Class 9 Science

Why Do We Fall Ill KSEEB Class 9 Chapter 13 Important Concepts

Health and diseases, infectious and non-infectious disease, the disease caused by microbes and their prevention principles of treatment and principles of prevention

Health: A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely an absence of disease, or infirmity-WHO
Disease: Any physical or functional change from the normal state that causes discomfort or impairs the health of the living organism.
Acute diseases: The diseases which last for only very short periods of time.
Chronic diseases: The diseases last for long time, even as much as a lifetime.
Example: AIDS
Causes of diseases: Infection by microorganisms, malfunctioning of body organs, deficiency of one or more nutrients, genetic factors, polluted environment.
Infectious disease: The disease which are caused immediately because of microbes are called infectious diseases.
Example: Dengue fever.
Non-infectious disease: The disease that are not caused by infectious agents like microbes and which do not spread in the community are called non-infectious diseases.
Example: Cancers.

Read and Learn More KSEEB Solutions for Class 9 Science 

Infectious agents: Organisms that can cause disease are found in a wide range of categories of classification some of them are viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, protozoans, helminths etc.
Spread of infectious diseases: Infectious diseases spread through Air – common cold, Tuberculosis Water – Cholera Sexual contact – AIDS, syphilis
Vectors: Vectors are the intermediaries which carry the infectious agents from a sick person to another potential host.
Example: Insects (Mosquitoes)
Communicable diseases: These diseases are caused by pathogens or infectious agents such as bacteria viruses, fungi, protons, worms etc. These diseases can spread from a diseased or affected person to a healthy person by means of air, water, food, insects, physical contact etc.,
Antibiotics: They are chemical substances produced by living organisms such a bacteria and fungi, which can kill or stop the growth of some pathogenic microorganisms.
Vaccine: It is a suspension of disease-producing microorganisms which is modified by killing so that the suspension will not cause disease but on entering the body initiates the immune system to produce antibodies against a particular disease.
Vaccination: It is the inoculation of a vaccine in the body of a healthy person in order to develop immunity against a particular disease.
Immunisation: It is the production of immunity in an individual by artificial means.
Common Vaccines: DPT, BCG, Polio vaccine, Typhoid Vaccine, Measles Vaccine, TT Vaccine, Hepatitis etc.,
Diseases caused by microbes: Protozoa – Malaria Viruses – Hepatitis, AIDS, Rabies, Polio, Herpes, Polio Bacteria – Tuberculosis, Typhoid, Diarrhoea

Why Dowe Fall Ill Exercises

Question 1. How many times did you fall ill in the last one year? What was the illness?
1)Think of one change you could make in your habits in order to avoid any of / most of the above illnesses?
2)Think of one change you would wish for in your surroundings in order to avoid any of / most of the above illnesses.
Answer:
I fell ill twice in the last year. The first time suffered from diarrhoea and at the second time suffered from viral fever.
1. Washing hands before meals and remaining away from people suffering from viral fever.
2. Drinking pure water, planting more trees and disposal of garbage.

Question 2. A doctor/nurse/health – worker is exposed to more sick people than others in the community. Find out how she/he avoids getting sick herself/himself.
Answer:
A doctor/nurse/health worker should take the following precautions.
1. Washing hands with soap thoroughly after serious examination of patients.
2. Keeping a place of work sterilized by using phenyl etc.
3. takes balanced food to develop a powerful immune system.
4. proper disposal of blood samples urine, and sputum.

Question 3. Conduct a survey in your neighbourhood to find out what the three most common diseases are and suggest three steps that could be taken by your local authorities to bring down the incidence of these diseases.
Answer: The three most common diseases in my neighbourhood are.
1. Hepatitis
2. Cold and cough
3. Diarrhoea
The three steps that should be taken by local authorities are.
1. Arranging immunisation programmes
2. Providing clean drinking water
3. Providing better sanitation.

Class 9 Science Chapter 13 KSEEB Textbook Solutions 

Question 4. A baby is not able to tell her/his caretakers that she/he is sick. What would help us to find out
1)that the baby is sick?
2)What is the sickness?
Answer:
The following symptoms will help us to find out that the baby is sick are,
1. Continuous crying.
2. High body temperature
3. Improper intake of food,
4. Loose motions.

Question 5. Under which of the following conditions is a person most likely to fall sick?
1)When she is recovering from malaria.
2)When she has recovered from malaria and is taking care of someone suffering from chickenpox.
3)When she is on a four-day fast after recovering from malaria and is taking care of someone suffering from chickenpox why?
Answer: A person is most likely to sick when she is on a four-day fast after recovering from malaria and is taking care of someone suffering from chicken pox because when she is on fasting, her body may weak due to insufficient food. So, she is more prone to infections. If she is taking core of someone suffering from chicken pox, then it is more likely that she may also get the disease.

Question 6. Under which of the following conditions are you most likely to fall sick?
1)When you are taking examinations.
2)When you have travelled by bus and train for two days.
3)When your friend is suffering from measles. Why?
Answer: We are most likely to fall sick when we are near to our friend who is suffering from measles. It is so because measles is an infectious disease.

Why Dowe Fall Ill Textual Questions

Question 1. State any two conditions essential for good health.
Answer: The conditions essential for good health are
1)Clean surroundings.
2)Adequate and nutritious food

Question 2. State any two conditions essential for being free of disease.
Answer:
1)Living in a hygienic environment
2)Getting vaccinated against common infectious diseases.

Question 3. Are the answers to the above questions necessarily the same or different? Why?
Answer: Answers to the above questions are interconnected but different. It is so because being disease-free does not mean one is healthy.

Question 4. List any three reasons why you would think that you are sick and ought to see a doctor. If only one of these symptoms were present. Would you still go to the doctor? Why or why not?
Answer:
The three reasons of feeling sick and ought to see a doctor are,
1)Having a fever (body temperature)
2)Having a cold and cough
3)Having diarrhoea.
These symptoms indicate that there may be a disease, so I would have gone to consult the doctor.

Question 5. In which of the following case do you think the long-term effects on your health are likely to be most unpleasant?

• If you get jaundiced,
• If you get lice,
• If you get acne. Why?

Answer: Lice and acne can be removed easily with short treatment, both these do not produce long-term effects on the body. Jaundice will have a drastic long-term effect.

Question 6. Why are we normally advised to take nourishing food when we are sick?
Answer: When a person is sick, then his normal body functions get disturbed. In such a situation, food is required which is easy to digest and contains adequate nutrients for recovery, thus nourishing food is required during sickness.

Question 7. What are the different means by which infectious diseases are spread?
Answer:
Infectious diseases are generally spread through,
1)Air
2)Water
3)Sexual contact
4)Physical contact with the infected person
5)Vectors

Question 8. What precautions can you take in your school to reduce the incidence of infectious diseases?
Answer:
The following precautions can be taken in the school to reduce the incidence of infectious diseases;
1)Clean surroundings.
2)Educating students about the causes of infectious diseases.
3)Immunisation.
4)Isolating the affected students to not attend classes till they recover from infectious diseases.

Question 9. What is immunisation?
Answer:
Immunisation is a technique in which people are given a particular vaccine so that they develop temporary or permanent immunity against a particular infectious disease.

KSEEB Solutions For Why Do We Fall Ill Short Notes 

Question 10. What are the immunisation programmes available at the nearest health centre in your locality? Which of these diseases are the major health problems in your area?
Answer:
The following are the immunisation programmes available at the nearest health centre in our locality.
1) Polio
2) DPT
3)Measles
4)MMR
5)Smallpox
6)TT
7)Hepatitis B.

Why Dowe Fall Ill Additional Questions

Question 1. What is an antibiotic? Give two examples.
Answer: Antibiotic is a chemical secreted by microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) tliat kills the growth of some kinds of germs.
Examples: penicillin and streptomycin.

Question 2. Name any three diseases transmitted through vectors.
Answer: Malaria, typhoid, and plague.

Question 3. List some preventive measures against communicable diseases.
Answer:
1)Health Education
2)Isolation
3)Proper sanitation
4)Immunisation

Question 4. Distinguish between acute and chronic diseases.
Answer: Acute diseases last for short period and cause major effects on general health ina very short time. Chronic diseases lasts for long period, it takes a long time to have major effects on general health.

Question 5. Define health.
Answer: Health is described as the state of complete physical mental and social well-being, and not merely an absence of disease.

Question 6. What are contagious diseases? Give one example.
Answer: The diseases which are spread by actual contact between an infected person and healthy persons are called contagious diseases. Eg. Chickenpox.

Why Dowe Fall Ill High Order Thinking Questions

Question 1. Why do parents immunize their newborn babies?
Answer:
The parents immunise the newborn baby because.
1) To provide immunisation to a specific diseases.
2) To protect children from deadly diseases.

Question 2. Reema is suffering from cholera. It is likely that the children sitting around her will be exposed to the infection.
1) Do all the students get infected and suffer from disease?
2) List any two major symptoms of cholera.
Answer:
1. No, all students will not get infected and suffer from the disease because a large inoculum is required to transmit the disease.
2. Symptoms of cholera are.

• Rapid heartbeat
• Low blood pressure.

Question 3. Why are antibiotics not effective for viral disease?
Answer: Antibiotics generally block the biosynthetic pathways and they block the pathways of bacteria or microbes. However, viruses have very few biochemical mechanisms of their own and hence are unaffected by antibiotics

Question 4. Why did female Anopheles mosquito feed on human blood?
Answer: FemaleAnopheles mosquito feeds on blood because it requires proteins of human blood to lay eggs.

Question 5. What is meant by ‘symptoms’ of a disease? What do they indicate?
Answer: These are manifestations or evidence of the presence of diseases. These indicate that there is some abnormality in the body.

Why Dowe Fall Ill Unit Test

Question 1. Repeated exposure to a pathogen leads to
the development of ______
1) disease
2) immunity
3) Cancer
4) weakness
Answer: (2) immunity

Question 2. A child who has had an infection of chicken pox does not suffer from the disease for the second time, because_____
1) The body has developed immense strength to fight the infection.
2) The immune system keeps a memory of the specific disease and responds by killing the infectious agent, in the second exposure.
3) The boy is advised to take vitamin tablets daily after the disease
4)The child is given clean and nutritious food after the disease.
Answer: (2) The immune system keeps a memory of the specific disease and responds by killing the infectious agent, in the second exposure.

KSEEB Class 9 Science Chapter 13 Important Questions 

Question 3. Which one of the following diseases is not transmitted by mosquitoes?
1)Brain fever
2)Malaria
3)Typhoid
4)Dengue
Answer: (3) Typhoid

Why Dowe Fall Ill Fill In The Blanks

1.The full form of BCG Bacillus calmette and Guerin.
2. Mosquito is the vector of Dengue and Malaria.

Why Dowe Fall Ill Answer the following Questions

One Mark

Question 1. Name two diseases that spread through water.
Answer: Cholera, amoebic dysentery.

Question 2. Name two vaccines given to children below 5 years of age.
Answer:
1. Polio Vaccine
2. Hepatitis

Question 3. After eating contaminated food, a number of people complained of nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and loose stools.
1)Name the disease they are suffering from
2)Name the causative organism.
Answer:
1) Diarrhoea
2)Escherichia coli or salmonella

Question 4. Name any two diseases against which vaccinations are available.
Answer:
1)Tuberculosis
2)Typhoid

Question 5. What do the physicians do on the basis of symptoms?
Answer: Physicians look for the signs of a particular disease.

Question 6. What are pathogens?
Answer: Disease-causing microorganisms are called pathogens.

Two Marks

Question 1. Differentiate between congenital diseases and acquired diseases.
Answer:
Congenital diseases are anatomical or physiological abnormalities present since birth.
Example: Haemophilia, colourblindness
Acquired diseases are those that develop after birth.
Example: AIDS.

Question 2. What is the difference between a virus and a bacteria?
Answer:
Viruses
1. Non-cellular
2. Have no metabolism of their own
3. Command the host cell to produce a virus.
4. can be crystallised
Bacteria
1. Single-celled
2. Have a metabolism of their own
3. They can reproduce by their own.
4. cannot be crystallised

Question 3. Give two examples for each of the following.
1)Infectious diseases
2)non-infectious diseases
3)Acute diseases
4)Chronic diseases
Answer:
1) Infectious diseases— Smallpox, chicken pox
2)Non-infectious diseases— Diabetes, simple Goitre
3)Acute diseases — Viral fever, flu
4)Chronic diseases—Tuberculosis, Elephantiasis

Question 4. List the following diseases into communicable and non-communicable diseases.
Answer:

1. Cancer: Non-Communicable
2. High blood pressure: Non-Communicable
3. Common cold: Communicable
4. Diabetes: Non-Communicable
5. Tuberculosis: Communicable
6. Night blindness: Non-Communicable
7. SARS: Communicable
8. Typhoid: Communicable
9. Cholera: Communicable
10. Dengue: Communicable

KSEEB Solutions Chapter 13 Diseases And Prevention Class 9 

Question 5. What are the modes of HIV transmission?
Answer:
1)Unprotected sexual contact with an infected partner.
2)Use of contaminated needles and syringes.
3)Transfusion of infected blood.
4)Mother to baby due to rupturing of blood vessels at the time of birth.

Why Dowe Fall Ill  Activity

Question 1. Conduct a survey in your locality. Talk to 10 families who are well-off and ten who are very poor (in your estimation) Both sets of families should have children who are below five years of age. Measure the heights of these children. Draw a graph of the height of each child against its age for both sets of families.
1) Is there a difference between the groups? If yes, why?
2) If there is no difference, do you think that your findings mean that well-off or poor does not matter for health?

Conclusion:
After conducting the survey and preparing the graphs of the height of each child against his age, you would find that there is a difference in the heights of children of two groups Children of rich families have better growth than children of very poor families. It is so because children of well-off families take adequate balanced diets, live in clean environments and better conditions of living than children of very poor families

KSEEB Solutions For Class 9 Science Chapter 10 Gravitation Important Concepts

Gravitation: It is the force of attraction between any two bodies in the universe
Gravity: It is the force of attraction between a planet and an object on its surface
The universal law of gravitation: Every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force which proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Universal gravitational constant: It is the gravitational force between two objects of unit mass with unit separation. It’s value is 6.67 x 10^-11 Nm²/kg²
Acceleration due to gravity: It is the acceleration of an object tailing towards the earth due to the earth’s gravity. It’s value on the surface is 9.8m/s²
Free fall: The motion of an object under the influence of earthing’s gravity only is called tree fall
Mass: It is the quantity of matter contained in a body. It’s value does not change with places and its S. I unit is a kilogram (kg)
Weight: It is the force with which a body is attracted by the earth and it’s value varies from place to place. Its S.I. unit is newton (N). Weight is given by W = mg
Density: It is the ratio of mass by the volume of a substance is density^ mass/volume and the S.I unit is kg/m³

^{Read and Learn More KSEEB Solutions for Class 9 Science} 

Relation between g and G: g = GM/R²
where g – acceleration due to gravity, G = universal gravitational constant, M = mass of the earth and R = mean radius of the earth
Equations of objects under Earth’s gravity:
(1) v = u + gt
(2) s = ut + ½ gt²
(3) v² = u² + 2gs
Fluid: A substance that can flow is called a fluid. Example: gases and liquids.
Thrust and Pressure: The force acting on an object perpendicular to the surface is called thrust and the thrust per unit area is called pressure. S.I unit pressure is N/m² = pascal
Buoyancy: When an object is immersed in a liquid, then the upward force exerted by a liquid on the object is called upthrust or buoyancy. The magnitude of buoyancy depends on the density of the liquid
Archimedes’s Principle: When a body is immersed completely or partially in a fluid, it experiences an upward force that is equal the weight of the fluid displaced by the body.
Relative density: Relative density of a substance is defined as the ratio of the density of the substance to the density of water. It has no unit.

Gravitation Exercises

Question 1. State universal law of gravitation
Answer: Every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force which proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Question 2. Write the formula to find the magnitude of the gravitational force between the earth and an object.
Answer: F = G Mm/R²

Gravitation KSEEB Class 9 Question Answers 

Question 3. What do you mean by free fall?
Answer: The motion of a body under the influence of the earth’s gravity

Question 4. What do you mean by the acceleration due to gravity?
Answer: It is the acceleration of an object falling to ward’s earth’s center due to the earth’s gravity

Question 5. What are the differences between the mass of an object and its weight
Answer:
Mass:

1. It is the quantity of matter contained in a body
2. Its value does not change
3. It is a scalar quantity
4. It is expressed in kg
5. It can never be zero

Weight:

1. It is the force with which a body is attracted toward the center of the earth
2. Its value changes from place to place
3. It is a vector quantity
4. It is expressed in newton
5. It is zero at the center of the earth

Question 6. Why is the weight of an object on the moon is 1 /6th its weight on the earth?
Answer: This is because the gravitational attraction on the moon is 1/6 th of that on the earth.

Question 7. Why is it difficult to hold a school bag with a thin and strong string?
Answer: Thinner the string, the smaller is the area of the cross-section, and the greater will be the pressure.

Question  8. Why does an object float or sink when placed on the surface of the water?
Answer: A cork placed on water floats while the nail sinks because of their difference in their densities. The density of the cork is less than the density of water. This means that the upthrust of water on he cork is greater than the weight of the cork. So it floats. The density of iron nail is more than that of water. This means that the upthrust by water on he iron nail is less than the weight of the nail. Hence the nail sinks.

Question 9. You find your mass to be 42kg on a weighing machine. Is your mass more or less than 42kg?
Answer: Slightly more than 42 kg. The upward thrust of air acts on our body which reduces our original mass.

Question 10. You have a bag of cotton and an iron bar, each indicating a mass of 100kg when measured on a weighing machine. In reality, one is heavier than the other. Can you say which one is heavier and why?
Answer: The bag of cotton is heavier because the cotton bag has a larger area and it experiences a larger upthrust of air than the iron bar. This means that the weighing machine shows a smaller mass for the cotton bag than the original mass which is more ‘ than 100kg.

Gravitation Textual Questions

Question 1. How does the force of gravitation between two objects change when the distance between them is reduced to half?
Answer: Since F∞1/r², when the distance is reduced to r/2, then the new force ∞ 4/r^2. The fore becomes 4 times the initial force

Question 2. Gravitational force acts on all objects in proportion to their masses. Why then a heavy object does not fall faster than a light object?
Answer: Although F cc m, g is independent of the mass of the body. Hence all the bodies reach the ground at the same time in absence of air resistance.

Question 3. What is the magnitude of the gravitational force between the earth and a 1 kg object on its surface ( Mass of earth = 6 x 1024 kg and R = 6.4 x 106 m)
Answer:
F = G Mm/R²

Question 4. The earth and the moon are attracted to each other by gravitational force. Does the earth attract the moon with a force that is greater or smaller or the same as the force with which the moon attracts the earth Why?
Answer: Both the earth and moon attract each other with the same force. This is because neither the earth nor the moon is toward each other.

Question 5. If the moon attracts the earth, why does the earth not move toward the moon?
Answer: Based on  Newton’s 3rd law of motion, the earth also attracts the moon with equal and opposite force.

Question 6. What happens to the force between two objects, if
(1)The mass of one object is doubled?
(2)The distance between the objects is doubled and trebled?
(3)masses of both objects are doubled
 Answer:
(1) Since force is directly proportional to mass, force is doubled
(2) Since the force(F) is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the objects, he force becomes F/4 when the distance is doubled and F/9 when the force is trebled
(3) Since the force is proportional to the product  of masses, the new force will be 4F

Class 9 Science Chapter 10 KSEEB Textbook Solutions 

Question 7. What is the importance of the universal law of gravitation?
 Answer: The universal law of gravitation explains
1) The force that binds us to earth
2) The motion of the moon around he earth
3) The motion of the planets around the sun
4) The tides in sea and ocean

Question 8. What is the acceleration of free fall?
Answer: It is the acceleration produced on a body due to
the earth’s gravity.

Question 9. What do we call the gravitational force between the earth and an object?
 Answer: Weight of the object

Question 10. Amit buys few grams of gold at poles as per the instruction of one of his friends. He hands over the same when he meets him at the equator. Will the friend agree with the weight of gold bought? If not, why?
Answer: No. Due to the change in the value of g, the weight of a body is always less than its weight at the equator. Hence the gold weight will be less then its weight at the equator.

Question 11. Why will a sheet of paper fall slower than one that is crumpled into a ball? 
Answer:  Due larger surface area, the paper sheet experiences more air resistance and hence it falls slowly.

Question 12. The gravitational force on he surface of the moon is only 1/6 th of the earth. What is the weight in new tons of a 10kg object on the moon and on the earth?
Answer:

• On the earth, the weight of the object=10 g= 10x 9.8 = 98N
• On the moon, weight of the object = 10 x g/6 = 10 x 9.8/6 = 16.3N

Question 13. A ball is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of 49m/s. Calculate
(1)The maximum height to which it risees?
(2)The total tiem it takes to return to the surface of the earth?
Answer:
(1) Here u = 45m/s and g = – 9.8 m/s². At the maximum height v = 0

Using the equation v² – u² = 2gs,

we get 0² – (45)² = 2 (-9.8) s => s – 122.5m

Thus maximum height the ball rises is 122.5m

(2) Again using the equation v=u + at, we get 0 = 45 – 9.8 t => t = 5s

Since time to reach maximum height = time to reach the ground from a maximum height

Total time is taken by the ball to return to the earth’s surface = 5 + 5 = 10s

Question 14. A stone is released from he top of a tower of height 19.6m. Calculate its final velocity just before touching the ground
Answer: Given u = 0, g = 9.8m/s2,s= 19.6m, v = ?

Using the equation

v² – u² = 2gs => v²– 0 = 2(9.8) (19.6) = (19.6)² (why?)

Hence \(v=\sqrt{(19.6)^2}=19.6 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}\)

KSEEB Solutions For Gravitation Short Notes 

Question  15. A stone is thrown vertically upward with an initial velocity of 40m/s. Taking g = 10m/s2, find the maximum height reached by the stone. What is the net displacement and the total distance covered by the stone?

Answer: We have u = 40m/s, g = – 10m/s² and at the maximum height v = 0

Using the equation  v²-u² = 2gs , we get v²– (40)²

= 2(- 10) s => – 20s = – 1600 => s = 80m

The total distance covered by the stone = 80 + 80= 160m

Net dispalcement = 0

Question  16. Calculate the force of gravitation between the earth and the sun given that the mass of the earth is 6 x 1024 kg and of the sun is 2 x 1(Pkg. The average distance between the two is 1.5 x 10n m
Answer:
F =\(\mathrm{G} \frac{M_E M_S}{r^2}\)

On simplification, we get F = 3.56 x 10²² N

Question 17. A stone is allowed to fall from the top of a tower 100m high and at the same time another stone is projected vertically upwards from the ground with a velocity of 25m/s. Calculate when and where the stones meet.
Answer:
Let the stones meet at a height x from the ground after time ‘t’ second

For the falling stone, u = 0, g = l0 m/s² g = 100 -x

Using the equation s = u t + 1/2 gt², we get

100- X = (0) t + 1/2 (10) t²  …………….. (1)

For the upward stone,

u = 25m/s, g = -10m/s2 s = x

Hence x = 25t – 1/2(10) t²   …………….(2)

Adding equations (1) and (2), we get 100 = 25t => t = 100/25 = 4 sec

The two stones meet each other after 4 second

When t = 4, x = 25 (4) – 1/2 (10) (4)² x =

100-80-20m

I.e, The stones meet at a height 20m from the ground.

Question 18. A ball thrown up vertically returns to the thrower after 6 sec. Find
1) Velocity with which it was thrown up?
2) The maximum height it reaches, and
3) The position after 4 second
Answer:
Time to reach maximum height = 6/2=3 second

1) Now, t = 3s, v = 0, g = – 9.8 m/s² and u =?

v = u + gt  0 = u — 9.8 (3) u  => 29.4m/s

2) S _max = ut + 1/2 gt² = 29.4 (3) – 1/2(9.8) (3)²

= 44.1 m

3) S _{(t = 4)}= 29.4 (4) – 1/2 (9.8) (3)² = 39.2m from the ground

Question 19. In what direction does the buoyant force on an object immersed in a liquid act?
Answer: In the vertical direction through the center of gravity.

Question 20. Why does a block of plastic released under water come up to the surface of the water?
Answer: It is due to the upthrust exerted by the water the block of plastic.

Question 21. The volume of a substance is 20 cm-1. If the density of water is 1 g/cm3, will the substance float or sink?
Answer: Density of substance = 50/20 = 2.5g.cm3 > the density of water. Hence the substance will sink into the water.

Question 22. The volume of a 500g sealed packet is 350 cm3. Will the packet float or sink in water if the density of water is 1g/cm³? What will be the mass of the water displaced?
Answer:
Density of packet = 500/350 = 1.43g/cm³ > density of water (1.2g/cm³).
Hence the packet will sink.

The volume of water displaced = volume of the sealed packet = 350cm³

Therefore, a mass of water displace = 350 x 1 = 350g

KSEEB Class 9 Science Chapter 10 Important Questions 

Gravitation Additional Questions

Question 1. What is the S.I. unit of universal gravitational constant
Answer: Nm² kg ^-2

Question 2. What is the accepted value of the universal gravitational constant?
Answer: 6.673 x 10^-4 Nm²kg^-2

Question 3. What is free fall?
Answer: When an object falls under the earth’s gravitational force above, then the object is said to be in free fall

Question 4. The mass of an object is 19kg. What is its weight on the earth?
Answer:
Weight of the object (w) = mg

= 10 x 9.8 = 98 N

Question 5. What is weightlessness?
Answer: A body is said to be in a state of weightlessness when the reactionary force of the supporting surface is zero.

Question 6. One kg – wt is equal to how many Newton’s?
Answer:   
1 kg wt = 1kg x 9.8ms^-2
              = 9.8 N

Question 7. State two factors on which the gravitational force between two objects depends
Answer:
1) Masses of the objects
2) Distance between the objects

Question 8. Who formulated the universal law of gravitational
Answer: Issac Newton

Question 9. What is the value of the universal gravitational constant
Answer: G =6.67 x 10^-11 Nm²kg^-2

Question 10. On what factors weight of a body depend?
Answer: Mass and acceleration due to gravity

Question 11. Why does a man feel lighter on the moon?
Answer: On the moon, the gravity is less than that of the earth.

Question 12. What is weightlessness?
Answer: When the surface offers zero reactionary force on a body kept on it is said to be weightless.

Question 13. The value of g is not same at all places on the earth. Why?
Answer: This is due to the shape of the earth and its rotation about its own axis

Question 14. Is weight a scalar or a vector?
Answer: Weight is a vector quantity

Question 15. How many newtons are equal to one kg – wt?
Answer: 9.8N

Question 16. What is the value of g at the center of the earth?
Answer: zero

Question 17. What is the mass of an object whose weight is 19.6N
Answer: m = W/g = 19.6/9.8 = 2kg

Question 18. An astronaut feels weightlessness in space graft?
Answer: It is because no gravitational force acts on the astronaut

Question 19. What happens to the mass and weight of a stone broght fron the moon to the earth?
Answer: Mass remains the same while the weight increases

Question 20. What is fluid?
Answer: A substance that can flow is called a fluid.

Two Marks Questions

Question 21. How does gravitation differ from gravity?
Answer: Gravitation refers the force of attraction between any two bodies in the universe whereas gravity refers the force of attraction between the earth and any object on its surface.

Question 22. What do you understand by buoyancy?
Answer: The phenomenon of an upward force acting on a body partially or completely immersed in a fluid is called buoyancy

Question 23. What is the value of
1) On the surface of the earth
2) At the center of the earth
Answer:
1) on the surface g = 9.8ms’2
2) At the center, g = 0.

KSEEB Solutions Chapter 10 Gravitational Force Class 9 

Question 24. How does the value of g vary with
1) altitude
2) latitude
Answer:
1) g decreases with an increase in altitude
2) g is m make at poles and minimum at the equator.

Question 25. Mean’s weight on the surface of the earth is SOON. What will be her weight at the height 2R (where R = Radius of the earth)
Answer:
Weight on the earth W = \(G \frac{M m}{R^2}\)

Weight on the height 2R =\(\mathrm{W}^i \)=\( G \frac{G M m}{(2 R)^2}\)

Question 26. You feel less weigher in water than outside the water. Why?
Answer: Because inside the water, the body experiences an upthrust by water.

Question 27. State Archimedes’ principle
Answer: When a body is immersed fully or partially in a fluid it experiences an upward thrust equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by it

Question 28. Name any devices that work on Archimedes’s principle
Answer:
1) Lactometer – used to measure the purity of milk
2) Hydrometer – used to measure the density of liquids

Question 29. Define the relative density of a substance
Answer: It is the ratio of the density of the substance to the density of water at 4°C

Question 30. On what factors the buoyant force depends on?
Answer:
1) Density of the liquid
2) The volume of the body immersed in the liquid

Question 31. Why does an army tank rest upon a continuous heavy chain?
Answer: Due to the larger area of the chain, the pressure exerted by the tank will be less and this prevents the sinking of the ground.

Question 32. A sharp knife cut better than a blunt one. Why?
Answer: Sharper the edge, the lesser will be the area of the edge. Hence effective force per unit area ie pressure is more.

Question 33. State the conditions for
(1) floatation of a body on a liquid
(2) sinking of a body in a liquid
Answer:
(1) A body will float if its density is less than the density of the liquid
(2) The body will sink if the density of the body is greater than the density of the liquid.

Question 34. When a fresh egg is placed in water it sinks. On dissolving a large amount of salt in the water, the g begins to rise and float. Why?
Answer: The density of the fresh egg is more than that of water. Hence it sinks. When salt is added to water, the density of water becomes more than that of egg. Hence the egg begins to float on water.

Gravitation KSEEB Class 9 Detailed Solutions 

Question 35. The weight of an object on the earth is 12N. What would be its weight on the moon?
Answer:
We Know That

Weight on the moon =1/6 x weight on the earth

= (1/6) x 12

= 2N

Three Marks Questions

Question 36. Give reasons for the following:
(1)Pins and nails have pointed ends
(2) Building has wide foundation
(3)A camel walks easily on the sand but a man cannot
Answer:
(1) The pointed ends have very small area and hence the force per unit area ie pressure will be greater on the surface which makes them to penetrate the surface
(2)Due to larger surface area of the larger foundation, the effective force/area of the building on the ground will be less. This prevents the sinking of the ground.
(3)Feet of the camel are larger than that of man. Hence camels experience lower pressure than the man. This makes camel to walk easily on the sand.

Question 37. The mass of the earth and the moon are 6 x 10²⁴ kg and 7.4 x 10²² kg respectively. The distance between the earth and the moon is 3.84 x 104 km. Calculate the force exerted by the earth on the moon. G= 6.7 x 10 ^-11 Nm²kg^-2.
Answer: Mass of the earth (M) = 6 x 10²⁴ kg, Mass of the moon (m) = 7. 4 x 10²² kg, and distance between the earth and the moon (d) = 3.84 x 10⁵km = 3.84 x 10⁸ m

According to Newton’s universal law of gravitation, the force between the earth and the moon is

F = G Mm/d² = \( \frac{6.7 \times 10^{-11} \times 6 \times 10^{28} \times 7.4 \times 10^{22}}{\left(3.84 \times 10^8\right)^2}\)

Question 38. Derive an expression for acceleration due to gravity acting on an object on the surface of the earth.
Answer: According to Newton’s second law of motion, Force acting on an object of mass (m) and tailing with acceleration (g) is given by F = mg …………………(1)

According to Newton’s universal gravitational law of gravitation, the force of attraction between the object and earth is given by F₈ = G Mm/R²…………………(2)

Comparing equations (1) and (2), F = F₈ mg = G Mm/R² => g = GM/R2

Question 39.
1) Define Thrust and pressure. Mention their S.I units
2) A block of wood is kept on a table top. The mass of the wooden block is 5 kg and its dimensions are 40cm x 20cm x 10cm. Find the pressure exerted by the wooden block on the table top if it is made to lie on  the table top with its sides of dimensions (a) 20cm x 10cm and b) 40cm x 20cm
Answer:
1) Thrust: It is the force acting on an object perpendicular to the surface.

Pressure: It is thrust per unit area of contact ie P = F/A

S.I unit thrust is newton (N) and S.I unit of pressure = Nm²

2) Case (1) Thrust on the table (F) = mg – 5 x 9.8 = 49N

Area of the face on the table = 20 x 10 cm²

= 0.02m²

Hence pressure = F/A = 49/0.02 = 2450N/m²

Case (2) Area of the face on the table=40 x 20 cm² = 0.08 m²

Hence pressure = 49/0.08 = 612.5 N/m²

Four Marks Questions

Question 40. Give reasons:
1) You apply more pressure on loose sand when you stand than when you Me down
2) An iron nail floats on mercury but sinks in water
3) It is easier to swim in sea water than in river water
Answer: Pressure is inversely proportional to the area of contact. The area of contact is less when we stand on the loose sand. Hence we apply more pressure.

Question 43. State and explain the universal law of gravitation. Hence obtain the S.I. unit of the universal gravitational constant
Answer:
Statement: Every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force that is proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The force acts along the lining the centers of the objects.

Explanation:

consider two objects A and JB of masses M and M lie at a distance ’d’ from each other . Let F be the force of attraction between the two objects. According to the universal law of gravitation

1) \( F \propto \frac{M m}{q^2}\)

2) \( F \alpha \frac{\Phi}{d^2}\)

combining equations (1) and (2), we get

\(F \alpha \frac{M m}{d^2}\)   or

where G is the constant of proportionality and is called the universal gravitation constant.

To find the S.T. unit of G

From Equation (3)

substituting units of F, d, M ie N, m, and kg, we get

S.L unit of G= Nm² kg ²

Question  41.
1) state universal law of gravitation
2) Mention any four phenomena explained by the universal law of gravitation.
Answer:
1) Every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force that is proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
2) Universal law of gravitation explained the following phenomenon.

• The force that binds us to the earth
• The motion of the moon around the earth
• The motion of the planets around the sun
• The tides due to the moon and the sun.

Gravitation KSEEB Class 9 MCQ Solutions 

Question  42. using the following data, prove that weight of the object on the moon = (1/6)th of its weight on the earth

celestial body     Mass (kg)                Radi (in)

Earth                5.98 x10²⁴                  6.37 x10⁶

Moon               7.36 x10²²                1.74 x106

Answer: According to the universal law of gravitation, the weight  of an object on the moon is given by

\(W_m=G \frac{M_m m}{R_m^2}\)   ………………………………(1)

where m = mass of the body the weight of the same object on the earth is given by

\(  W_E=G \frac{M_e \times m}{R_e^2}\)  …………………………..(2)

Dividing Eqn (1) by Eqn (2), we get

Thus, the weight of an object on the moon is (1/6)th of its weight on the earth

Question 43. Distinguish between Mass and Weight
Answer:
Mass

1. Mass is the quality of material present in a body
2. The value of mass remains the same at all places.
3. It is a scalar quantity
4. S.I. unit is kilogram
5. Measured by a pan balance
6. Mass can never be zero

Weight

1. It is the gravitational force exerted by the earth on the body.
2. The value of weight changes as the ‘g’ value changes from place to place
3.  It is a vector quantity
4. S.I. unit is kilogram weight or newton
5. Measured by a spring balance
6. Weight is zero at the center of the earth.

Question 44.
1) Define acceleration due to the gravity of earth
2) On what factors acceleration due to gravity depends
3) Where is cg’ greater – at poles or equator
Answer:
1) The acceleration produced in the motion of a body under the gravitational force of the earth is called acceleration due to gravity.
2) Acceleration due to gravity depends on

• The shape of the earth
• Altitude from the surface of the earth.
• Depth from the surface of the earth
• Latitude of the place.

3) g is greater at poles

Question 45.
(1) What is gravity?
(2) Mention any three differences between g and G
Answer:
1) Gravity is the force of attraction between the earth and any object on the surface.
2) acceleration due to gravity (g)

1. It is acceleration acquired by a body by virtue of the earth’s gravity
2. It is equal to the force of attraction between two unit masses separated by unit distance
3. Its value depends on altitude, latitude shape of the earth, etc.,
4. S.I.unit is ms^-2

Universal gravitation constant IG)

1. It is equal to the force of attraction between two unit masses separated by unit distance
2. It is a quantity
3. It is a universal Constance
4. Nm²kg²

Gravitation Application Questions

Question 1. The weight of an object on the earth is I2N. What would be its weight on the moon?
Answer:
We Know That
Weight on the moon = 1/6  x weight on the earth

= 1/6 x12

= 2N

Question 2. A stone is brought from the moon to the earth? What happens to the mass and weight of the stone on the earth?
Answer: Mass remains the same Weight increases.

Question 3. What is the value of the universal gravitational constant of the center of the earth?
Answer: G = \(6.673 \times 10^{11} \mathrm{Nm}^2 \mathrm{~kg}^{-2}\)

Question 4. The moon attracts the earth. Why does the earth not move toward the moon?
Answer: acceleration \( \alpha \frac{1}{m a s s}\)

Since the mass of the earth is very large, the acceleration produced in the earth is negligible.

Gravitation KSEEB Class 9 Question Answers 

Question 5. If the earth shrinks and mass remains the same, what happens to the weight of a person?
Answer:
We Know That           

When the earth shrinks, R decreases. This leads to an increase in g and therefore weight = mg also increases.

Question 6. When a piece of paper and a stone are dropped from the top of a building, the paper takes longer time. Why?
Answer: Since the paper has more surface area it experiences more air friction than the stone.

Question 7. On the earth’s surface mass remain constant while weight changes from the equator to the pole Why?
Answer: Since ‘g’ varies from equator to pole weight = mg also varies.

Question 8. Mass of a planet is (1/3)rd of the earth its radius is half of the earth. What will be acceleration due to gravity
Answer:
M1 – Mass of the planet
R1 = Radius of the planet k-riME and Rl = VL RE

Question 9. Buying gold at the equator and selling the same at the poles is profitable. Why?
Answer: The weight of gold at the poles will be higher than its weight at the equator.

Karnataka Class 9 Science Model Question Papers 2023 Set 2

Choose the correct alternative and Write the complete answer along with its alphabet in the sheet provided:

Question 1. In a uniform circular motion, the velocity of the particle is

1. Constant
2. Variable in magnitude
3. Variable in direction
4. (1) and (2)

Answer: 3. variable in direction

Question 2. If no external force acts on a body then the quantity that remains conserved is

1. Momentum
2. Work
3. Energy
4. Mass

Answer: 1. Momentum

Question 3. The cork floats while the nail sinks in the water, this is due to

1. The density of cork is more than nail
2. The density of the nail is more than the cork
3. The density of cork is less than the density of water
4. The density of Iron is less than the density of water.

Answer: The density of cork is less than the density of water

Question 4. The one, in which interparticle forces are strongest is

1. Sodium chloride
2. Hydrogen
3. Ether
4. Carbon dioxide

Answer: 1. Sodium chloride

Question 5. An example of a liquid metal and of a liquid nonmetal is

1. Gallium, mercury
2. Mercury, chlorine
3. Mercury, bromine
4. Bromine, sulfur

Answer: 3. Mercury, bromine

Question 6.Explain

1. sponge though compressible is a solid
2. Rubber bands through stretchable are solid.

Answer:

1. In minute pores of the sponge, the air is trapped, when pressed air is expelled out so it is compressible
2. Rubber band changes shape under force and regains shape when force is removed.

Class 9 Karnataka Science Model Question Papers 2023 Set 2 

Question 7. Name the following tissues:

1. Found in the Iris of the eye
2. That connects two bones

Answer:

1. Unstriated muscles
2. Ligament

Question 8. Give reasons for the following observations

1. Naphthalene balls disappear with time without leaving any solid.
2. Gas fills the vessel completely

Answer:

1. Naphthalene being volatile converts from solid to gas directly by a process called sublimation. Therefore, no solid residue is left after some time as it takes the heat from surroundings and sublimes.
2. Parencvmaarticles of gas have a negligible force of attraction between them and possess high kinetic energy.

Question 9. A sound wave travels at a speed of340ms‘. If its wavelength is 1.5cm, what is the frequency of the wave? will it be audible?
Answer:
Given,
speed of sound — 340ms^-1

wavelength λ = 1.5cm = 0.015m
Frequency=speed / λ
= 340/0.015 = 22600Hz

Since the audible frequency range is 20 to 20,000 Hz. Thus, the sound frequency is 22,600 Hz. It is not audible.

Question 10. Write the difference between tendon and ligament
Answer:
Tendon:

• They join bone to muscles
• They have limited flexibility
• They have more strength

Ligament:

• They join bone to bone
• They have elasticity
• They have less strength

Karnataka Class 9 Science Model Papers 2023 Set 2 With Answers 

Question 11. A train travels at a speed of 60km/hr for 0.52hr, at 30 km/h for the next 0.24hr, and then at 70km/h for the next 0.71h. What is the average speed of the train?
Answer: In the first case the train travels at a speed of 60km/hforatimeof0.52h
Distance
Time
Distance ~ 60 x 0.52 = 31.2km In the second case the train travels at a speed of 30km/h for a time of 0.24h
Distance
Time = 30 x 0.24 = 7.2km
In the third case, the train travels at a speed of 70km/h for a time of 0.71 h
Distance
Time
= 70 x 0.71 = 49.7 km From equations 1,2 and 3 we get Total distance traveled = 31.2 + 7.2 + 49.7 = 88.1km
Total time taken = (0.52 + 0.24 + 0.71) = 1.47h

Question 12. Write two properties of colloid
Answer:

1. They are heterogeneous solution
2. particles that do not settle due to gravity.

Question 13. What is the endoplasmic reticulum? Name the two types of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Answer: Endoplasmic reticulum is a membranous network enclosing a fluid-filled lumen. The two types of endoplasmic reticulum are Rough endoplasmic reticulum and Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 14.Define:

1. Fluid
2. Buoyant force

Answer:

1. Any substance which can flow is called a fluid.
2. The upward force exerted by a liquid on an object which is immersed in the liquid is called upthrust or buoyant force.

Question 15. What are the immunization programs available at health centers in and around your locality?
Answer:

• child immunization program
• polio eradication program
• H1N1 vaccination

Question 16. How do plants get nutrients?
Answer: Plants get nutrients from the air, water, and soil. There are sixteen nutrients essential for the growth of plants, and carbon and oxygen are supplied by water. The remaining thirteen nutrients are supplied by the soil.

Question 17.State the difference between macronutrients and micronutrients
Answer:
Macronutrients:

• There are required by crops in larger quantity
• Six macronutrients are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur

Micronutrients:

• These are required by crops in very small quantities.
• Seven micronutrients Iron, Manganese, boron, zinc, and copper. Molybdenum and chlorine.

Question 18. How do annelids differ from arthropod animals?
Answer:
Annelid:

• Exoskeleton present
• The body is segmented into the head, thorax, and abdomen
• sexes can be separate or can be on the same animal

Arthropod:

• No Exo skeleton
• The body is segmented into rings.
• Hermaphrodite

Karnataka Board Class 9 Science 2023 Question Papers Set 2 

Question 19. Name the phylum of the following animals

1. Tapeworm
2. Starfish
3. Jellyfish
4. Octopus

Answer:

1. Tapeworm – Platyhelminthes
2. Starfish – Echinodermata
3. Jellyfish – coelenterate
4. Octopus – Mollusca

Question 20. Explain how bats use ultrasound to catch prey.
Answer: Bats search out their prey by emitting and detecting reflections of ultrasonic waves. The high-pitched ultrasonic squeaks of the bat are reflected from the obstacles or prey and return to the bat’s ear. The nature of reflection tells the bat where the obstacle or prey is and what it is like.

Question 21. Soul says that the acceleration in an object could be zero even when several forces are acting on it. Do you agree with her? why?
Answer: yes, acceleration in an object could be zero even when several forces are acting on it. This happens when all the forces cancel out each other that is the net force acting on the object is zero.

Question 22. Why is a mixture called an impure substance?
Answer: A mixture consists of different components easily separated by physical processes, hence it is called an impure substance.

Question 24. What are the limitations of J.J. Thomson’s model of the atom?
Answer:

• It could not explain the result of the scattering experiment performed by rutherford
• It did not have any experimental support

Answer The Following:

Question 1. To make a saturated solution 36g of sodium chloride is dissolved in 100g of water at 293K. Find its concentration at this temperature.
Answer:
mass of solute = 36g
mass of solvent = 100g
mass of solution = 136g
mass percentage of solution

Question 2. List the difference between plant cells and animal cells.
Answer:
Plant cell:

• It has a cell wall
• They contain chloroplast
• They do not have centriole
• A vacuole is large and present in the center of the cell.
• The nucleus is present in the side of the plant cell

Animal cell:

• It doesn’t have a cell wall.
• They don’t have chloroplast
• The centriole is present in them.
• Vacuole is small
• The nucleus is present in the center of the animal cell.

Question 3. Two children are at opposite ends of an aluminum rod. one strikes the end of the rod with a stone. Find the ratio of times taken by the sound wave in the air and in aluminum to reach the second child.
Answer: Speed of sound in air, v= 346 m/sec
speed of sound in aluminium v²= 6420 m/sec
let the length of the aluminum rod =x m

Karnataka Class 9 Science Sample Papers Set 2 2023

Question 4. How are sol, solution, and suspension different from each other?
Answer:
Sol:

• size of solute particles between into 10nm
• It is stable
• It scatters a beam of light
• Solute particles pass through filter paper

Solution:

• Size of solute particles less than 1nm
• Stable
• It does not scatter light.
• Solute particles pass through filter paper

Suspension:

• The size of solute particles is more than 100nm
• unstable
• It scatters a beam of light
• Solute particles do not pass through filter paper.

Answer the following :

Question 1. Which method is used for the separation of a mixture of alcohol and water? Draw a neat labeled diagram of the apparatus used in the above separation technique.
Answer:

Question 2. Draw a neat labeled diagram of the plant cell.
Answer:

Karnataka Class 9 Science Question Papers Set 2 Solutions 2023 

Question 3. State the difference between simple tissues of plants.
Answer:
Parenchyma:

• The cells are living and thin-walled
• The cells are oval, spherical, or polygonal in shape
• There is a large, intercellular space between

Collenchyma:

• The cells are living and thick at comers
• The cells are elongated at comers
• There is very little intercellular space

Sclerenchyma:

• The cells are dead and thick-walled due to lignin deposition
• The cells are long and narrow.
• There is no intercellular space

Question 4. An object is thrown vertically upwards and rises to a height of 10m. Calculate

(1) the velocity with which the object was thrown upwards and

(2) the time is taken by the object to reach the highest point.

Answer: s = 10m, v =0ms^-1, g = 9.8ms^-2, a = 9.8ms^-2

(1) \(v^2=u^2+2 a s\)

U=g 14m s¹

(2) v = u + at
0= 14 – 9.8 x t
t= 1.43s

KSEEB Solutions For Class 9 Science Chapter 7 Diversity In Living Organisms Important Concepts

Diversity of plants and animals, scientific naming, the hierarchy of groups, major groups of plants algae, bryophytes, Pteridophyta, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.Non-chordates and chordates.Classes- Pisces, amphibians, reptiles, aves, mammals.

Biodiversity: The different forms of living organisms or a variety of life forms found in a particular region.
Classification of organisms: It is defined as a system of arrangement of organisms in two different groups and subgroups on the basis of their similarities, differences, and relationships. Classification makes the study of a wide variety of organisms convenient and easy.

Read and Learn More KSEEB Solutions for Class 9 Science 

Evolution: Changes in living organism with time is called organic or biological evolution.
Hierarchy of classification: The taxa of living organisms are ranked in a hierarchy of categories as follows:

Kingdom                      Animalia
Phylum                        Chordata
Class                            Mammalia
Order                          Primate
Family                         Hominidae
Genus                          Homo
Species                        Sapiens

Five kingdom classification: Robert Whittaker(1959) has classified all living organisms into the following five kingdoms.

1. Kingdom Monera: Unicellular, prokaryotes
Example: Bacteria, blue-green algae

2. Kingdom Protista: Unicellular, eukaryotes.
Example: Protozoans, algae

3. Kingdom Fungi: Multicellular eukaryotes non-green heterotrophs lacking chlorophyll and having absorptive mode of nutrition.
Example: Mushrooms, molds kingdom.

4. Kingdom Plantae: Multicellular, Eukaryotic, green plants and autotrophic mode of nutrition.
Example: Algae, ferns, flowering plants

5. Kingdom Animalia: Multicellular, Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, and ingestive mode of nutrition.
Example: Corals, insects, fishes, birds, etc

Thallophyta (Thallus – undifferentiated, Phyta-plant):

• Plants do not have well-differentiated body designs.
• They are commonly called algae.
• They are aquatic.

Example: Spirogyra, Ultrix, chara

Bryophyta(Bryon – moss, Phyta – plant):

• They are the first plants to live on land and in water and are therefore called the amphibians of the plant kingdom.
• The vascular tissues(xylem and phloem) are completely absent.
• The main plant body is gametophyte.
• Plants are fixed by means of hair-like rhizoids

Diversity In Living Organisms KSEEB Class 9 Question Answers 

Example: Liver works, Moses

Pteridophyta(Pteris – idos = fern):

• They are the first vascular plants.
• The plants are sporophytes(diploid) and are made up of true roots, true stems, and true leaves.
• The fertilized egg develops into the embryo.

Examples: Lycopodium, selaginella, marsilea

Gymnosperms(Gymno – naked, Sperm – seed):

• These are naked-seeded plants, i.e, seeds are not enclosed within fruits.
• The flowers are represented by unisexual cones, both being present on the same plant.

Example: Pinus, cycas

Angiosperms(Angio – covered, Sperma – seed):

1. These are the most common covering plants.
2. They are divided into two groups on the basis of the number of cotyledons present in the seed.

• Monocotyledons: Seeds have single cotyledons.
  Examples: Maize, wheat, paddy, etc.
• Dicotyledons: Seeds having double cotyledons.
  Example: Pea, bean, gram, etc

Kingdom Animalia:

• These are multicellular, eukaryotes without a cell wall.
• They are heterotrophic.
• They are classified under different phyla Porifera, Coelenterata, and Platyhelminthes, as helminths, Annelida, Mollusca, Echinodermata, and Chordata.

Porifera(Gr. Porus – pore, Ferre – to bear):

• They are commonly called sponges.
• They are mostly marine.
• They have the cellular level of organization.
• The body is perforated by numerous pores(Ostia).
• Reproduction is asexual as well as sexual.

Example: Sycon, spongin

Coelenterata or cnidaria(Gr. Koilos – hollow, enteron – gut):

• They are all aquatic(Fresh and marine water)
• The body of animals is made up of two layers.
• Reproduction is asexual as well as sexual.

Example: Hydra, obelia, jellyfish

Platyhelminthes(Gr. Platys – flat, helmins – worm):

• It includes bilaterally symmetrical flatworms.
• They are triploblastic.
• These animals are mostly hermaphrodites. (bisexual)

Class 9 Science Chapter 7 KSEEB Textbook Solutions 

Examples: Planaria, liver fluke, tapeworm

Aschelminthes or Nematoda(Gr Ascus – a bladder, Helmins – worm):

• The animal body is cylindrical, bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, and unsegmented.
• The cavity present between the body wall and the digestive tract is not a true coelom(pseudocoelom).
• Sexes are generally separate.

Example: Ascaris, hookworm

Annelida(L. Annelus – a ring, Segmented worm):

• The animal body is soft, elongated, and bilaterally symmetrical.
• The body is divided into segments or metameres by ring-like grooves, the annul.
• The body cavity is true coelom.
• The closed circulatory system.
• Reproduction is sexual.

Example: Nereis, earthworm

• The largest Phylum in the animal kingdom.
• They occur on land, in the soil, and in water.
• Body segments bear jointed appendages(legs)
• The body cavity is reduced and contains blood and is called the hemocoel
• Sexes are separate.
  Example: Housefly, crabs, cockroaches

Mollusca(L. Molluscus – soft):

• The animal body is soft and unsegmented without external appendages.
• The body is usually differentiated into three regions head, visceral mass, and ventral foot.
• Sexes are usually separate.
  Example: Chiton, snail, octopus, Mollusca

Echinodermata(Gr. Echinos- spiny, Derma- skin):

• The shape of animals may be stars like, or cylindrical.
• They are unsegmented animals having radial symmetry.
• A true coelom is present.
• Sexes are separate.

Example: Starfish, brittle star, sea urchin

Chordata(Gr. Chorda- string):

• Most advanced animal phylum The main distinctive characteristics of this phylum are:

1. Notochord, a solid unjointed rod is present.
2. A dorsal hollow nerve cord.
3. Presence of gill slits.

• The phylum Chordata is divided into two subphyla:

1. Protochordate
2. Vertebrata

Class 9 Science Chapter 7 KSEEB Textbook Solutions 

Protochordate(Proto – first, Chordata – notochord):

• They are exclusively marine, triploblastic, and coelomate.
• Bilateral symmetry is found.
• Along rod-like support structure called a notochord is present at some stage of life.

Example: Balanoglossus

Vertebrata:

• These animals have a true vertebral column and internal skeleton.
• All chordates possess the following features:
• They have a notochord.
• They have a dorsal nerve cord.
• They are triploblastic.
• They are coelomate.

Vertebrates are grouped into 5 classes:

1. Pisces
2. Amphibia
3. Reptilia
4. Aves
5. Mammalia

Class: Pisces

• They are commonly called fishes.
• They exclusively live in water.
• The body is covered with scales.
• The body is streamlined.
• Fins are present.
• Respiration is through the gills.
• They are cold-blooded and lay eggs.
• Fishes are of two types based on the nature of the
  skeleton.

1. Cartilaginous fish – Skeleton made entirely of cartilage.
   Example: Shark, rays, etc
2. Bony fish – Skeleton made up of bones.
   Example: Catla, flying fish, etc

Class : Amphibia(Amphi – both, Bios – life):

• They are found both in water and on land.
• Respiration is either through the gills or lungs.
• They have mucus glands in the skin without scales.
• They are cold-blooded and oviparous(lay eggs).
• The heart is three-chambered.
• Limbs: Fore limbs – four digits, Hind limb – five digits.
• External fertilization

Class: Reptilia (creeping or crawling animals):

• These are the first terrestrial vertebrates.
• The body is divisible in the head, neck, and trunk.
• The pentadactyl, body is covered with epidermal horny scales.
• Respiration takes place through the lungs only.
• Three-chambered hearts, while crocodiles have four-chambered hearts.
• They are cold-blooded and lay eggs with thick coverings on land.

Class: Aves:

• They are warm-blooded animals.
• The heart is four-chambered, warm-blooded, and oviparous.
• Forelimbs are modified into wings.
• The body is covered with feathers.
• They breathe through their lungs.
• Jaws are modified into beaks.
• Endoskeleton is light with the bones having air cavities. Example: Ostrich, pigeon, sparrow, crow, peacock

Class : Mammalia(mammals):

• They are found in diverse habitats.
• They have mammary glands for the production of
  milk to nourish their young ones.
• They are warm-blooded.
• The heart is four-chambered, respiratory through gills.
• They have hairs on the body as well as sweat and oil glands.
• They give birth to living young ones and are called viviparous.
• Eyes are provided with movable lids. Ears are fleshy external ears or pinnae.
• Teeth are of different types. Example: Humans, whales, bats, kangaroos, elephants.

Nomenclature: Nomenclature is a system of giving scientific names to plants and animals since the name of every organism is composed of two components. (Genus – generic and species-specific) so this kind of naming is termed Binomial nomenclature. Example: The human species’ scientific name is Homosapiens. Homo is a genetic name and sapiens is a specific name.

KSEEB Solutions For Diversity In Living Organisms Short Notes 

Diversity In Living Organisms Exercises

Question 1. What are the advantages of classifying organisms?
Answer:
The advantages of classifying organisms are:

• It gives information regarding the diversity of plants and animals.
• It makes the study of a wide variety of organisms easy.
• It helps in understanding the evolution of organisms.

Question 2. How would you choose between two characteristics to be used for developing a hierarchy in classification?
Answer: Before developing a hierarchy in classification, we need to decide the characteristics of a species.
Example: Nature of cell, body features

Question 3. Explain the basis for grouping organisms into
five kingdoms.
Answer:
The basis for grouping organisms into five kingdoms depends on their

• Cell structure
• Mode of nutrition
• Body organization
• Phylogenetic relationship

Question 4. What are the major divisions in the Plantae? What is the basis for these divisions?
Answer:
The major divisions in the Plantae are:

• Thallophyta
• Bryophyta
• Pteridophyta
• Gymnosperms
• Angiosperms

The basis for division in the Plantae are:

• Well-differentiated distinct components in the body.
• The presence or absence of vascular tissues.
• The ability to bear seeds.
• Weather seeds are naked or enclosed within fruits.

Question 5. How are the criteria for deciding divisions in
Are plants different from the criteria for deciding the subgroups among animals?
Answer: The criteria for deciding divisions in plants are different from the criteria for deciding the subgroups among animals because the basic designs of their body are different. The presence or absence of a skeleton

KSEEB Class 9 Science Chapter 7 Important Questions 

Question 6. Explain how animals in Vertebrata are classified into further subgroups.
Answer: The following characteristics are considered while
classifying Vertebrata into further subgroups:

• Habitat
• Endoskeleton or exoskeleton
• Kind of respiratory organs
• Heart chambers
• Fertilization
• The method of reproduction

Diversity In Living Organisms Textual Questions

Question 1. Why do we classify organisms?
Answer: There is a vast number of living organisms in the biosphere and they have a great diversity in shape, size, and form. It is not possible to study every organism at the individual level, therefore we have to classify the organisms to study the diversity of organisms.

Question 2. Give three examples of the range of variations that you see in life forms around you.
Answer:

• The size and structure
• Life span
• Variations in body colors

Question 3. Which do you think is a more basic characteristic for classifying organisms?

• The place where they live.
• The kind of cells they are made up of. Why?

Answer: The more basic characteristic used for making the division of organisms is the kind of cells they are made up of because many different kinds of organisms may live in the same habitat but they do not belong to the same group.

Question 4. What is the primary characteristic on which the first division of organisms is made?
Answer: The primary characteristic on which the first division of organisms is made on whether the organisms are prokaryotic or eukaryotic.

Question 5. On what basis are plants and animals put into different categories?
Answer: Plants and animals are put into different categories on the basis of their mode of nutrition as well as body designs.

Question 6. Which organisms are called primitive and how
are they different from the so-called advanced
organisms?
Answer:

Question 7. Will advanced organisms be the same as complex organisms? Why?
Answer: Yes. Complex organisms are comparatively more advanced as compared to simple organisms. It is because the complexity of organisms has increased over evolutionary time.

Question 8. What is the Criterion for the classification of organisms as belonging to Kingdom Monera or Protista?
Answer: The organisms which do not possess well-defined nuclei, organelles, and multicellular border designs are grouped under the Kingdom Monera.
Example: Bacteria, blue-green algae
The organisms which are unicellular and Eukaryotic are grouped under the Protista.
Example: Protozoans, diatoms

Question 9. Kingdom value places an organism that is single-celled, eukaryotic, and photosynthetic.
Answer: Kingdom Protista

Question 10. In the hierarchy of classification, which grouping will have the smallest number of organisms with a maximum of characteristics in common, and which will have the largest number of organisms?
Answer: In the hierarchy of classification species will have the smallest number of organisms with a maximum of characteristics in common the Kingdom will have the largest number of organisms.

Question 11. Which division among plants has the simplest
organism?
Answer: The organism belonging to the division Thallophyta is the simplest among the plants.

Question 12. How are pteridophytes different from phanerogams?
Answer: The pteridophytes do not produce seeds. The phanerogams produce seeds

Question 13. How do gymnosperms and angiosperms differ
from each other?
Answer: The Gymnosperms bear naked seeds The Angiosperms bear seeds inside the fruit

Question 14. How do poriferan animals differ from coelenterate animals?
Answer: Poriferan animals have a cellular level of organization. Coelenterates have a tissue level of organization.

Question 15. How do annelid animals differ from anthropods?
Answer:

Question 16. What are the differences between amphibians and reptiles?
Answer:

Question 17. What are the differences between animals belonging to the Aves group and those in the mammalian group?
Answer:

Diversity In Living Organisms Additional Questions

Question 1. Who proposed the five-kingdom system of classification of organisms?
Answer: Robert.H. Whittaker

Question 2. Define species.
Answer: Species is the lowest category regarded as a basic unit of classification.

Question 3. Name the three germ layers.
Answer: Outer ectoderm, middle mesoderm, and inner endoderm.

Biological Classification Explained Class 9 KSEEB Solutions 

Question 4. What is a taxonomic category?
Answer: A group of organisms developed on the basis of their fundamental structure, similarities, and dissimilarities is called a taxonomic category.

Question 5. What is thallus?
Answer: It is a plant structure not differentiated into roots, stems, and leaves.

Question 6. What is hemocoel?
Answer: The blood-filled cavity is known as hemocoel.

Question 7. What is Binomial Nomenclature? List two advantages of naming organisms.
Answer: System of naming of the living organisms by giving the generic name and specific name.

Advantages:

• It helps in the systematic study of a wide range of living organisms.
• It helps in maintaining a record of diversity for identification and classification.

Question 8. Differentiate between the following

1. Diploblastic and triploblastic
2. Warm-blooded and cold-blooded animals

Answer:

Question 9. Thallophyta, Bryophyta, and Pteridophyta are classified as a crypto game whereas, whereas Gymnosperms and angiosperms are classified as phanerogamae.
Answer: Thallophytes, bryophytes, and pteridophytes are classified as cryptogams as they all have hidden reproductive organs. Whereas gymnosperms and angiosperms are categorized as phanerogams as they have well-developed reproductive organs.

Question 10. Give some features of chordates.
Answer:
All chordates possess the following features:

• Have a notochord
• Have a dorsal nerve cord
• They are triploblastic
• Have paired gill pouches

Diversity In Living Organisms High Order Thinking Questions

Question 1. The presence of coelom in an animal’s body is
considered as advantages.
Answer: Coelom is a true internal body cavity in which well-developed organs can be accommodated.

Question 2. Name two egg-laying mammals.
Answer:

1. Echidna
2. Platypus

Question 3. Why do we keep both snake and turtle in the same class?
Answer:
Because of the common characteristic features like:

1. Cold-blooded
2. Have scales
3. Breathe through lungs
4. Have 3 chambered heart

Question 4. A B and C are living organisms.

1. Identify the group to which they belong on
   the basis of the following features. A- Microscopic, unicellular, prokaryotic B – Microscopic, unicellular, eukaryotic and shows locomotion with the help of pseudopodia C-Multicellular, filamentous, eukaryotic, autotrophic and aquatic
2. Which of the above is most advanced?
3. Name one organism belonging to the groups A, B, and C.

Answer:

1. A – Monera
   B – Protista
   C – Plantae
2. Fungi are the most advanced organisms as compared to protista and monera.
3. A- Bacteria
   B- Amoeba
   C – Spirogyra

KSEEB Chapter 7 Class 9 Detailed Solutions On Biodiversity 

Question 5. Give a reason for the following

1. Frogs use both skin and lungs for breathing
2. Birds have pneumatic bones/ hollow bones

Answer:

1. Frogs can breathe with the help of moist skin when they are in water whereas lungs help in breathing when they are on land or swimming at the surface.
2. This makes their body lightweight and helps in easier flying.

Question 6. A plant specimen was found without differentiated roots.

1. Which plant structure helps in attaching the plant to the substratum?
2. To which group you will keep this plant?
3. Which plant could it be?

Answer:

1. Thallus
2. Thallophyta
3. Algae

Diversity In Living Organisms Unit Test

Multiple choice question

Question 1. In a taxonomic hierarchy, as one goes from species to the kingdom the number of common characteristics_____________

1. Will increase
2. Will decrease
3. May increase or decrease
4. Remains same

Answer: 2. Will decrease

Question 2. Which of the following is common amongst plants and animals?___________

1. Both are prokaryotic
2. Both are eukaryotic
3. Both are heterotrophic
4. Both are autotrophic

Answer: 2. Both are eukaryotic

Question 3. Which is not an aquatic animal?___________

1. Hydra
2. Jellyfish
3. Corals
4. Filaria

Answer: 4. Filaria

Question 4. After fertilization, ovules develop into______

1. Zygote
2. Fruit
3. Zygospores
4. Seeds

Answer: 4. Seeds

Question 5. Druthiand Hamsa observed an animal in their garden. Truth called it an insect while Hamsa said it was an earthworm. Choose the character from the following.________

1. Bilateral symmetrical body
2. Body with jointed legs
3. Cylindrical body
4. Body with little segmentation

Answer: 2. Body with Jointed legs

Diversity In Living Organisms Fill in the blanks

1. Animals having soft bodies inside the muscular foot- Mollusca
2. Reptile which has a four-chambered heart – Crocodile
3. Worms causing disease elephantiasis – Filarialworm

Diversity In Living Organisms Match the following

Diversity In Living Organisms Answer the following

Question 1. How are fungi similar and dissimilar to plants?
Answer: Fungi have cell walls, like plants so they are similar
to plants. Fungi lack chlorophyll unlike green
plants, so they are heterotrophic.

Question 2. Identify the Phylum for the following characteristics.

1. Organisms with joint appendages
2. Organisms are generally flatworms
3. Body is segmented
4. The skin of organisms is full of spines

Answer:

1. Arthropoda
2. Platyhelminthes
3. Annelida
4. Echinodermata

Question 3. Homosapiens is the scientific name of human beings. What do these two terms imply?
Answer:

• Homo – Generic name
• Sapiens – Name of species

Question 4. Name the reproductive organs of

1. Gymnosperms
2. Angiosperms

Answer:
The reproductive organ of

1. Gymnosperms – Cones
2. Angiosperms – Flowers

Diversity In Living Organisms Class 9 KSEEB Solutions 

Question 5. Why should birds feed more often than lizards?
Answer: Birds are endothermic animals. They have to produce heat by metabolism to maintain body temperature and this needs food.

Diversity In Living Organisms Answer the following

Question 1. Why are angiosperms so-called? In which structures do the seeds develop?
Answer: Angiosperms are so-called because these plants have covered seeds. Seeds develop within the ovary which is later modified into fruit.

Question 2. You are provided with the seeds of a gram, wheat, rice, pumpkin, maize, and pea. Classify whether they are monocots or dicots.
Answer:

• Pumpkin – Dicot
• Rice – Monocot
• Wheat – Monocot
• Gram – Dicot
• Pea – Dicot
• Maize – Monocot

Question 3. Name the five classes of vertebrates. Compare them on the basis of their

1. Habitat
2. Covering of skin
3. Respiratory organ
4. Chambers of heart
5. Reproduction

Answer:

Question 4. Write the general characteristics of class Pisces.
Answer:

• They are exclusively aquatic
• Skin is covered with scales
• They obtain oxygen dissolved in water by using gills
• They are cold-blooded and their hearts have two chambers
• They are oviparous

Karnataka State Board Syllabus for Class 9 Textbooks Solutions

• Chapter 1 Matter in Our Surroundings
• Chapter 2 Is Matter Around Us Pure
• Chapter 3 Atoms and Molecules
• Chapter 4 Structure of the Atom
• Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit of Life
• Chapter 6 Tissues
• Chapter 7 Diversity in Living Organisms

• Chapter 8 Motion
• Chapter 9 Force and Laws of Motion
• Chapter 10 Gravitation
• Chapter 11 Work and Energy
• Chapter 12 Sound
• Chapter 13 Why Do We Fall Ill
• Chapter 14 Natural Resources
• Chapter 15 Improvement in Food Resources

KSEEB Solutions For Class 9 Science Chapter 5 The Fundamental Unit Of Life Important Concepts

Cell, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, unicellular and multicellular organisms, cell organelles, nucleus, and chromosomes.

Cell
Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life. Cells were first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665.

Plasma membrane or cell membrane
This is the outermost covering of the cell that separates the contents of the cell from its external environment. Plasma membrane gives definite shape to the cell It is selectively permeable membrane.

Cell wall
Plant cells have a rigid outer protective covering called the cell wall which lies outside the plasma membrane. The cell wall is nonliving, freely per¬ meable, and mainly composed of cellulose.

Protoplasm
It is a living fluid substance of the cell. It is viscous, colorless, transparent material, and a life-giving substance of a cell.

Read and Learn More KSEEB Solutions for Class 9 Science 

Nucleus
Nucleus is the largest cell structure. It is spherical or oval prominent structure, usually located in the center of the cell. The important parts of nucleus are nuclear mem¬ brane, nucleoplasm, chromatin material, and nucleolus.

Chromosomes
These are thread-like several structures which are found in the nucleus of the plant and animal cells. They contain hereditary information in the form of genes. Chromosomes are composed of DNA and protein.

Genes
It is the functional unit of a chromosome, responsible for hereditary information or specific traits of an organism

Nucleoid
The part of a cell ofa bacterium having undefined nuclear region containing only nucleic acids is called a nucleoid.

Cytoplasm
It is the fluid content of the cell which occurs between the plasma membrane and the nuclear en¬ envelope. It acts as a store of vital Chemicals such as amino acids, glucose, vitamins, etc.

Cell organelles
These are microscopic cytoplasmic structures which perform different functions such as synthesis of substances, secretion, digestion, and generation of energy, etc.

Endoplasmic reticulum
It is an irregular, interconnected network of flattened sacs made up of double membranes and are interconnected with each other. Depending upon the presence and absence of ribosomes on the surface of endoplasmic Reticulum these are of two types:
1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum(with ribosomes attached)
2. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum(without ribosomes attached)

The Fundamental Unit Of Life KSEEB Class 9 Question Answers 

Golgi apparatus
It is an organelle in animal cells consisting set of membrane-bound smooth, flattened cisternae stacked one above the other. In plant cells, they are distributed throughout the cytoplasm and are called dictyosomes.

Mitochondria
They are a double-membraned bag-like structure. The outermost membrane is very porous, while the inner membrane is produced into a finger-like projection called cristae. They are called as powerhouse of the cell. Mitochondria are the largest organelles in animal cells.

Lysosomes
They are small-sized enzymes containing vesicles which are bounded by single membrane. These are involved in autolysis or self-digestion of cells after their death, hence they are also called suicidal bags or digestive bags.

Plastids
These are found in plant cells only. On the basis of pigments present in plastids, they are divided into:
1. Leucoplasts: They are colorless and store food in the form of starch, proteins, and fats.
2. Chromoplasts: They are colored like orange, red, yellow, etc.
3. Chloroplasts: They are green-colored plastids because of the presence of chlorophyll.

Centrosome
It contains two granules like centrioles and it is found in animal cells only. It helps in cell division in animal cells.

Vacuoles
These are cytoplasmic inclusions. They are clear fluid-filled or gas-filled spaces. The vacuole is covered from the outside by a covering called tonoplast. In animal cells, vacuoles are smaller in size but in plant cells, a
the single prominent very large vacuole is present.

Ribosomes
They are dense, spherical, and granular particles which occur freely in the matrix or remain attached to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum.

Peroxisomes
They are small and spherical organelles found in photosynthetic cells of plants, liver and kidney cells of the vertebrates

The Fundamental Unit Of Life Exercises

Question 1. Make a comparison and write down ways in which plant cells are different from animal cells 

Answer

Question 2. How is prokaryotic cell different from a eukaryotic cell?

Answer

Question 3. What would happen if the plasma membrane ruptures or breaks down?

Answer: If plasma membrane ruptures or breaks down, the constant internal chemical composition of the cell will be lost and it will not be able to perform basic functions.

Question 4. What would happen to the life of a cell if there was no Golgi apparatus?
Answer: Golgi apparatus is involved in the storage, modi¬ fiction, and packaging of materials in vesicles. The basic metabolic functions of the cells are not possible if Golgi apparatus is absent.

Question 5. Which organelle is known as the powerhouse of the cell? Why?
Answer: Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell. The mitochondria contain many oxidative enzymes which oxidize the food and convert it into energy currency of the cell in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). This energy is used by body for making new chemical compounds and for doing mechanical work. Due to this reason mitochondria are generally called as powerhouse of the cell.

Question 6. Where do lipids and proteins constituting the cell membrane get synthesized?
Answer: Lipids are synthesized in smooth endoplasmic reticulum, while proteins are synthesized in the ribosomes which are attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Class 9 Science Chapter 5 KSEEB Textbook Solutions 

Question 7. How does an Amoeba obtain its food?
Answer: Amoeba acquires its food through the process of endocytosis. This process is generally involved for the ingestion of good material.

Question 8. What is osmosis?
Answer: The diffusion of water or solvent through a semipermeable membrane from her region of higher concentration to lower concentration

Question 9. Carry out the following Osmosis experiment: Take four peeled potato halves and scoop each one out to make potato cups. One of these potato cups should be made from boiled potato. Put each potato cup in a trough containing water.
1. Keep cup A empty.
2. Put one teaspoon sugar in cup B.
3. Put one teaspoon salt in cup C.
4. Put one teaspoon sugar in the boiled potato cup D.
Keep these for 2 hours. Then observe the four potato cups and answer the following.
1. Explain why water gathers in the hollowed
portion of B and C.
Answer: The water enters in the hollow portion of B and C due to the process of osmosis. Since the concentration of solute(sugar in cup B) and (salt in cup C) is higher inside the cup as compared to the water which is outside the cup. Therefore, water(solvent) from it higher concentration (outside the cup) will move towards the lower concentration(inside the cup). This process
of osmosis(moving in of solvent) is known as endosmosis.

2. Why is potato A necessary for this experiment?
Answer Potato acts as a control for the experiment. This is very necessary for comparing the results of the experiment

3. Explain why water does not gather in the hol¬ lowed out portions of A and D.
Answer: Water does not get there in the hollowed portions of A and D because the hollowed portions of potato Ais empty. Thus, there is no concentration difference and therefore no osmosis takes place. The hollowed portions of potato D contain sugar inside it but this potato is boiled one. Therefore, osmosis will not take place as its semipermeable membrane is destroyed by boiling

The Fundamental Unit Of Life Textual Questions

1. Who discovered cells and how?
Answer: Robert Hooke discovered cells with the help of his self-designed microscope. Robert Hooke was examining a thin slice of cork and he saw the resemble the structure of honeycomb consisting of many compartments.

2. Why is the cell called the structural and functional unit of life?
Answer: All living organisms are made up of cells. Thus, cell is the structural unit of life. The cells perform basic functions suchas respiration, nutrition, reproduction, etc.

3. How do substances like water move in and out of the cell? Discuss.
Answer: CO₂ moves in and out of the cell by the process of diffusion. Water moves in and out of the cell by the process of osmosis.

4. Why is the plasma membrane called a selectively permeable membrane?
Answer: Plasma membrane is called selectively permeable membrane because it allows the movement of only selected molecules across it and not all of them

5. Fill in the blanks/gaps in the following table illustrating differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

6. Can you name the two organelles we have studied that contain their own genetic material?

Answer:
1. Mitochondria
2. Chloroplast

7. If the organization of a cell is destroyed due to some physical or chemical influence, what will happen?
Answer: Well-organized cells maintain homeostasis, i.e, constant internal chemical composition. It I therefore able to perform basic functions like respiration, obtaining nutrition, etc. If the organization of a cell is destroyed, it will not be able to maintain homeostasis and thus will not be able to perform basic functions.

8. Why are lysosomes known as suicide bags?
Answer: Lysosomes are called the suicide bags of the cells as they contain hydrolytic enzymes which can digest incoming food materials, remove the foreign bodies, breakdown worn out cells and cell organelles to component molecules for building new organelles and cells.

9. Where are proteins synthesized inside the cell?
Answer: Proteins are synthesized on ribosomes

The Fundamental Unit Of Life Additional Questions

1. Give two examples of unicellular and multicellular organisms.
Answer: Unicellular organisms are Amoeba and Paramecium. Multicellular organisms are mango and man.

2. Name the scientist who proposed ‘Cell theory’.
Ans: Cell theorywas given bySchleidenand Schwann

3. Name three basic components of a typical Eukaryotic cell.
Answer:
1. Plasma membrane
2. Nucleus
3. Cytoplasm

4. Name the nucleic acids that are present in
an animal cell.
Answer: Deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) , Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

5. Give two examples of osmosis in plants.
Answer:
1. Absorption of water by roots of plants from the soil.
2. Stomata open and closed due to osmotic movements of water.

6. Classify the following as osmosis or diffusion.
Answer:
1. Aquatic animals using oxygen dissolved in water during respiration Diffusion
2. Swelling up of raisins on keeping and water Osmosis
3. Spreading of virus on sneezing – Diffusion

7. List various components of the nucleus.
Answer: Nuclear envelope, nuclear sap, chromatin material, nucleolus, and nuclear matrix.

KSEEB Solutions For The Fundamental Unit Of Life Short Notes 

8. What are chromosomes? List their function.
Answer: Chromosomes are thread-like structures usually present in the nucleus. They are composed of DNA and protein.
Functions
1. Chromosomes contain hereditary information of the cell.
2. DNA of chromosomes also controls all the activities of the cell.

9. State two types of plastids. Write one function of each.
Answer: Two types of plastids in plant cells are leucoplast and chromoplast.
1. Leucoplast are colorless plastid store carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids in the cell.
2. Chromoplasts are colored plastids.
Example: Chloroplast synthesize food in the presence of sunlight by the process called photosynthesis.

10. Write the differences between light microscope and electron microscope.
Answer:

1. Why plasma membrane is called a selectively permeable membrane?

Answer: Plasma membrane regulate the flow ofselected materials in andout ofthe cell.

2. Define the following terms
1. Endocytosis
2. Phagocytosis
3. Exocytosis
Answer:
1. Endocytosis: It is the process of ingestion of materials by the cells through the plasma membrane.
2. Phagocytosis: Method of feeding in some organisms such as Amoeba and sponges. The WBCs engulfcells debris and microbes with the help of this process.
3. Exocytosis: It is the process by which the plasma membrane remove its contents to the surrounding medium

3. Every multicellular organism has come from a single cell. Justify the statement.
Answer: Single cellis zygote. It is the first cell formed after fertilization.

4. What is the role of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in liver cells?
Answer: It helps in detoxifying many poisons and drugs.

5. What will happen when human red blood cells are placed in hypotonic sugar solution?
Answer: They will swell up or burst

6. A student soaked 5 g of raisins in a beaker A containing 25 ml of ice-chilled water and another 5 g of raisins in beaker B containing 25 ml of tap water at room temperature. What is the observation after1 hour?
Answer: Water absorbed by raisins in beaker B was more than that absorbed by raisins of beakers A.

7. Why does the skin ofyourfinger shrink when you wash clothes for a long time?
Answer: The soap solution is hypertonic compared to concentration of our skin cells. Continuous washing of clothes with hands causes exosmosis in the skin cells resulting in flow of water from skin cells to outside. This results in shrinkage of skin over the fingers.

8. How is a bacterial cell different from an onion peel cell?
Answer: Bacterial cell is a prokaryotic cell and an onion peel cell is a plant cell(eukaryotic cell)

9. Name the smallest known cell.
Answer: PPLO- Pleuro-Pneumonia-like organism. It is about 0.1 p in diameter.

10. How do lysosomes helps in cleansing the cell?
Answer: Lysosomes help in removing dead, wornout cell organelles and eat up the damaged cell.

The Fundamental Unit Of Life Unit Test Multiple choice questions

1. In the cell, complex sugars are made from single sugar by_
1. Nucleolus
2. Mitochondria
3. Golgi apparatus
4. Endoplasmic reticulum
Answer: (3)

2. The only cell organelle seen in prokaryotic cell is________
1. Mitochondria
2. Ribosomes
3. Plastids
4. Lysosomes
Answer:(2)

3. Animal cells do not show plasmolysis because_____
1. They do not exhibit osmosis
2. They do not possess cell wall
3. They are living cells
4. Theyhave intercellular spaces
Answer: (2)

4. The term Protoplasm was coined by _______
1. Robert Hooke
2. Robert Brown
3. Purkinje
4. Schwann
Answer: (3)

KSEEB Class 9 Science Chapter 5 Important Questions 

5. Animal cell lacking nuclei would also lack in_______
1. Ribosome
2. Chromosome
3. Lysosome
4. Endoplasmic reticulum
Answer: (2)

The Fundamental Unit Of Life Fill In The Blanks

1 . Cytoplasm is the fluid content inside the plasma membrane.
2. The primary function of leucoplast is storage

The Fundamental Unit Of Life Answer the following

1. Does plant cell have lysosomes?
Answer: No, plant cells do not have lysosomes.

2. Which is the longest human body cell?
Answer: Nerve cell

3. Name the process by which carbon dioxide and oxygen transported across the plasma membrane.
Answer: Diffusion

4. Where are genes located?
Answer: Genes are located on chromosome.

5. Organelles which show the anology written as under
1. Transporting channels of the cell
Answer: Endoplasmic reticulum
2. Powerhouse of the cell
Answer: Mitochondria
3. Packing and dispatching unit of the cell
Answer: Golgi apparatus
4. Digestive bag of the cell
Answer: Lvsosome
5. Storage sacs of the cell
Answer: Vacuole
6. Kitchen ofthe cell
Answer: Chloroplast
7. Control room of the cell
Answer: Nucleus

6. Name cell organelles having double membrane envelope.
Answer: Nucleus, mitochondria andplastids.

7. Oxysomes are the part of which organelle?
Answer: Mitochondria

8. What is the role of cellulose in cell wall?
Answer: It provides structural strength to plants.

9. Why do plant cells possess large-sized vacuole?
Answer: Vacuoles not only store many important substances, they also contain cell sap that gives turgidity to cell.

10. Name the energy currency of the cell. Which cell organelle releases this energy?
Answer: The energy currency of cell is ATP. The mitochondria is a cell organelle which releases energy

1. State cell theory. Name the scientist who proposed it.
Answer cell theory is
1. All the plants and animals are composed of cells.
2. Cell is the basic unit of life.
3. All cell arises from pre-existing cells.
The cell theory was proposed by Schleiden and Schwann.

2. What are the consequences ofthe following conditions?
1. A cell having higher water concentration than the surrounding medium.
2. A cell having lower water concentration than the surrounding medium.
3. Acell having equal water concentration to it’s sounding medium.
Answer:
1. The cell will lose water by osmosis, therefore the cell will shrink (hypertonic solution).
2. The cell will gain water by osmosis, therefore cell will swell up(hypotonic solution).
3. In case of equal concentration there will be net moment of water, therefore the cell will stay at same size(isotonic solution)

Cell Structure And Functions Explained Class 9 KSEEB Solutions 

3. Give few examples where Osmosis is helpful.
Answer:
1. The movement of water in plant cells take place due to osmosis.
2. Absorption of water by the root hairs take place due to osmosis.
3. Osmosis plays a major role in the opening and closing of stomata.
4. Osmosis process help cells, tissues, and soft organs of the plant to maintain turgidity

The Fundamental Unit Of Life Diagrams

1. Compound microscope

2. Prokaryotic cell

3. Animal cell

4. Plant cell

The Fundamental Unit Of Life Activity

1. Experiment: Demonstration of osmosis with hen’s egg.
Answer: Procedure
Take two hen’s eggs and remove their egg shells by putting them in dilute hydrochloric acid(HCl). These two processed eggs are now enclosed by thick outer skincalled shell membrane.
1. Put one processed egg in pure water in a beaker and observe for 3-5 minutes.
2. Put other processed egg in concentrated salt solution another beaker and observe for 5 minutes.
Observation
1. First egg, placed in pure water swells up.
2. Second egg, placed in concentrated salt solution shrinks.
Conclusion
1. The first egg is kept in hypotonic solution has lesser concentration of solute and greater concentration of water than inside the egg contents. Due to osmosis, more water molecules move into the egg through semipermeable shell membrane. Consequently, the processed egg swells up.
2. The second egg is kept in hypertonic solution which has greater concentration of solute and lesser concentration of water than the inside of the egg contents. Due to osmosis, the egg contents lose water to the surrounding hypertonic solution through semipermeable shell membrane. Consequently, the processed eggs shrink

2. To demonstrate plasmolysis in Rheo leaf cells.
Answer: Procedure:
Take a clean glass slide and put few drops of water on it. Now place a complete Rheo leaf in water and examine the cells of leaf under the high power of compound microscope. Put a few drops of concentrated salt or sugar solution on the mounted Rheo leaf on the glass slide. Wait for a minute and again observe the leaves under the high power of compound microscope.
Observation
1. In the first instance, you will locate cells having small green granules i.e, chloroplast containing chlorophyll pigments. These are turgid cells(plasma membrane)
2. In the second instance when we put a few drops of salt solution on the mounted leaf, you will observe that the cell contents are separated from the cell wall.
Conclusion
Plasmolysis has occurred due to exosmosis, i.e, loss ofwater from the vacuole of leaves cells to the surrounding hypertonic medium.