. With the increase in population, there is a growing demand of the basic needs of humans.

The basic needs of the human beings are met by the natural resources. Hence, the consumption of natural resources has increased. But, the amounts of resources available arc limited in nature. Hence, it becomes imperative for us to use them wisely and judiciously. This judicious use of the resources in such a way that the resources can be used for a longer duration of time is known as conservation of resources. It is important to conserve these resources so as to stop or control the misuse of these resources.

The human activities have affected the natural resources in a negative manner. We now know that these resources are available in limited quantity. Hence, it becomes very important to conserve these resources.

Keywords

  • Ecosystem: The interaction of all the living organisms in a given area, along with the non-living components in their environment
  • Biotic components: All the living components in an ecosystem
  • Abiotic components: All the non-living components n an ecosystem Scavengers: Some carnivores and omnivores that feed on the flesh of dead animals
  • Decomposers: Organisms that break down and feed on dead and decaying organisms
  • Food chain: A series of organisms, each dependent on the next as a source of food
  • Food web: Several interlocking and independent food chains in an ecosystem
  • Symbiosis: A mutually beneficial interaction between two organisms.

Summary

  •  Our environment consists of both biotic and abiotic components.
  •  i he biotic components of forests are in the following sequence of food or trophic levels—producers, consumers and decomposers.
  •  All animals depend on plants directly or indirectly.
  •  Food chain is a sequence of organisms in which an organism is eaten by the next organism in the chain.
  •  Several food chains are interconnected under natural conditions. This network of food chains is called a food web.
  •  Energy is transferred along food chains from on= trophic level to another. However, the amount of available energy decreases from one trophic level to the next.
  •  At every level of an energy pyramid, the organisms get 10% of the energy from the previous level.
  •  Plants and animals are interdependent. Some ways are—predation, parasitism and symbiosis.
  •  The abiotic components of the environment are—sunlight, air, water, soil and temperature.
  •  Forests can be classified into—tropical rainforest, temperate forest and boreal forest.

KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 History Chapter 1 How, When and Where

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KSEEB Solutions For Class 8 History Chapter 1 How, When And Where

Question 1 State whether true or false:

(a) James Mill divided the Indian history into three periods-Hindu, Muslim, Christian.
(b) Official documents help us understand what the people of the country think
(c) The British thought surveys were important for effective administration.

Answer. (a) True     (b) False        (c) True

Question 2 What is the problem with the periodisation of Indian history that James Mill offers?

Answer  James Mill was a Scottish economist and political philosopher. He divided Indian history- into three periods—Hindu, Muslim and British. But this periodisation of Indian history has certain problems which are given below:

  1. We try to divide history into different periods to capture the central features of a t me, as they appear to us. But, this division of Mill does not tell us about features of a time or its central features. It only tells us about the prominent religion in different ages.
  2. This periodisation of history tells us that the period before the British rule in India was one of ‘darkness’ and the British rule in Indian territory has brought prosperity in the country. We cannot accept such conception in the present age.
  3. He refers to different periods of history as Hindu or Muslim. But, a variety of faiths existed simultaneously in these periods as well.
    We cannot characterise an age only on the basis of the religion of the rulers of the time. It means that lives of others do not matter. So, this periodisation of Indian history has certain problems.

 

KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 History Chapter 1 How When And Where

Question 3  Why did the British preserve official documents?

Answer The British felt that all the important documents and letters should be carefully preserved. Every type of plan, instruction, agreement, policy decision and investigation should be clearly written up. The written records can be referred to studied, analysed and debated, as and when required. It led to rise of administrative culture of memos and reports.

Question 4  How will the information historians get from old newspapers be different from that found in police reports?

Answer Actually, the police reports are made according to the policies of the government. They will never tell the historians about the atrocities committed by the government on the people. In fact, minimum loss of lives were generally shown in police reports. Police basically favours the government. Contrary to that, newspapers are impartial and they write and publish actual reports in the newspapers. They write about actual casualties, original incidents and other details. That is why historians get information from old newspapers which was different from that found in police reports.

Question 5  Do you find any differences in the nature of reporting? Explain what you observe.

Answer Both the reports have a huge difference in its nature of reporting. Source I sent to home by the Director of Intelligence shows no trouble and atrocity. It shows good governance by the colonial government However, Source 2 gives a glimose of ground reality. It describes the situation of the policemen hailed from India. They were deprived from good-quality food and low salaries.

Class 8 History KSEEB How, When And Where Notes 

Chapter 1 How, When and Where Additional Questions

Question 1 What is history?

Answer History is about the changes which occur over time.

Question 2 In how many ages has Indian history been divided by the British? Name them.

Answer Three ages: (i) Ancient age (ii) Medieval age (iii) Modern age

Question 3 When did the modern age start in India?

Answer Modem Modem age began in India in the 18th century alter the death of Aurangzeb and the advent of the British.

Question 4 Which European powers came to India during the modern age?

Answer The Portuguese, Dutch, French and the British came to India in the modem times.

Question 5 When did the modern age start in Europe?

Answer  The modem age in Europe began in the 16th century CE.

Question 6 When did the British historians start writing historical books in India?

Answer The British historians started writing historical books during the rule of the f rst Governor-General.

Question 7 Who was the first Governor-General and the last Viceroy in India?

Answer Warren Hastngs was the first Governor-General of India and Lord Mountbatten was the last Viceroy of India.

Question 8 Name some important Governor-Generals and Viceroys in India.

Answer Hastings, Wellesley, Bentinck, Dalhousie, Canring, Lawrence, Lytton, Ripon, Curzon, Harding, Irwin, Mountbatten, etc. are some important Governor-Generals and Viceroys of India.

Question 9 Who was James Mill?

Answer James Mill was a Scottish economist and political philosopher who published a massive three- volume work, A History of Bn’t/sh Inoio in 1817.

Question 10 In how many periods has James Mill divided the Indian history?

Answer James Mill has divided Indian history into three periods, i.e. Hindu, Muslim and British.

Question 11 What is the Indian classification of history b/ the British?

Answer  Indian history is divided into ancient, medieval and modern periods by the British.

Question 12 What is meant by colonisation?

AnswerThe exploitation and control over the resources of a weaker or an underdeveloped country by a powerful country to strengthen its resources is known as colonisation.

Question 13 What is meant by colonial rule?

Answer  The period of British rule in India in which people did not have equality, freedom or liberty and there was no economic growth and progress, is referred to as colonial rule.

Question 14 What sources do historians use in writing about the last 250 years of Indian
history?

Answer Historians use the official records, letters and memos in writing about the last 250 years of Indian history.

Question 15 Who are calligraphists?

Answer Those persons who are specialised in the art of beautiful writing are known as calligraphists.

Question 16 After how much time are census operations held?

Answer Census operations are held after ever/ ten years.

Question 17 What is a census survey?

Answer  A census survey prepares detailed records about the number of people in every part of the country, noting information on all socio-economic aspects.

Question 18 Name some types of surveys.

Answer  There are many types of surveys like zoological surveys, botanical surveys, anthropological surveys, archaeological surveys, census surveys, forest surveys, election surveys, etc.

Question 19 What do official records not tell us about?

Answer Official records do not tell us what the citizen of the country feel and the reasons behind the actions of the government.

Question 20 What was Britannia?

Answer Britannia was a symbol of British power and authority.

Question 21 Why were the pictures of royal people given in the advertisements of few
products?

Answer These advertisements spread the message that the given product is liked by royal people. Hence, people must buy it.

Question 22 What is the importance of the British rule in James Mill’s concept of history?

Answer  In James Mill’s concept of history, the British rule is the symbol of orogress and civilisation. The age before the British rule was completely an age of ‘darkness’.

KSEEB Class 8 History Solutions For How, When And Where 

Chapter 1 How, When and Where Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 Why do dates become vital in history? 

Answer  The dates of the past are not important on their own. They become important because we focus j on a particular set of events as important. If our focus of study changes, then we begin to look at other issues and a new set of dates will appear significant. So, if we want to study any aspect of
history, then dates are very vital unless next aspect could be mixed in the earlier aspect.

Question 2 How were dates in history books linked to personalities?

Answer It is a true fact that dates in history- were linked to the personalities. It is so because all the dates are associated with the activities of these people, policies made by them and what they had achieved in their lives. Different dates of different personalties in Indian history-tell us about different chapters of the history of British India. In this way, dates in history books are linked to the lives of the personalities.

Questions 3 How do we write history?

Answer Whenever we write history, we categorise it into different chapters. We do this to give some coherence to each chapter. In the course of writing history, we focus on those events which aid us in forming the stories we are telling. We write history in such a way that no important event of history could be left.

Question 4 Why did the British conduct surveys? Name some surveys conducted by them?

Answer The British believed that if a country had to be administered effectively, then surveys had to be conducted property to map the entire territory. Apart from topography, soil pattern, vegetation, etc., surveys also assist in understanding the entire history of a country. Taking this advantage into consideration, the British conducted a number of surveys in various parts of India, such as archaeological, botanical, zoological, forests, revenue and census surveys, etc.

Question 5 What did the British do after their arrival in India?

Answer The British came to India as traders but they gradually became the rulers of the country. They established the r control over the society and economy of the country and collected revenue from the people for their expenses. They bought goods at cheap prices and sold their finished products at higher prices. They brought about a number of changes in values, tastes, customs and practices of the people. Moreover, they conquered whole of the country.

Question 6 Why and where did the British set up record rooms attached to all the administrative institutions?

Answer To the British, writing was important because with a written document, things could be properly- studied and debated. All administrative institutions had record rooms attached to them. The Collectorate, Village Tehs’ldar’s office, the Commissioner’s office arid the law courts had record rooms. Archives and museums were also used to preserve records.
Answer. the British, writing was important because with a written document, things could be properly- studied and debated. All administrative institutions had record rooms attached to them. The Collectorate, Village Tehs’ldar’s office, the Commissioner’s office arid the law courts had record rooms. Archives and museums were also used to preserve records

Question 7 How can we get information from the official records?

Answer The act of writing produced an administrative culture of memos, notices and reports. Letters and memos which moved from one department to another in the early years of the 19th century, are available in the archives. We can also take information from the notes and reports that the district officials prepared. Information can also be collected from the instructions and directives which were sent by officials of provincial administraton.

Question 8 How can we get information of history except official records?

Answer

  • There are other historical records other than official documents, but they are difficult to find.
  • Diaries of people, accounts of pilgrims and travellers, autobiographies of important personalities and popular booklets, which were sold in the local markets, are very important sources of history other than the official records.
  •  After the spread of printing, newspapers were published and issues were debated by the people. Leaders and reformers spread their ideas by writing, and poets and novelists expressed their feelings in their works. These are also important sources other than official records.

How, When And Where Class 8 KSEEB Questions And Answers 

Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1 Explain the sources of history of modem India?

Answer History is based upon facts. That is why historians depend upon different sources for writing history. There are certain sources to get information on modem Indian history. Some of these sources are given below’:

  • Books: After the invention of the printing press in modem age, many books were published in Indian and English languages. We can get information of human progress in different fields of literature, art, history’, science, music, etc.
  • Official documents: The British Government introduced a system of writing in every department so that work could be done smoothly. Memos, letters, notes, reports, written instructions and directives which were sent from top levels to lower levels in the British rule are very important j sources of history. They provide great information to historians about the policies, events and achievements of the government.
  • Unofficial documents: Diaries of people, accounts of pilgrims and travellers, autobiographies i of important personalities, popular booklets, published newspaper, writings of leaders and i reformers, writings of poets and novelists serve as a great source of information about the  general life of the public.
  • Historical monuments: Historical monuments, built in the modem age, are living examples of history. India Gate, Parliament House, President House, Birla House and other buildings are  included in it. These monuments give us information about different aspects of architecture of  that time. In this way, these are some sources of history from which we can get information,

Question 2 What were James Mill’s views about the Asian societies?

Answer  James Mill was a Scottish ecoromist and political philosopher who published a book called A History of British Inoio. According to him, most of the Asian societies were inferior and backward. He was of the view that before the arrival of the British in the Indian scenario, Hindu and Muslim kings ruled the country. Caste taboos, superstitious practices and religious intolerance dominated the society. So, Mill felt that British rule could ‘civilise’ India.

Question 3 What is meant by ancient, medieval and modern ages?

Answer The Indian history has been divided into following three parts:

  • Ancient age: This age started with the beginning of human history and lasted till the 7th century. In this age, man was backward from all the aspects.
  • Medieval age: This age started in the 8th century and lasted till the 18th century. In other sense, this term was used to describe a society’ where the features of modem society did not exist like science, reason, liberty and equality.
  • Modern age: This age started in the 18th century’ in India and in the 16th century in Europe. Actually, modem age is associated with the growth of all the forces of modernity—science, reason, democracy, liberty and equality.

Hots Corner

Question 1  Why do we try and divide history into different periods?

Answer We try and divide history- into different periods because we want to make an attempt to understand the features of time and its nodal characteristics as they appear to us.

Question 2 Why did Mill feel that British rule could ‘civilise’ India?

Answer  Caste taboos, religious intolerance, and superstitious practices dominated the society’ in India. : Therefore, Mill felt that British rule could ‘civilise* India.

Question 3 Why did the practice of surveying become common under the colonial rule?

Answer  The British were of the view that a country had to be known properly before it could be effectively- administered. So, the practice of surveying became common during the colonial rule.

Question 4 Why do we continue to associate history with a string of dates?

Answer There is a certain reason because of which we continue to associate history with a string of dates. Earlier, history- was associated with only battles and big events involving the kings and their policies.

Historians only wrote about the year in which the king was crowned, the year in which he was married, the year in which his children were born, the year in which he fought particular wars and the year in which he died. They also wrote about the year in which the next ruler succeeded to the throne and so on. For these types of events, particular dates are necessary, and that is why dates in history continue to be important.

Explanation Of How, When And Where In KSEEB History 

Miscellaneous Questions

Tick the correct option from the choices provided:

Question1 Which of these is a part of periodisation of the Indian history?

(a) Ancient age
(b) Modem age
(c) Medieval age
(d) All of these

Answer (d) All of these

Question 2 Which of these European powers came to India in modern age?

(a) British
(b) French
(c) Dutch
(d) All of these

Ans. (d) All of these

Question 3 James Mill was an economist and political philosopher.

(a) Scottish
(b) American
(c) French
(d) Dutch

Answer. (a) Scottish

Question 4 Which of these was the first Governor-General of India?

(a) Lord Dalhousie
(b) Wamen Hastings
(c) Lord Wellesley
(b)Lord canning Warren Hastings

Answer. (b) Wamen Hastings

Question 5 When did James Mill publish his book A History of British India?

(a) 1815
(b) 1819
(c) 1817
(d) 1821

Answer (c) 1817

Question 6 Who are specialised in the art of beautiful writing?

(a) Calligraphists
(b) Biologists
(c) Geologists
(d) None of these

Ans. (a) Calligraphists

Question 7 Which of these is a type of survey?

(a) Anthropological survey
(b) Archaeological survey
(c) Census survey
(d) All of these

Answer. (d) All of these

Question 8 Which of these is a source of history of modern India?

(a) Books
(b) Historical monuments
(c) Official documents
(d) All of these

Answer (d) All of these

Question.9 Promotion of goods and commodities among the people to increase sales are known as

(a) Advertisements
(b) Calligraphy
(c) Encouragement
(d) None of these

Answer (a) Advertisements

Question.10 When did Warren Hastings become the first Governor-General of India?

(a) 1763
(b) 1783
(c) 1773
(d) 1778

Ans (c) 1773

B.Fill In The Blanks

Fill the blanks with appropriate terms in the following sentences:

  1. ________ is certainly about changes that occur over time
  2. The first Governor-General of India was_____ and the last Viceroy was _________ .
  3. Historians have usually divided Indian history into ancient,_____ and_______ periods*
  4. Many historians refer to______ period as colonial era.
  5. The British believed that_______ was important.

Answer.

  1. History
  2.  Warren Hastings, Lord Mountbatten
  3. medieval, modem
  4. British
  5. The act. of writing

C. Picture Interpretation

Question .1 Look at the picture given below and answer the questions that follow:

picture interpretation 1

  1.  Identify and name this building.
  2. Where is it located?
  3.  What do the locations of the National Museum and the National Archives indicate about the British?

Answers.
1. The National Archives of India
2. It is in New Delhi.
3. The location of the National Museum and the National Archives near the V ceregal Palace indicates the importance of these buildings for the British.

Question.2 Study the given picture carefully and answer the following questions

picture interpretation 2

  1. When and why did the first freedom struggle of the country take place?
  2. What do official records depict about the rebels?

Answer .

  1. The first freedom struggle of the country took place in 1857. There was no particular reason for it The British exoloited the country- ard Indians were treated as inferior’ beings. Indian states were annexed by the British in one way or the other, and several other reasons were there because of which, this mutiny broke out.
  2.  Official records say that the rebels were not freedom fighters but were looters and mutinous sepoys who shared the loot In the British representations, the rebels appear as greedy, vicious and brutal.

Part A – Our PASTS – III (History)

Part B – Resources and Development (Geography)

Part C: Social and Political Life -III (Civics)