KSEEB Class 10 SSLC History Chapter 10 The Political Developments of 20th Century Notes

SSLC Class 10 History Chapter 10 Notes First World War, Russian Revolution, the Rise of Dictators

• Prior to 1914, the powerful countries of Europe- England, Germany,
• France, Italy, the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Russia were in continuous war in context to establishing control upon colonies.
• These issues were upsetting the power balance between the European countries. As a result of all this, various alliances of different countries were formed.
• The First World War divided the countries into 2 groups- A Triple Entente of England, France and Russia, and a Triple Alliance of Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary. Later, Italy
  joined the opposite camp.
• The immediate cause of the First World War which took place between 1914 and 1918 was the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the Prince of Austria.
• Germany had to face defeat in this war.
• The Triple Entente forced Germany to sign the insulting Treaty of Versailles in 1919.
• The League of Nations came into existence in 1919 to avoid any future war.

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC History Chapter 10 notes

USA remained neutral in the beginning of the war, but it joined the group of England and France, which changed the entire scenario.

• The Russian Revolution took place in November 1917, and along with this, it entered into an alliance with Germany and withdrew from the war.
• Russia was ruled by the Tsars in the 19th century. People were fed up with the administration of the Tsars.
• When Japan defeated Russia in 1905, this made the people agitate more and they resisted against the Tsars.
• Vladimir Ilich Lenin guided the revolution of the farmers and the workers and when this revolt became intense, Tsar Nicholas II was forced to flee from the country.
• This is known as the February 1917 Revolution.
• The power was shared by the ‘Menshiviks’ (the moderates) and they declared Russia as a republic.
• Lenin returned to Russia at this time and was supported by the workers and farmers.
• The Bolsheviks (the party of the workers) created the October Revolution in 1917.
• Lenin joined the party and declared Russia as a Socialist Republic Union on 7th October. This is known as the October Revolution.
• Lenin became the President of the government.
• Lenin was the first to implement Karl Marx’s scientific communism in practice. He died in 1924.
• Joseph Stalin became the President after the death of Lenin and he made USSR as a hardcore opponent of USA.
• After the Second World War, USSR took the leadership of Communist countries.
• Joseph Stalin was opposed for his policies and various reformations such as ‘Glasnost’ in 1985 and ‘Perestroika’ in 1987 were introduced.

Gorbachev, the then President of USSR, implemented these reforms and communism collapsed there and USSR was disintegrated.

The Political Developments of 20th Century SSLC History notes

• The situations which emerged after the end of the First World War brought Hitler into power in Germany and Mussolini into power in Italy.
• Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany, and after the death of President Hindenburg, he became the dictator.
• Hitler declared the Nazi Party as the only party of Germany.
• He forwarded the supremacy of German race theory and said that the Jews, Communists, Socialists and Catholics are unfit to remain alive. This was the theory of Nazism.
• Hitler implemented mass killings of people, which is known as Holocaust.
• In 1935, Hitler implemented Nuremberg Laws and imprisoned the Jews in Concentration Camps where they were starved to death.
• This action of Hitler resulted into the Second World War.
• The impact of the First World War and emergence of social movements in Europe resulted into the growth of the Fascist Party of Mussolini in Italy.
• Mussolini remained the Prime Minister of Italy from 1922 to 1943 and he founded the National Fascist Party.
• In 1925, he legally dismissed the democracy of Italy and became the dictator. He established one part dictatorship.
• He joined Hitler to cause the Second World War and was responsible for the death of thousands of people. He was assassinated in 1945.
  

SSLC Class 10 History Chapter 10 Second World War, Chinese Revolution, Cold War, And The Rise Of America

• The Second World War started with Germany’s occupation of Poland on 1st September 1939.
• This was took place between 1939 and 1945.
• As the rich countries spent immense money in this war, it resulted into the Great Economic Depression during the 1930s.
• Axis and Allies were the two groups that emerged during the Second World War.
• Italy, Japan and Germany were part of Axis, while England, France, Russia and other countries were part of Allies.

SSLC History Class 10 20th Century Political Developments important questions and answers

Russia entered into a Non-War Pact with Germany on 24th August 1939.

• In 1941, Hitler turned his attention towards Russia which forced Russia to re-enter the war.
• USA dropped the first atomic bomb of the world on Hiroshima and Nagasaki of Japan.
• Japan surrendered on 15th August 1945 and with this the Allies emerged victorious in the war.
• After the Second World War, the United Nations Organization was formed and it replaced the League of Nations.

Class 10 History Chapter 10 Political Developments of 20th Century summary

• Nuclear arm race now started between the powerful countries.
• China is one of the ancient countries of the world with a rich history.
• An anti-imperialistic democratic revolution took place under the leadership of Sun-Yat-Sen in China in 1911.
• The Communist Party was formed in China in 1925.
• During the Second World War, Japan attacked China and Japan accepted its defeat in 1945.
• People’s Republic of China was formed on 1st October 1949.
• After the Chinese Revolution, Leap Forward programme was introduced and in order to rectify several mistakes in its implementation, Deng Xiaoping introduced many reforms in 1979.
• China has now adopted the Principles of Capitalism along with the framework of communism and is rapidly becoming a major economic force.

KSEEB SSLC History Political Developments of 20th Century chapter explanation

Cold War refers to the mistrust which emerged between the two factions of the Second World War. It is a war between the Capitalist Block led by the USA and the Communist Block led by the USSR.

• Military organizations such as NATO, SEATO and CENTO were formed under the leadership of USA.
• Military organization named Warsaw was formed by the USSR.
• Many crises emerged due to the Cold War.
• The Cold War which continued on equal basis leaned in favour of USA after 1985.
• The Great Economic Depression that influenced USA in 1927 resulted into various changes in the politics of USA.
• Today, USA is the only superpower of the world.