class 8

KSEEB Solutions For Class 8 Biology Chapter 10 Food Production Notes

We obtain food from plants in the form of vegetables, cereals, pulses, fruits, etc., which are grown in fields by farmers. Farming is the primary occupation of a large number of people around the world especially in India. It is primarily the source of food and then the source of income for most of the people.

Agriculture

Agriculture is a broad term used for of all the farm related activities such as cultivation of plants, producing food and cash crops, domestication of animals, fisheries, horticulture and much more. It is the prime factor of India’s growth and provides employment to a large number of people. In fact, agriculture is the primary source of living for the people living in rural areas of India.

Agriculture is not only important for growing food but also other products such as fuels, fibres and other raw materials such as wool, silk, resins, biofuels, bamboos, etc.
When the same kind of plants are grown in the fields on a large scale to obtain foods like cereals (wheat, rice, maize), pulses, vegetables and fruits, etc., it is called a crop. Crops are grown in the fields by farmers (kissan). Some of the examples of crops are given below:

•  Cereal crops: Wheat, Paddy (Rice), Maize, Millet (Bajra, Jawar), Barley (Grain crops)
•  Pulses: Gram (Cham), Peas, Beans
•  Oil seeds: Mustard, Groundnut, Sunflower
•  Vegetables: Tomato, Cabbage, Spinach
•  Fruits: Banana, Grapes, Guava, Mango, Orange, Apple

Crops Based On Growing Season

Based on the seasons (in which they grow well), all the crops are categorised into two main groups: Kharif crops, and Rabi crops.

Kharif Crops

The crops which arc sown in the rainy season are called kharif crops. The sowing for kharif crops starts in June-July at the beginning of southwest monsoon because these crops (particularly paddy) need substantial amount of water. The kharif crops are harvested at the end of monsoon season during September (or October). Some of the examples of kharif crops are: paddy, maize, millet, soyabean, groundnut and cotton. The kharif crops are sometimes also called ‘summer crops’.

Rabi Crops

The crops grown in the winter season arc called rabi crops. The time period of rabi crops is generally from October to March. The sowing for rabi crops begins at the beginning of winter (October-November) and the crops are harvested by March (or April). Some of the examples of rabi crops are: wheat, gram (chana), peas, mustard, and linseed.

Crops On The Basis Of Their Lifespan

On the basis of lifespan, the crops can be categorised as—annual crops, biennial crops and perennial crops.

Annual Crops

Annual crops are the ones which complete their lifecycle in one year or in one growing season. In other words, if an annual crop is sown at a particular period of time, then it grows and is harvested within a span of one year. The vegetative and reproductive stages of annual crops get completed on an annual basis.

This means that the year in which they are grown, they produce fruits in the same year only. Some of the examples of annual crops are rice, millet, maize, cotton and groundnut.

Class 8 Biology KSEEB Food Production Notes 

Biennial Crops

Biennial crops are those crops which complete their lifecycle in two years or in two growing seasons. In other words, if a biennial crop is sown at a particular period of time, then it grows and is harvested within a span of two years. That is, they are grown in the first year in which the roots and leaves are produced, then in the second year they produce flower, fruits and seeds. Some of the examples of biennial crops are carrot, ginger, cabbage, etc.

Perennial Crops

Perennial crops are the crops that can survive without replanting for several years, which means they can be harvested several times before replanting is needed. If a perennial crop is sown at a particular period of time, then it re-grows after harvest. Perennial fruit crops are less labour-intensive and have a relatively long lifespan. They produce food for many years after a single planting as compared to annual plants that need to be regrown every year.

Some of the examples of perennial crops are sugar cane, banana, etc. Any crop that survives and grows above the span of three years are called permanent crops such as mango, coconut, etc.

Crops On The Basis Of Purpose Of Cultivation

Crops further have been divided on the basis of purpose of their cultivation into the following two types:

Food Crops

Crops which arc grown for obtaining food are called food crops. Pulses, cereals, fruits and vegetables are some examples of food crops.

Cash Crops

Crops which are grown to earn profit or cash are called cash crops. Cotton, sugar cane, lea, rubber, spices and coffee are some examples of cash crops.

Horticulture

Horticulture is the branch of agriculture which focuses on growing plants, vegetables and decorative flowers and plants. Besides these, horticulture also includes plant conservation, landscape design, garden design and maintenance. Horticulture also helps farmers to make orchards. Orchards are areas where fruits, vegetables and nut-producing trees are grown for obtaining profit or as cash crops. Horticulture crops include:
Vegetables: Such as beans, spinach, tomato, etc.
Fruits: Such as banana, apple, grapes, papaya, cherry, citrus fruits, peach, plums, nuts almonds, pomegranates etc.
Decorative or Ornamental plants: Plants and flowers such as crotons, ferns, rose, jasmine, etc.
Spices: Such as cloves, chilli, black pepper, turmeric, ginger, bay leaf, etc.

KSEEB Class 8 Biology Solutions For Food Production 

Cultivation Of Horticulture Crops

Several artificial methods have been developed to promote vegetative propagation by horticulturists. The artificial methods of vegetative propagation include cutting, layering, grafting and tissue culture.

Cutting

The method of cutting the stem into small pieces and planting the cut end in soil is known as cutting. The piece of stem eventually bears roots and new leaves which grows into an adult plant. Examples of plants where the artificial vegetative propagation is carried out by means of cutting are money plant, rose and China rose.

Layering

In this method, a portion of the aerial stem is made to grow roots while it is still attached to the parent plant and later is detached from it, so that it grows into an independent plant. In this method, a part of the lower branch of the plant is bent down, so that it touches the soil and a layer of bark is removed from the place where it touches the soil. Layering is carried out in plants such as climbing rose, mint and raspberries.

Grafting

In this method, a small part of the stem or a bud is fixed or attached to the stem of another plant of the same species or related species. When a portion of a cut stem is grafted onto another stem, the cut stem is fixed properly and covered with tape, so that it becomes part of the host plant and continues to grow. The stem of the host plant is known as the stock, while the cut stem that is added to it is known as the scion.

Grafting is usually done on a plant that is growing well, is sturdy and free from diseases. The grafted stem is usually added for more flowers and fruits as good qualities of both the plants are combined in the host plant. Grafting is most commonly seen in rose plants.

Organic Farming

Organic farming is a method of farming in which a land is cultivated and crops are grown with an aim to maintain the fertility of the soil by using organic wastes from plants and animals. In this approach of farming, har mful chemicals, such as, fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides are either not used at all or are used in minimum amounts. The concept was introduced by Sir Albert Howard, who is recognised as the Father of Organic Farming.

Due to the harmful effects of using chemical fertilizers, pesticides and weedicides, the farmers and horticulturists are shifting to organic farming, as it is an eco-friendly method of crop cultivation. Farmers use organic manures to raise the crops. Organic wastes (like waste of plants and animals) and biological materials along with beneficial microbes are mixed together to make the manure.

Combination of crop rotation, green manure, compost, biological pest control hand weeding, mixed weeding are some other techniques used by the farmers to improve soil fertility in organic farming.
Organic farming helps in the following ways:

•  It helps in protecting the fertility of soil for a longer period of time by:
•  Maintaining the level of nutrients in the soil
•  Encouraging the biological activity in the soil
•  Making sure that the mechanical intervention is done carefully
•  It helps in maintaining the nitrogen level of the soil by the use of legumes and biological nitrogen fixation and also helps in the recycling of organic materials including crop wastes and livestock manures effectively.
•  It helps in protecting the crops from weeds, pests, and diseases through crop rotations, natural predators, organic manuring, resistant varieties and limited thermal, biological and chemical intervention.
•  It also helps in conserving the environment and natural habitats of wildlife by reducing the negative impact of farming system
  on them.

Food Production Class 8 KSEEB Questions And Answers 

Green Revolution

The green revolution is defined as a period when the productivity of global agriculture increased drastically as a result of new advances. The period of Green Revolution started in India around the year 1967-68 when the agricultural practices were improved by using improved and advanced technology. It mainly took place in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh which later spread to other states.

Eminent Scientists such as Dr Norman Borlaug (America) and M.S. Swaminathan contributed in the development of high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice. During this period, fertilizers and pesticides were also developed to sustain the growth of crops and crop yields. The spread and adoption of modern technologies in the agriculture, made India produce more grains. This not only made India a self-sufficient country, but also established it as one of the world’s major agriculture producers.

Agricultural Practices

In order to raise a crop (or cultivate a crop) successfully and profitably for food production, a farmer has to perform a large number of tasks in a sequence (one after the other). The various tasks performed by a farmer to produce a good crop are called agricultural practices. The various agricultural practices which are carried out at various stages of crop production are:

•  Preparing soil
•  Seed selection
•  Sowing
•  Irrigation
•  Manuring and fertilising
•  Crop protection
•  Harvesting
• Storage of grains

Let us understand these activities one by one.

Preparing The Soil

Preparation of soil is the first step in cultivating a crop for food production. The soil is prepared for sowing the seeds of the crop by (/) ploughing, (it) levelling, and (iii) manuring. Each one of these steps has its own significance. This is described below. The process of loosening and turning the soil is called ploughing (or tilling). Ploughing (or tilling) of fields is done by using an implement called plough.

Ploughs are made of wood or iron, and they have an iron tip for easy penetration into the soil. The ploughs are pulled by a pair of bullocks or by a tractor. Actually, the ploughing of small fields is done with the help of animals like bullocks while large fields are ploughed by using tractors. The loosening of soil by ploughing is beneficial because of the following reasons:

1. The loose soil allows the plant roots to penetrate freely and deeper into the soil so that plants are held more firmly to the ground.
2.  The loose soil allows the roots of the plants to breathe easily (even when the roots are deep). This is because loose soil can hold a lot of air in its spaces.
3.  The loose soil helps in the growth of worms and microbes present in the soil who arc friends of the farmer since they help in further turning and loosening the soil. They also add humus to the soil.
4.  Ploughing also uproots and buries the weeds (unwanted plants) standing in the field and thereby suffocates them to death.
5. The loosening and turning of soil during ploughing brings the nutrient rich soil to the top so that the plants can use these nutrients.

The ploughed soil is levelled by pressing it with a wooden leveller (or an iron leveller) so that the top soil is not blown away by wind or drained off by water (and soil erosion is prevented). ‘Manuring’ means ‘adding manure to the soil’. Sometimes, manure is added to the soil before ploughing. Addition of manure to soil before ploughing helps in the proper mixing of manure with the soil.

Manure is first transported to the fields. It is then spread out in the fields. When this field is ploughed, the manure gets mixed in the soil properly. Manure contains many nutrients required for the growth of crop plants. So, manuring is done to increase the fertility of the soil before seeds arc sown into it.

Seed Selection

Before sowing, good quality seeds are selected. Good quality seeds are clean and healthy seeds, free from infection and diseases. Farmers prefer to use seeds which give high yield of food grains.

Explanation Of Food Production In KSEEB Class 8 Biology 

Sowing

Seeds are sown in the soil either by hand or by-seed drill. Thus, there are two methods of sowing the seeds in the soil. These are:

•  Sowing by hand, and
• Sowing with a seed drill.

The sowing of seeds by hand (or manually) is called broadcasting. In the sowing with hand or manually, the seeds are taken in hand and gradually scattered in the entire ploughed field. This method is, however, not very good because there is no proper spacing or proper depth at which the seeds are sown by hand. Moreover, the seeds scattered on the surface of the soil for sowing can be picked up and eaten by the birds. The implement used for sowing is a seed drill.

A seed drill is a long iron tube having a funnel at the top. The seed drill is tied to the back of the plough and seeds are put into the funnel of the seed drill. And as the plough makes furrows in the soil, the seeds from the seed drill are gradually released and sown into the soil furrows made by the plough. Thus, by using a seed drill for sowing, the seeds are sown at the correct depth and correct intervals (or spacings).

The seeds sown with a seed drill are in regular rows. Moreover, when the seeds are sown in furrows by a seed-drill, the seeds get covered by soil. Due to this, these seeds cannot be picked up and eaten by the birds. It is obvious that the sowing with seed-drill is much better than sowing by hand.

Irrigation

The process of supplying water to crop plants in the fields is called irrigation. Just as we cannot survive without water for a long time, in the same way, plants also cannot survive without water for a long time. For example, if we stop watering plants grown in our home for a considerable time, the plants become pale, wilt and ultimately die. Water is absorbed by the roots of the plants. Along with water, minerals and fertilisers are also absorbed by crop plants. Plants contain nearly 90 per cent water. Crops are supplied water for irrigation from different sources like: rivers, canals, wells, tube-wells, dams (reservoirs), ponds and lakes. Even rain is a source of irrigation of crops. The water available in wells, lakes and canals is lifted up by different methods in different regions for taking it to the fields.

Methods Of Irrigation

The various traditional methods of irrigation are: Moat (Pulley system), Chain pump, Dhekli, and Rabat (Lever system).
Moat: In the moat system of irrigation, water is drawn out from a well by using a big container tied to a long rope which moves over a pulley fixed at one edge of the well. The rope tied to the container is usually pulled by animals such as bullock (buffalo or camel). When the rope is pulled at the free end, the container filled with water (tied at the other end of the rope) comes out of the well.
Chain pump: Chain pump is an arrangement to lift water from a source of water like a stream, pond or lake (which is at a lower level than the fields) so as to provide irrigation in the fields.
Dhekli: Dhekli is an arrangement to lift water from shallow wells by using the principle of simple lever (The word ‘dhekli’ means ‘lever- beam of welF). In dhekli, a long wooden beam is supported over a forked vertical support fixed in the ground near the well in such a way that its longer arm is towards the well and shorter arm away from it.
Rabat (lever system): In the rahat system of irrigation, water is drawn out from a well. In this method, there is a large wheel fixed on an axle above the mouth of the well. A long belt with many, many small metal pots is put over the circumference of the big wheel wrhich can move over the wheel when the wheel turns. The lower end of the long belt of pots dips in the water of the well.

When the wheel rotates, the water filled pots come out of the well one after the other, go over the wheel, come downward, pour water in a channel, get emptied and then go down again into the well to bring out more water. The modern methods of irrigation help us to use water economically (by preventing its wastage). The two main modern methods of irrigation are: Sprinkler system, and Drip system. In the sprinkler system of irrigation, a main pipeline is laid in the fields.

Perpendicular pipes having rotating nozzles at the lop are joined to the main pipeline at regular intervals. When water from a tube-well is allowed to flow through the main pipeline under pressure with the help of a pump, it escapes from the rotating nozzles. This water gets sprinkled on the crop plants as if it is raining. In the drip irrigation system, there is a network of narrow pipes (or tubes) with small holes, in ihe fields.

When water flows through the narrow pipes, it falls drop by drop at the position of roots of the plants. This water is absorbed by the soil in the root zone of the plants and utilised by the plants.

Manuring And Fertilisation

‘Manuring’ means ‘adding manure to the soil’. The crop plants need a number of mineral elements for their growth which they get from the soil through their roots. Now, repeated growing of crops in the same field removes a lot of precious mineral elements, organic matter and other materials from the soil.

Due to this the soil becomes infertile after some time, and the crop yield decreases. So, unless the depleted plant nutrients are put back into the soil from time to time, the growth of crop would be poor. The deficiency of plant nutrients and organic matter in the soil is made up by adding manures and fertilisers to the soil.

Free KSEEB Notes For Class 8 Food Production 

Manure

A manure is a natural substance obtained by the decomposition of animal wastes like cow-dung, human wastes, and plant residues, which supplies Manure used essential elements m fields and humus to the soil and makes it more fertile. Manures contain a mixture of various nutrient elements and a lot of organic matter (humus) recycled from bio-mass wastes (animal and plant wastes).

Though manures are not very rich in plant nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, but they are rich in organic chemical nutrients like humus. A manure is, however, very bulky and voluminous due to which it is inconvenient to store and transport. Moreover, a manure is not “nutrient specific”, and hence it is not much helpful when a particular nutrient is required in the soil for a particular crop. A chemical fertiliser, on the other hand, is nutrient specific.

Fertilisers

Fertilizers are natural or synthetic (chemical) substances that are added to the soil. A chemical fertiliser is a salt or an organic compound containing the necessary plant nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium, to make the soil more fertile. The chemical fertilisers are nutrient specific.

This means that a chemical fertiliser can provide only nitrogen, only phosphorus or only potassium to the soil, as required. The chemical fertilisers have plant nutrients in a concentrated form. So, they provide quick replenishment of plant nutrients in the soil and restore its fertility. The chemical fertilisers can be applied before sowing, during irrigation or sprayed on standing crops. The use of fertilisers has helped the farmers to get better yield of crops such as wheal, paddy (rice) and maize, etc.

Activity-1

Aim: To make compost in the school garden
Procedure: Select an apt area in your school garden where you can make compost. Take a pit and place it at a place where it won’t disturb other people. Spread the litter of farm animals at the base. Prepare a mixture of vegetable scrapings, fruit peelings, seeds, tea bags etc. Fill the pit with the mixture. Cover the pit with mud and leave the set up for 4-5 months.
Observation: On digging the heap, you will find a dark substance rich in manure.
Skills: Environmental awareness, Observation, Interpretation

Activity-2

Aim: Making manure by setting up a vermin-composite in the school garden The process of decomposing organic food waste into a nutrient-rich material with the help of earthworms is called vermicomposting.
Material required: Vegetable and fruit peelings, cowdung, earthworms
Method: Select a suitable area in your school garden. Dig a 2 meter long. 1 metre wide and 1 metre long pit. Lay a mixture of hay, cowdung, vegetable and fruit peelings, etc in it. The materials should be laid in layers one after the other. Moisten each layer by sprinkling some water over it. Introduce some earthworms in the pit after the task of forming layers. Cover the pit with mud. Leave the set-up for a 15-20 days.
Observations: You will find a brown black layer at the bottom of the bin. This material is compost. You can use it to spread in your garden to improve the soil fertility.

Protection Of Crop Plants

We know that plants and crops are exposed to many factors such as birds, insects, rodents, weeds, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to protect and save the plants from getting damaged by these factors through crop protection. Crop protection involves the methods which are used to protect the crops and plants. It includes removing insects, pests and weeds that grow on the plants overtime.

Thus, for saving plants, protection methods such as spraying pesticides, undertaking pest control or bird scarers (scare-crows) are used to keep the insects and other animals or birds away from the crops.

Harvesting

The cutting and gathering of the matured food crop is called harvesting. In harvesting, the crops like wheat or rice are cut close to the ground by hand using a cutting tool called sickle. This is called manual harvesting. In large fields, wheat and paddy crops arc cut by a motorised machine called harvester.

Threshing

After harvesting the crop, the next step is threshing. The process of beati ng out the grains from the harvested crop plants is called threshing.

KSEEB Class 8 Biology Chapter 10 Important Questions 

Winnowing

Though the process of threshing brings out grains from the cut and dried crop plants, but this grain is mixed with chaff (outer inedible covering of grain) and hay, and has to be cleaned by separating from chaff and hay, before it can be used. This is done by the process of winnowing. The process of separating grain from chaff and hay with the help of wind is called winnowing.

These days ‘combines’ (also called combine harvesters) are being used in large farms for harvesting related operations. A combine is a huge machine which cuts the standing cereal crop (like wheat) in the fields, threshes it and separates the chaff from grain in one operation.

Storage Of Grains

The fresh food grains (like wheat) obtained by the harvesting of crops contain more moisture than required for their safe storage. So, the food grains (like wheal) obtained by harvesting the crops are dried in die sunshine before storing, to reduce their moisture. The large scale storage of food grains (like wheat and rice) is done in two ways: in gunny bags, and in grain silos.

Crop Improvement Methods

Hybridization

By using the plant breeding techniques, the plant breeders develop new varieties which are more resistant to diseases and pests and give higher yield with early maturing quality.
The process of cross-breeding of different plants to obtain a new improved variety of crop is called hybridization. The breeding method which uses the variation created by mutagenesis is called mutation breeding.

In this method, gamma rays and X-rays are used as the mutagens which produces the required physical mutation in the plants. On the other hand, ethyl methane sulphonate, ethylene imine and sodium azide are used as the mutagens which produces the required chemical mutation in the plants. JRO 3690 (Jute), Sharbati Sonora, (Wheat), Jagannath (Rice), Co8152 (sugarcane) are some of the varieties produced through mutation breeding in India.

Detailed Notes on Food Production KSEEB Biology 

Genetic Engineering

Introduction and expression of foreign DNA in plants and animals is called genetic engineering. In this process, a gene is introduced in a plant by the technique of recombinant DNA technology and genetic transformation. It helps in improving specific traits of a plant.

Keywords

• Agriculture: Cultivation of animals, plants or any other life forms to derive food, fibre, and other products which are required to sustain life
  Manures: The organic matter and minerals that are added to the soil for its enrichment
• Fertilisers: Natural or synthetic substances that are added to the soil to provide necessary nutrients to it
• Harvesting: The cutting and gathering of the matured food crop
• Irrigation: The process of supplying water to crop plants in the field
  Organic farming: Kind of farming practice in which harmful chemicals (fertilisers, herbicide, and pesticide) are either not used at all or are used in minimum amounts.
  Pest: Any destructive organism which destroy crops
  Annual crops: The crops which complete their life cycle in one year or in one growing season
• Biennial crops: The crops which complete their life cycle in two years or in two growing seasons
• Perennial crops: The crops which complete their life cycle in three years or in three growing seasons

Summary

•  Agriculture is a broad term used for all the farm related activities such as cultivation of plants, producing food and cash crops, domestication cf animals, horticulture and much more.
•  Based on the Indian seasons, the crops are mainly divided into two types—kharif crops and rabi crops
•  On the basis of lifespan, the crops can be categorised as—annuals, biennials and perennials
•  Cash crops are the ones that are basically grown for selling on profits rather than consumption.
•  Tilling or ploughing is the first step while preparing the land or soil for farming purposes.
•  Irrigation is the act of providing water to the seeds or the agricultural land.
•  Harvesting is the act of gathering the ripe and grown crops after reaping or cutting them.
•  Various methods are used for improving the crops and their yields.

KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Biology Chapter 7 Nervous System Learning Objectives

Types of nerves: sensory, motor, mixed, cranial and spinal nerves Structure of motor neuron Central nervous system, its parts and functions Reflex actions—definitions and basic terms used to describe reflex actions, stimulus, response, impulse, receptor, effector; common examples of reflex actions.

Nervous System

• All the living organisms respond and react to changes in the environment around them. The living organisms show response to stimuli such as light, heal, cold, sound, smell, lasle, touch, pressure, pain, water, and force of gravity, etc. The response of organisms to a stimulus is usually in the form of some movement of their body part. For example, if a man touches tip of the needle or a pin accidently, he quickly pulls his hand away from the needle.
• Here, the man reacts by moving his hand away from the hot needle. Similarly, when the sun is bright, we close our eyes. In this case, light is the stimulus and we react by closing the eyes.
• Human body perform various processes such as, respiration, digestion, excretion, growth, circulation, etc. These processes are being carried out by specialised organs that are interrelated and interdependent on each other. There is usually coordination between these organ systems because of which they are able to function smoothly.
• Coordination is defined as the interaction and interrelation between the various activities in the body of a living being that takes place internally and externally.
• Coordination is important in simple activities such as eating food, where there has to be coordination between hand movements, the eye and mouth so that food goes to the right place and is consumed.

Types Of Coordination

Coordination can be of two types—nervous coordination and chemical coordination. Let us understand them one by one.

Nervous Coordination

• The coordination of the nerves and the brain is part of the nervous coordination. For example, we withdraw our hand immediately on touching a hot pan or getting pricked; some games such as cricket and tennis require visual, muscular and mental coordination.
• The actions of the body could be voluntary or reflex. Voluntary actions are those that are under our control or we are conscious of such actions. Reflex or involuntary actions are those that are in response to external or internal stimuli.

Chemical Coordination

• This coordination takes place when the endocrine glands are involved and they produce the chemicals that are essential and vital in controlling various processes in the human body. The endocrine glands are also known as ductless glands. Chemicals are secreted from these glands which are known as hormones. Hormones are chemicals that are secreted directly into the blood steam by the endocrine glands which regulate certain processes in the human body.

Functions Of Nervous System

• The function of nervous system is to coordinate the activities of our body. It is the control system for all our actions, thinking and behaviour.
• The nervous system helps all other systems of our body to work together. The nervous system is like a manager inside our body. Its job is to control and coordinate the parts of our body so that they work together, doing their job at the right time.
• Our nervous system coordinates muscles so that we can do things which need thinking like reading, writing, cycling or dancing. The nervous system also coordinates things which we don’t have to think about, like heart beat and breathing. The human nervous system receives information from the surroundings, processes it, interprets it and then responds accordingly. The nervous system also passes information from one internal system to another.
• For example, as soon as we put food in our mouth, it immediately causes the release of saliva from the salivary glands.

Class 8 Biology KSEEB Nervous System Notes 

Nervous System in Higher Organisms

• Vertebrates have a well-developed nervous system. It is made up of nerve cells or neurons. Messages are transferred through the nerve cells in the form of electrical impulse. There are about 30,000 million nerves in human body.

The Neuron

Neurons or nerve cells  are the smallest structural and functional units of the nervous system. A neuron consists of the following three parts:

Cyton

Each neuron consists of a main cell as the body which is known as a cyton. It contains nucleus and cytoplasm.

Dendrite

There are a number of processes or finger-like extensions known as dendrites that emanate from ihe cell body. Dendrons further divide and form dendrites. They receive messages from other neurons.

Axons

Axon is a long specialised process arising from the other side of cyton. It may be from few mm up to more than one metre in length. Axon is surrounded by a sheath called myelin sheath.

It carries messages from the cell body of one neuron to the cell body of other neuron.

Types of Nerves

Nerves are of three kinds as discussed here.

1. Sensory nerves: These contain sensory fibres that carry impulses from the sense organs to the brain or the spinal cord.
2. Motor nerves: These contain motor fibres that carry impulses from the muscles or glands from the brain to the spinal cord.
3. Mixed nerves: These contain both sensory as well as motor fibres.

Places where one neuron communicates with another neuron are called synapses. A synapse is a junction where the axon terminal of one neuron lies in a close contact to the dendrite of other neuron.

Nervous System In Human Beings

• The human nervous system is the centre of communication and control in the human body. It comprises of the following three parts: the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

The Central Nervous System

• The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is enclosed within the skull and the spinal cord lies within the vertebral column. The major decisions and control functions are carried out by the brain and hence, it becomes the most critical part of the body organ system.
• The nerves that are found all over the body receive information from internal as well as external sources. The information is then processed and appropriate action is directed. The brain filters out information that is important and discards what is not important. The body is then directed to convey and carry out an appropriate response.

KSEEB Class 8 Biology Solutions For Nervous System 

Brain

• The brain is round in shape and has many ridges and groves on its surface. It is found inside the skull or the cranium and is covered by membranes having fluid in between known as the cerebrospinal.

• Cerebrum: The cerebrum is the largest and most complex part of the brain. It is divided into two similar halves, right and left halves which are called cerebral hemispheres. Each cerebral hemisphere has four lobes, frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal and they are involved with specific functions.
• Both the cerebral hemispheres are hollow from inside and the walls have an inner and outer part. The outer part is known as grey matter and contains the neurons. It is made up of several groves and ridges since it has a large number of neurons. The inner part known as white matter consists of the axons.
• The cerebrum is the main control centre and is the seat of intelligence, willpower and consciousness. It controls the various voluntary activities and functions such as memory, thought, language, speech and perception.
• Cerebellum: The cerebellum is positioned behind and below the cerebrum. It is much smaller in size. It is responsible for maintaining a balance in the body and in coordinating muscles and itsfluid The brain is made up of three main parts— cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla oblongata. Each of these main parts further has sub-parts. The brain is connected with the body through the spinal cord.

• activities. While the decisions are being taken by the cerebrum, it is the responsibility of the cerebellum to ensure that they are implemented. Thus if the cerebrum has taken a decision to blow the nose, it is the cerebellum that directs the muscles of the hand to relax or contract, in order for the action to occur.
• Medulla Oblongata: This is the lowest part and continues till the spinal cord. Medulla oblongata controls the activities of the internal organs such as beating of the heart, breathing, etc. These are also known as involuntary actions. It is a critical part and injury to the medulla oblongata may lead to fatality.

Spinal Cord

• The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata of the brain and extends inside the vertebral column or back bone almost till the end. It is made up of nerve tissue and remains protected by the vertebrae that make up the back bone. The inner part of the spinal cord is darker and makes up the grey matter comprising of nerve cell bodies.
• The outer part is white and comprises of axons or nerve fibres. The main function of the spinal cord is to assist in transfer of information between the brain and the various parts of the body and control reflexes below the neck. It is the focus for reflex actions.

Peripheral Nervous System

All the nerves of the body together make up the peripheral nervous system (PNS). They all enter or leave the central nervous system. Depending on where they arise, the nerves those arise from the brain are known as cranial nerves and those from the spinal cord are known as spinal nerves. The peripheral nervous system consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

Cranial Nerves

Cranial nerves arise from the brain and spread throughout the head. They also carry both sensory and motor neurons.

Spinal Nerves

Spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord along most of the length of the spinal cord and spread throughout the body (except the head).

Autonomic Nervous System

The autonomic nervous system consists of nerve fibres and mass of nervous tissue (ganglia) which are located on either side of the backbone. These control the involuntary actions of the internal organs of the body. The involuntary actions that take place due to external or internal stimuli are termed as reflex actions.

The autonomic nervous system has two parts: the sympathetic system and the parasympathetic system, both of which have opposing actions.

Nervous System Class 8 KSEEB Questions And Answers 

Sympathetic Nervous System

The sympathetic nervous system is often called the fight or flight division. It results in increased alertness and metabolic activities to prepare the body for an emergency situation. It regulates responses during physical activity or emotional stress such as mcreased heart rate, dry mouth, cold skin and blood supply to arteries.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) is also called the rest and digest division. It conserve and restore body energies during rest or during the time when we take meals. The main nerves involved in the parasympathetic nervous system are vagus nerve and pelvic nerve.

Some Important Terms Related To Nervous System

• Following are some important terms related to the functioning of nervous system:
• Stimulus: This means the change that happens outside the body in the environment and which causes a change in the body. For example, heated cooker.
• Receptor: It is that sensory organ in the body that receives the stimulus. For example, on touching the heated cooker, the nerve cell in the skin will receive the stimulus and is called the receptor.
• Impulse: It is the sudden electrical disturbance which runs through the nerves. For example, on touching the heated cooker, the sensation that runs through the nerves is impulse.
• Effector: It is the muscle, gland or the body part which receives the response from the brain. For example, the hand muscle which is the effector will receive a command from the brain to remove the hand away.
• Response: The response is the change in body due to die stimulus. For example, the jerking away of the hand from the hot cooker is the response.

Reflex Action

• The simplest form of response in the nervous system is reflex action. This is a rapid, automatic response to a stimulus which is not under the voluntary control of the brain. It is described as an involuntary action. Thus, a reflex action is one which we perform automatically. It is a comparatively simple form of behavior in which the same stimulus produces the same response every time.
• If we unknowingly touch a hot plate, we immediately move our hand away from it. So, moving our hand away on touching a hot plate is an example of reflex action. Similarly, moving our foot away when we step on something sharp, is also an example of reflex action.

Explanation of Nervous System in KSEEB Class 8 Biology 

Pathway of Reflex Action

• The pathway (or route) taken by nerve impulses in a reflex action is called the reflex arc. Reflex arcs allow rapid response. We wall explain the meaning of a reflex arc by taking an example.
• A reflex action is an automatic response to a stimulus. An example of the way in which we respond to a stimulus is our reaction to touching a hot object (like a hot plate). Very quickly, and without thinking about it, we pull our hand away. This sort of very fast, automatic response is called the reflex action. shows the pathway taken by the nerve impulses in this reflex action. The stimulus here is the heat which we feel in our hand on touching the hot plate.
• This heat is sensed by a heat receptor (or thermoreceptor) in our hand. The receptor triggers an impulse in a sensory neuron, which transmits the message to the spinal cord. Here, the impulse is passed on to a relay neuron, which in turn, passes it to a motor neuron.
• The motor neuron passes the impulse to a muscle in our arm. The muscle then contracts and pulls our hand away from the hot plate. The muscle of arm is an effector because it responds to the stimulus. This pathway along which the impulse travels is called the reflex arc.
• The reflexes of this type which involve only the spinal cord are called spinal reflexes. Though spinal reflexes are produced in the spinal cord but the message of  reflex action taken also goes on to reach the brain.
• Most of the reflex actions involve only the spinal cord. They are called spinal reflexes.
• Those reflex actions which involve brain are called cerebral reflexes. Cerebral reflexes occur in the organs present in the head because these organs are directly connected to the brain. This will become clear from the following example. Our eyes are present in the head.
• In dim light, the pupil (a hole in the front of eye) is large so that more light can enter into the eye and make us see properly even in dim light Now, when a bright light shines into our eye, then the pupil of our eye automatically becomes smaller (and prevents the damage to the retina of eye from too much light). The contraction of pupil of our eye automatically in the presence of bright light is an example of cerebral reflex.

Summary

• Nervous system is the main coordinating and integrating system of the body. It is made up of nerve cells or neurons.
• Neurons are special cells that make up the nervous system.
• A bundle of axons or nerve fibres which are enclosed in an elongated sheath or casing form the nerve.
• There are three kinds of nerves: sensory, motor and mixed nerves.
• The human nervous system is the centre of communication and control in the human body. It comprises of the following three parts: the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
• The central nervous system consists of brain and spinal cord. The brain is made up of three main parts: cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla oblongata.
• Reflex actions are the reactions that take place n a split second and do not involve any major effort.
• The autonomic nervous system consists of a pair of chains of nerves and ganglia on either side of the backbone.

Part A – Our PASTS – III (History)

• Chapter 1 How, When and Where
• Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory The Company Establishes Power
• Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside
• Chapter 4 Tribals Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age
• chapter 5 When People Rebel 1857 And After
• Chapter 6 Colonialism and the City: The Story of an Imperial Capital
• Chapter 7 Weavers, Iron Smelters and Factory Owners
• Chapter 8 Civilising the “Native” Educating the Nation
• Chapter 9 Women, Caste and Reform
• Chapter 10 The Changing World of Visual Arts
• Chapter 11 The Making of the National Movement 1870s -1947
• Chapter 12 India After Independence

Part B – Resources and Development (Geography)

• Chapter 1 Resources
• Chapter 2 Land,Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and A wildlife Resources
• Chapter 3 Mineral and Power Resources
• Chapter 4 Agriculture
• Chapter 5 Industries
• Chapter 6 Human Resources

Part C: Social and Political Life -III (Civics)

• Chapter 1 The Indian Constitution
• Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism
• Chapter 3 Why Do We Need a Parliament ?
• Chapter 4 Understanding Laws
• Chapter 5 Judiciary
• Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System
• Chapter 7 Understanding Marignalisation
• Chapter 8 Confronting Marginalisation
• Chapter 9 Public Facilities
• Chapter 10 Law and Social Justice

KSEEB Solutions For Class 8 Biology Chapter 8 Health And Hygiene First Aid

The term health broadly means that the body is fit and has a general well-being.

According to World Health Organization, (WHO) definition of health is as follows: “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity.”

Any condition that interferes with normal body functions due to some reason is called disease. Diseases can either be caused by various microorganisms or due to different biological or environmental factors.

Diseases are generally classified into two types—Communicable and non-communicable diseases.

Communicable Diseases

Communicable diseases are diseases that spread from a diseased person to a healthy person. They are caused by some pathogens or germs such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and worms. Germs spread the disease through different modes such as air, water, food and organisms known as vectors.

Direct Contact

Diseases like the common cold, chicken pox, measles, etc., spread through direct contact with the infected person.

Water Bone And Food-Borne Diseases

Diseases like typhoid, diarrhea, etc., are caused by eating contaminated food or drinking dirt)’ water. The reasons forthe  contamination of food and water are:

• Improper handling of food and water such as keeping food in unclean area, eating food with dirty hands, etc.
• Eating food products from diseased animals. For example, milk, cheese, eggs, and meat.
• Many insects like cockroaches and houseflies carry germs on their legs that they pick up from dirty water in drains and sewers. These insects when sit on uncovered food contaminate it

Air-Borne Diseases

Diseases like cough spread through germs present in the air due to sneezing or coughing by an infected person.

Class 8 Biology KSEEB Health And Hygiene First Aid notes 

Vector Borne Diseases

Diseases like malaria, dengue, etc., spread via insects. These insects curry germs that get transmitted from infected person to healthy person. Such insects are called as vector. For example, mosquitoes spread malaria as they are the carriers of protozoan Plasmodium.

Non-Communicable Diseases

Non-communicable diseases are diseases that cannot be spread from one person to another. They are not caused by any organism. Main causes of non-communicable diseases are either deficiency of one or more nutrients or malfunctioning of any organ. Some of the non- communicable diseases are listed under the following heading:

Deficiency Diseases

Deficiency diseases are caused by insufficient intake or total lack of important nutrients that are essential for the growth and maintenance of the body. Some well-known examples of deficiency diseases are Kwashiorkor and Marasmus.

Metabolic Disorders

A metabolic disorder develops when some organ such as liver, pancreas, kidneys, heart, etc., do not function normally. Diabetes, heart disorders and thyroid disorder are some examples of metabolic disorders.

Genetic Disorder

A genetic disorder is a condition caused by abnormalities in genes or chromosomes. These diseases are present in the cells of the body since conception. Examples of genetic disorders are colour blindness and haemophillia.

Prevention Of Diseases

Some measures to prevent diseases and remain healthy are given here:

•  Articles of daily use such as clothing, handkerchief, towel should be cleaned or disinfected regularly.
•  Be careful always regarding personal cleanliness by taking regular bath with a good soap or shampoo.
•  Food items exposed to flies should not be used.
•  Drinking water should not be left uncovered.
•  Teeth should be brushed after every meal.
•  Before every meal, hands should be washed properly with germicidal soap.
•  Utensils, clothing and food articles of patients should be kept isolated.
•  Keep yuur bathrooms, toilets clean and cover dustbins properly.
•  Never allow water to get collected in pools and ditches around your house. Regularly change water from coolers because this promotes breeding of mosquitoes.
•  Spraying of disinfectants and insecticides should be done in house time to time.
•  In case someone is ill, proper medication should be given to that person for fast recovery.

KSEEB Class 8 Biology Solutions For Health And Hygiene 

Immunity

Immunity refers to body’s defence against diseases. The immune system is the body’s defense against infectious organisms and other invaders. Through a series of steps called the immune response, the immune system attacks organisms and substances that invade body systems and cause disease. Disease causing pathogenic microorganisms enter our body through inspiration, food and water. Our body has some natural mechanisms to stop the foreign body.

For example, hair and mucous membrane of nasal chamber prevent the entry of germs, dust and carbon particles. Tears contain antibacterial substances which kills the bacteria. The microorganisms entering in the stomach arc killed by hydrochloric acid present in gastric secretion. When the infection enters in the blood, white blood corpuscles fight against this infection. The immune system makes antibodies which react with the germs to destroy them and give protection to body against diseases.

After recovering from the diseases, these antibodies stay in the blood for the prevention of recurrence of the disease. There are two types of immunity namely innate and acquired immunity. Innate means inborn immunity. In inborn immunity, certain antibodies come from the parents against the antigens which cause the diseases. The pathogens of these diseases do not flourish in the body of the animals and thus its body is protected from the disease.

For example, human beings have inborn immunity against distemper, a fatal viral disease of dogs even if exposed to its infection. Acquired means the immunity which a person attains after birth when it is infected by a disease causing germ. It is also called life time immunity. Acquired immunity is achieved when antibodies are produced in the blood in the response to the antigens. These antibodies provide immediate protection against further infection.

Vaccination

There are various ways in which spread of the diseases can be prevented. For some diseases, vaccinations arc available that help the body in fighting against the germs. Most of the vaccines are given in the form of injection or orally to the toddlers between the age of two months to six years. Some of these vaccines do not provide immunity for lifelong and are therefore repeated in a few years. These doses are termed as booster doses.

Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, tuberculosis, polio, measles and number of other diseases can be controlled by vaccination. The vaccine triggers the immune system inside the body. As a result, antibodies arc produced against the specific disease-causing microbes. The antibodies stay in the blood to fight against a possible attack of pathogen.

Immunisation

Immunisation is the process by which the body becomes immune or resistant to certain diseases. The immunity can be natural or acquired. Usually, people consider that vaccination and immunisation are same, but actually they are different. Immunisation is the ability, that develops after vaccination, in a human body to fight diseases. Whereas, vaccination is the administration of the vaccines through injections.

Unhealthy Habits

It has been observed that often people try smoking or consuming alcohol and other drugs while having fun with friends, but later on it becomes a habit for them. All these as written on their labels also are injurious to health.

Tobacco Addiction

People use tobacco in different forms. Some people chew it others use it in betel leaves known as paan. It is also used as smoke in the form of cigarettes, beedis and, hubble bubble (hookah). Chewing of tobacco can lead to oral and throat cancer. Smoking tobacco also results in high blood pressure, respiratory problems and in some cases lung cancer also.

Alcohol Addiction

Alcohol addiction, also known as alcoholism, is a disease that affects people of all walks of life. Alcoholism is the inability to control drinking due to both physical and emotional dependence on alcohoL Some common alcoholic products are

generally consumed by a large group of population. Alcohol retards mental activities and affects the nervous system. People driving under the influence of alcohol have more chances of accident because their judgement becomes poor on road due to less coordination among the body systems.

Drug Addiction

A medicine is a drug which is taken by the people for the treatment and cure of diseases. All medicines are drugs as they cure us against infections. There are many drugs which are not medicines and are very dangerous for our health. These drugs are heroin, smack, marijuana, cocaine and opium.

Consumption of any one of these drugs can lead to addiction showing nausea, nervousness and pain in stomach as symptoms. Apart from health issues, these drugs also cause social and economical problems to their addicts.

Health And Hygiene First Aid Class 8 KSEEB Questions and Answers 

First Aid

First aid is the provision of initial care for an illness or injury. It is usually performed by a non-expert or untrained person on a sick or injured person until the required medical treatment or aid arrives. It generally consists of a series of simple and potentially lifesaving techniques that can be performed with minimal equipment.

We should always keep a first aid box at home and school at easy reach so that it can be used whenever a need arises. A first aid box contains necessary medical items such as antiseptic lotion, antiseptic cream, band-aids, a pair of scissors, crepe bandage, some painkillers, etc

First Aid For Cuts

It’s natural to get cut anywhere. If the cut is severe get to a hospital right away or if you must wait for an ambulance, begin following treatment:

•  Rinse the cut or wound with water.
•  If die wound is small, dien apply some direct pressure to the wound by hand. This will help stop bleeding.
•  Raise the injured part to reduce blood flow to the wound.
• Place the person at rest and quickly cover the wound with dressings, and continue keeping the pressure with bandage or clean cloth
• Before applying a bandage to the wound, check for circulation below the injury and then, bandage the injury.
• After bandaging, check circulation below the injury again lo ensure that blood flow has not been restricted by bandaging. If necessary, loosen the bandage enough to improve circulation.
• If the dressings has got blood on it, don’t try to remove and continue the pressure. Removing the dressings frequently may disturb blood clots and expose the wound to further infection.
• For severe bleeding, always seek medical attention.

First Aid For Burns

If your clothes or your friend’s clothes catches fire stay absolutely still and follow the given instructions.

•  Do not try to run. Flames need oxygen to keep them burning.
•  Rolling on the ground will slop them from getting any oxygen and help put them out. Wrap something like a woollen blanket around die person to smoother die flames.
•  Take off any clothes or jewellery around the burned area of die body, before it swells.
•  Use cold running water for 20 minutes to cool the burn but do not use ice.
• Do not break blisters. Exposed blisters can get infectious or septic. If blisters break, gently clean the area with mild soap and water, apply an andbiotic ointment.
•  Keep the person warm with extra clothes on the unhurt parts of the body.
•  See a doctor if the bum is severe.

First Aid For Fractures

A fracture is a broken bone. If after an accident, fracture is suspected, then don’t move the person unless it is necessary, to avoid further injury. Take following actions immediately while waiting for medical help:

•  Apply pressure to the wound to stop any bleeding with a sterile bandage or a clean piece of cloth.
•  Don’t try to realign the bone or push a bone that’s sticking out back in. Immobilise the area completely. Padding the area can help relieve the pain.
•  Apply ice packs to limit swelling and help relieve pain.

First Aid For Poisoning

Poisoning causes injury or death due to swallowing, inhaling, touching or injecting various drugs, chemicals, venoms or gases.
If the person is drowsy, immediately lake medical help.

•  If the person has swallowed poison, try to take out all of it, if any poisonous substance is still in the person’s mouth.
•  If the person has touched any harmful poison on the skin. Remove it using gloves and rinse the skin for 15 to 20 minutes.
•  If poison has gone in the eye, gently flush the eye with cool or lukewarm water.
•  If the person has accidently inhaled poison or gas, take the person into open area with fresh air as soon as possible.
•  If the person vomits, turn his or her head to the side to prevent choking. Always consult doctor for medical assistance

First Aid For Object In Eye

Sometimes, foreign particles enter our eye. These may cause damage to the eye if proper care is not taken. If something falls in the eyes accidentally, wash the eyes thoroughly with water. Consult a doctor, if irritation persists and put prescribed eye drops.

First Aid For Stings

Bug bites and stings generally cause uneasiness and extreme pain. However at times, they can lead to infection that necessitates proper treatment.

•  Try to remove the stringer as soon as possible.
•  Wash the area carefully with soap and water.
•  Rub on with an ice pack wrapped in a cloth or a cold, wet towel for few minutes.
•  Seek medical care if you notice a large skin rash or swelling around the sting site or if swelling or pain persists for more than three days.
•  Get medical help right away if you notice any of the following signs: wheezing or difficulty in breathing, tightness in throat or chest, swelling of the lips, longue or face, dizziness and nausea or vomiting.

Explanation Of Health And Hygiene in KSEEB Class 8 Biology 

First Aid For Animal Bites

Animal bites and scratches that break the skin can sometimes cause infection. Animal bites of dogs, rats, bats, raccoons and foxes can lead to rabies, a life-threatening disease. Following instructions should be followed.

•  Let the wound bleed, and then wash the wound in running water for three to five minutes to remove the animal saliva.
•  Wash the wound properly with soap and water.
•  If the bleeding has stopped, apply antibiotic ointment.
•  Consult a doctor immediately.

First Aid For Snake Bites

If you are bitten by a venomous snake, immediately call ambulance, especially if the area changes colour, begins to swell or is painful. Many hospitals stock antivenom drugs. In case of snake bite, follow these instructions:

•  Remain calm and move beyond the snakes striking distance. All snakes are not poisonous.
•  Remove jewellery and tight clothing before the area with bite starts to swell.
•  Wrap a bandage or cloth 2-4 inches above the area which has been bitten.
•  Get a doctor s assistance immediately.

First Aid For Unconsciousness

Unconsciousness is a state where a person suddenly docs not respond to any stimuli. It is related to fainting and can occur for short or longer periods of time. Main causes of unconsciousness include severe bleeding, a car accident, a blow on chest or head, etc.
Temporary unconsciousness is seen in people in cases such as low blood sugar, dehydration, straining, etc.
If someone is unconscious, follow these simple steps to make that person conscious:

•  Lay the person on his/her back.
•  Loosen the clothing of the unconscious person such as any restrictive clothing, belts, etc.
•  Check the person’s airway for any obstruction.
•  Check again to sec if the person is breathing, coughing or moving. If these signs are absent, perform CPR (Cardiopulmonary resuscitation) or mouth to mouth breathing
•  Kneel to the level of the unconscious person’s neck or shoulder.
• Place the heel of your hand at the centre of the person’s chest. Place your other hand directly on the first hand and interlace your fingers.
•  Push straight down on the persons chest keeping your elbows straight and moving your shoulders above your hands. These are called chest compressions.
•  Repeat this procedure for about 100 times per minute.
  You can also give the person mouth to mouth breathing or rescue breathing in between. Continue the procedure mentioned above until medical help arrives.

Keywords

• Non-communicable disease: Diseases that are not passed-on from one person to another
• Communicable disease: Diseases that are passed-on from one person to another
• First aid: The provision of an initial care for an illness or injury that can save a life
• Genetic disorder: A condition caused by abnormalites in genes or chromosomes
• Hygiene: The maintenance of good health and cleanliness
• Kwashiorkor: A disease in children caused due to deficiency of protein intake
• Marasmus: A disease in children due to deficiency of protein and carbohydrate in diet
• Pathogen: Germs that cause diseases
• Vaccination: Doses given artificially to increase the immunity of body against a particular disease
• First aid: The immediate help given in case of an accident

Summary

• Diseases can be classified into two main types—communicable diseases and non-communicable diseases.
•  Diseases can be caused by pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa mites and worms.
•  Diseases can spread through contact, air, vectors, infected food and water, or bites of animals.
•  Diabetes is caused due to the malfunctioning of pancreas.
•  Vectors are the organisms which carry the disease causing pathogens from the source of infection to the healthy person without getting affected.
•  Hemophilia is a genetic disorder disease which is caused by body’s inability to control blood clotting or coagulation.
•  Kwashiorkor and marasmus are caused due to the deficiency of proteins and carbohydrates in the diet.
•  One must avoid bad habits such as addiction to tobacco, smoking, and taking alcohol and drugs. These habits have harmful effects on our health.
•  The immediate help given to a victim of an accident, burn, bite, or cuts is called first aid.

KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 English Chapter 6 This Is Jody’s Fawn Summary In English

‘This is Jody’s Fawn’ is an emotional story that talks of the bond between Jody and the fawn, whose mother was killed to save Jodi’s father’s life. It so happened that joys father was bitten by a rattlesnake

To save himself, Penny, Judy’s father had killed a doe and used her heart and liver to draw out the poison. Jody was upset thinking about the fawn who was alone in the forest and had no one to take care of it. When Penny recovered. Jody went to his bedside and reminded him of the doe who had saved his life.

He also expressed his concern for the poor fawn. He said that the fawn might be hungry and scared. He wanted to bring the fawn home and raise it. He even said that he was willing to give up his own share of milk for the fawn. On hearing this, his father agreed. When he informed the same thing to his mother, she protested saying it was hard to raise the fawn with the limited milk they usually have in the house.

Dr Wilson who was present with them at that time reminded them that nothing in the world comes free. Every service demands something in retum. Therefore they should look after the fawn as its mother was killed to save Penny’s life.

Jody went to the forest with Mill-wheel. He wanted to look for the fawn alone: though it was risky because he might get lost or bitten by some snake. Jody sent Mill-wheel back saying that he could take care of himself. After a long walk in the forest, Jody found the helpless fawn. It was too small and weak to walk all by itself. Jody brought it home by lifting it half of the way and partly by making it walk after him. At home, Jody gave it milk to drink.

The fawn was too little to drink the milk by itself. So Jody helped it suck the milk from his milk-soaked fingers. It sucked the fingers greedily. Then Jody lowered his fingers into the milk which was kept in a small gourd. The fawn followed his fingers and its mouth reached the level of the milk. It sucked and sucked till it was content. And, that was how jody saved the fawn and made friends with it.

Class 8 English KSEEB Chapter 6 This Is Jody’s Fawn Summary In Hindi

यह हिरण के एक छोटे से बच्चे और जोड़ी के साथ उसके संबंधों की भावनात्मक कहानी है जिसकी माँ को जोड़ी के पिता की जान बचाने के लिए मार दिया गया था। जोड़ी के पिता द्वारा इसकी मां को मार दिए जाने के बाद वह अकेला रह गया था। बात यह थी कि जोडी की पिता को एक रैटल स्नेक (एक प्रकार का जहरीला सांप) ने काट लिया था। उसने जल्दी से एक हरिणी को मारा और उसका दिल एवं लीवर जहर निकालने के लिए प्रयोग कर लिया। जोड़ी को जंगल में अकेले रह गए उसके छोटे बच्चे के बारे में सोच कर दुःख हुआ। और उसकी देखभाल करने वाला भी कोई नहीं था।

जब जोडी का पिता perny ठीक हो गया जोडी उसके बिस्तर के पास गया और उसे हिरणी की याद दिलाई जिसने उसकी जान बचाई थी। उसने उसके मासूम बच्चे के बारे में भी चिन्ता व्यक्त की। उसने कहा कि वह अवश्य ही भूखा और भयभीत होगा। वह हिरण के बच्चे को घर ला कर उस का पालन पोषण करना चाहता था। वह अपने हिस्से का दूध तक हिरण को देने को तैयार था। यह सुनकर उसके पिता राजी हो गए। जब उसने अपनी माँ को यह बात बताई तो उन्होंने विरोध करते हुए कहा कि अपने सीमित साधनों के कारण वे हिरण के बच्चे को पालने में असमर्थ हैं। इसके अतिरिक्त Dr. Wilson ने भी

उन्हें बताया था कि संसार में कुछ भी मुफ्त नहीं मिलता प्रत्येक सेवा का मूल्य चुकाना होता है। इसलिए उन्होंने बच्चे को घर लाकर उसकी देखभाल करने का फैसला किया। जोडी Mill-wheel के साथ जंगल में गया। परंतु वह अकेले हिरण के बच्चे को ढूंढना चाहता था। यद्यपि इस बात का खतरा था कि कहीं वह गुम न हो जाये या उसे कोई सांप न काट ले उसने Mil-wheel को यह कह कर वापिस भेज दिया कि वह अपनी देखभाल खुद कर सकता है। जंगल में बहुत देर तक चलने के बाद जोड़ी ने शावक (हिरण का बच्चा) को ढूंढ लिया यह अतना छोटा और नाजुक था कि चल भी नहीं सकता था।

जोडी थोड़ी दूर उसे उठा कर तथा थोड़ी दूर उसे अपने पीछे चला कर घर ले आया। घर पर उसने एक तूंबे में दूध पीने को दिया। परंतु वह इतना छोटा था कि अपने आप दूध नहीं पी सकता था। इसलिए जोड़ी ने दूध से डूबी अपनी उंगलियों से दूध चूसने में उसकी सहायता की यह तेजी से उंगलियों तूंबे में पड़े दूध की ओर नीचे की शावक अपना मुंह उनके पीछे ले जाता गया। इस प्रकार उसका मुंह दूध की सतह तक पहुंच गया। यह जल्दी-जल्दी दूध चूसने लगा। शीघ्र ही वह संतुष्ट हो गया और इस प्रकार जोड़ी ने हिरण के बच्चे की जान बचाकर उसे अपना दोस्त बनाया।

This Is Jody’s Fawn Hindi translation Of the Lesson

Often, instead of rushing to the doctor to treat a small cut or burn, we find quick and effective cures using things available at home. Can you think of some such ‘home remedies’ for

• a cut on your knee?
• a burn on your arm?
• a bee sting?

In this story, Jody’s father has been bitten by a rattlesnake. He quickly kills a doe and uses its heart and liver to draw out the poison. Jody wonders what will happen to the little fawn left without a mother.

प्रायः एक छोटे-मोटे कट अथवा जलन के इलाज के जिए डाक्टर के पास भागने की बजाये हम घर पर ही उपलब्ध पदार्थों का उपयोग करके तुरन्त तथा प्रभावशाली इलाज कर लेते हैं। क्या आप अपने घुटने पर हुए कटाव, अपने बाजू पर हुई जलन, मधुमक्खी के डंक के लिए कुछ ऐसे ‘घरेलू इंलाज’ के विषय में सोच सकते हैं? इस कहानी में जोड़ी के पिता को एक rattlesnake ने काट लिया है। वह तुरंत एक हिरण को मार कर उसके दिल और जिगर का इस्तेमाल जहर निकालने के लिए करता है। जोड़ी सोचता है कि माँ ने बिना छोटे शावक का क्या हाल होगा।

1. Jody allowed his thoughts to drift back to the fawn. He could not keep it out of his mind. He had held it, in his dreams, in his arms. He slipped from the table and went to his father’s bedside. Penny lay at rest. His eyes were open and clear, but the pupils were still dark and dilated. Jody said, “How are you feeling, Par “Just fine, son. Old Death has gone thieving elsewhere. But wasn’t it a close shave!””I agree.” Penny said, “T” m proud of you, boy the way you kept your head and did what was needed.” “Pa.” “Yes, son.” “Pa, do you recollect the doe and the fawn?” I can never forget them. The poor doe saved me, that’s certain.” “Pa, the fawn may be out there yet. It might be hungry and very scared.” “l suppose so.” “Pa, I’m a big boy now and don’t need to drink milk. Why don’t I go and see if I can find the fawn?” “And bring it here?” “And raise it.” Penny lay quiet, staring at the ceiling. “Boy, you’ve got me hemmed in.” “It won’t take much to raise it, Pa. It’ll soon start eating leaves and corms.” “You are smarter than boys of your age. ” “We took its mother, and it wasn’t to blame.” “Surely it seems ungrateful to leave it to starve. Son, I can’t say ‘No’ to you. I never thought I’d live too see another day.

KSEEB Class 8 English Reader Solutions For This Is Jody’s Fawn 

“प्रायः एक छोटे-मोटे कट अथवा जलन के इलाज के जिए डाक्टर के पास भागने की बजाये, हम घर पर ही उपलब्धपदार्थों का उपयोग करके तुरन्त तथा प्रभावशाली इलाज कर लेते हैं। क्या आप अपने घुटने पर हुए कटाव, अपने बाजू पर हुई जलन, मधुमक्खी के डंक के लिए कुछ ऐसे ‘घरेलू इलाज’ के विषय में सोच सकते हैं? इस कहानी में जोड़ी के पिता को एक rattlesnake ने काट लिया है। वह तुरंत एक हिरण को मार कर उसके दिल और जिगर का इस्तेमाल जहर निकालने के लिए करता है। जोड़ी सोचता है कि माँ ने बिना छोटे शावक का क्या हाल होगा।जोडी का ध्यान फिर से हिरण के बच्चे की ओर गया। वह इसे अपने मन से नहीं निकाल सका। उसने अपने सपनों में, इसे अपनी भुजाओं में लिया हुआ था। वह अपनी मेल से सरका और अपने पिता के बिस्तर के पास गया, पैन्नी आराम से लेटा हुआ था।उसकी आखें खुली हुई तथा साफ़ थीं, परन्तु आंखों की पुतलियां अभी भी काली और फैली हुई थीं।जोडी ने कहा, “पापा, आप कैसा अनुभव कर रहे हैं?” “बिल्कुल बढ़िया, पुरानी मौत किसी अन्य स्थान पर चोरी करने चली गई है। परन्तु क्या यह बाल-बाल बच निकलने जैसा नहीं था। “मैं सहमत हूँ।” पैन्नी ने कहा, “लड़के, मुझे तुम पर गर्व है, जिस प्रकार तुम शान्त रहे और वह किया जिसकी आवश्यकता थी।” “हां बेटे।””पापा, क्या आप को हिरणी तथा उसके बच्चे की याद आ रही है?” “मै। उन्हें कभी भूल नहीं सकता। बेचारी हिरणी ने मुझे बचा लिया, यह निश्चित है”। “पापा, बच्चा अभी भी वहां बाहर हो सकता है। वह भूखा तथा अत्यधिक भयभीत होगा।” “मेरा (भी) ऐसा ही अनुमान है।” “पापा, अब मैं बड़ा हो गया हूँ, मैं दूध पीता बच्चा नहीं रहा। मैं क्यों न जाऊँ और देखूं शायद वह बच्चा मिल जाये?”

“और उसे यहां लाऊं?” “तथा उसका पोषण करूँ। ” पैन्नी शान्त लेटा था, छत पर टकटकी लगाए हुए। “बालक, तुम ने मुझे ऐसी स्थिति में डाल दिया है जहां मैं ‘न’ नहीं कह सकता।” “पापा, उसका पोषण करने में अधिक खर्च नहीं होगा। वह शीघ्र ही पत्ते तथा जैतून के फल खाना आरंभ कर देगा।”

‘तुम अपनी आयू के बालकों की अपेक्षा अधिक चतुर हो।” “हमने इसकी मां को मार डाला, इसमें इसका दोष नहीं था। ““निश्चित रूप से उसे भूखा मरने के लिए छोड़ देना कृतघ्नता होगी। पुत्र, मैं तुम्हें ‘न’ नहीं कह सकता। मैने कभी भी नहीं सोचा था मैं अगला दिन देखने के लिए जीवित रहूँगा।”

Word Meanings

• fawna young deer, मृग शाबक, एक वर्ष से कम
• आयु का हिरण का बच्चा
• treat to cure, चिकित्सा करना
• to starve – To die of hunger,
• to drift back to – to go back to,
• slip – go with a sliding motion,
• fasteran
• a close shave – a narrow escape, – TEAT
• recollect – to remember,
• staring – looking at someone or something
• with fixed eyes, घूरना
• acorns – Small brown nuts, à ta
• hemmed in – (here) caught in a situation where
• one cannot say ‘no’, ऐसी स्थिति में पड़ना जहां ‘न’
• नहीं कहा जा सकता
• flamingo-long-necked bird,

2. “Can I ride back with Mill-w an and see if I can breeding – producing of young by animals, effective – Impressive, remedies – medicines or treatment, rattlesnake – a poisonous snake, fee doe – A female deer, soft, dilated – expanded, that g keep one’s head – to keep one’s cool, scared- frightened of, tsting – to wound or pierce with a sting, smarter – more witty, cleverer, after age “Tell your Ma I said you can go.” He sidled back to the table and sat down. His mother was pouring coffee for everyone. He said, “Ma, Pa says I can go bring back the fawn,”  he held the coffee pot in mid air.
“What fawn?” “The fawn belonging to the doe we killed. We used the doe’s liver to draw out the poison and save Pa.” She gasped.”Well, for pity sake “Pa says it would be ungraeful to leave it to starve.” Doc Wilson said, “That’s right, Ma’am nothing in the world comes quite free. The boy’s right and his daddy’s right.” Mill-wheel said, “He can ride back with me. I’ll help him find it.” She set down the pot helplessly. “Well, if you’ll give it your milk-we’ve got nothing else to feed it.” Mill-wheel said, “Come on, boy. We’ve got to get riding” Ma Baxter asked anxiously, “You’ll not be gone long?” Jody said. “I’ll be back before dinner for sure. “Mill-wheel mounted his horse and pulled Jody up. He said to Mill-wheel, “Do you think the fawn’s still there? Will you help me find him?” “We’ll find him if he’s alive. How you know it’s a he?” “The spots were all in a line. On a doe-fawn, Pa says the spots are every which way…

क्या मैं मिल कोल के साथ घोड़े पर जा सकता हूँ और देख सकता हूं यदि यह मुझे मिल जाये?” “अपनी मां को बता दो कि मैंने कह दिया है तुम जा सकते हो। ” है वह चुपके से मेज की ओर गया और बैठ गया। उसकी मां हर एक के लिए कॉफी डाल रही थी। उसने कहा, “मां, पापा कहते हैं मैं हिरणी के बच्चे को लाने के लिए जा सकता हूँ।कॉफी का बर्तन अभी उसके हाथ में ही था जो हवा में ही रुक गया। “कौन-सा बच्चा ?” “जिस हिरणी को हमने मार दिया है, उसका बच्चा हमने हिरणी के जिगर का उपयोग विष बाहर निकालने तथा पापा को बचाने के लिए किया है।” उसने गहरी सांस ली। “अच्छा, दया के रूप में..।””पापा कहते हैं उसे भूख से मरने देना कृतघ्नता होगी।” डॉक् विल्सन ने कहा, श्रीमती जी, यह उचित है। संसार में कुछ भी बिल्कुल मुफ्त नहीं मिलता। बालक ठीक कहता है तथा उसका पिता ठीक ही कहता है।” मिल-व्हौल ने कहा, “वह घोड़े पर मेरे साथ वापिस जा सकता है। मैं उसे ढूंढने में इसकी सहायता करूँगा।” उस (मां) ने असहाय अवस्था में (कॉफी का) बर्तन नीचे रख दिया।’अच्छा, यदि तुम अपने हिस्से को दूध उसे दोगे- हमारे पास उसे खिलाने के लिए और कुछ नहीं है।” मिल-व्हील ने कहा, “आओ बालक। हमें घोड़े पर सवार होकर जाना है।” मां बाक्स्टर ने व्याकुलतापूर्वक पूछा “तुम अधिक दूर तो नहीं जाओगे।” जोड़ी ने कहा, “मैं निश्चित रूप से रात के भोजन से पहले लौट आऊँगा।” मिल-व्हील अपने घोड़े पर चढ़ा तथा जोड़ी को अपने पीछे खींच लिया। उसने मिल-व्हौल से कहा, “तुम्हारे विचार में क्या बच्चा अभी भी वहीं होगा ? क्या उसे खोजने में तुम मेरी सहायता
करोगे?””यदि वह जीवित हुआ तो हम उसे खोज लगे। तुम्हें कैसे पता है कि वह नर है?” (उसके शरीर पर) सभी धब्बे (बिन्दु) एक सीध में थे। पापा कहते हैं कि हिरणी के मादा बच्चे के शरीर पर धब्बे भिन्न-भिन्न दिशाओं में होते हैं…।”

Word Meanings

• sidled back – walked back quietly, तिरछी चाल से
• चुपचाप चला
• gasped to catch breath with open mouth, साँस
• भरना
• spots small marks, stains, धब्बे
• every which way – (here) in different
• directions, भिन्न भिन्न दिशाओं में

This Is Jody’s Fawn Class 8 KSEEB Questions And Answers 

3. Jody gave himself over to thought of the fawn. They passed he abandoned clearing, He said, “Cut to the north, Mil-wheel. It was up here that Pa got bitten by the snake and killed the doe and I saw the fawn.”
Suddenly Jody was un wiling to have Mill-wheel with him If the fawn was dead, or could not be found, he could not have his disappointment seen. And if the fawn was there, the meeting would be so lovely and so secret that he could not endure to share it.He said, “It is not far now, but the scrub is very thick for a horse. I can make it on foot.” “But I’m afraid to leave you, boy Suppose you got lost or got bitten by the snake, too ?* “I’ll take care. It might take me a long time to find the fawn if he’s wandered. Leave me off right here.” “All right, but you take it easy now. You know north here, and east?” “There, and there. That tall pine makes a bearing.” “So long ” “So long. Mill-wheel. I’m obliged.”He waited for the sound of the hooves to end, then cut to the right. The scrub was still. Only his own crackling of twigs sounded across the silence. He wondered for an instant if he had mistaken his direction. Then a buzzard rose in front of him and flapped into the air. He came into the clearing under the oaks. Buzzards sat in a circle around the carcass of the doe. They turned their heads
on their long scrawny necks and hissed at him. He threw his bough at them and they flew into an adjacent tree. The sand showed large cat prints but the big cats killed fresh, and they had left the doe to the carrion birds.

जोडी बच्चे के विचारों में खो गया वह त्यागे हुए साफ कृषि क्षेत्र से गुजरे उसने कहा, “मिला- व्हील, उत्तर की दिशा में मोड़ो। यही वह स्थान है जहां पापा को सांप ने डसा था और उन्होंने हिरणी को मारा था तथा मैंने बच्चे को देखा था।” अचानक जोडी की मिल-व्हील को अपने साथ रखने की इच्छा न रहीं। यदि बच्चा मर गया होगा अथवा खोजा न जा सका तो वह उसकी निराशा को देख नहीं सकेगा और यदि बच्चा वहां हुआ तो मुलाकात इतनी प्यारी और इतनी गुप्त होगी, कि वह इसे बांटने को सहन नहीं कर पायेगा। उसने कहा, “अब दूर नहीं है, परन्तु झाड़ियां घोड़े के लिए बहुत घनी हैं। मैं पैदल काम चला लूंगा।” “परंतु बालक, मुझे तुम्हें अकेला छोड़ते हुए डर लगता है। मान लो तुम गुम हो जाते हो अथवा तुम भी उसी सांपद्वारा इस लिये जाते हो।” “मैं ध्यान रखूंगा। यदि बच्चा कहीं भटक गया होगा तो मुझे उसे खोजने में लम्बा समय लग सकता है। मुझे बस यहीं छोड़ दो।”‘बहुत अच्छा, परंन्तु अब तुम चिन्ता न करना क्या तुम यहां उत्तर दिशा और पूर्व दिशा पहचानते हो?” “वहां, और वहां वह ऊँचा देवदार का वृक्ष पहचान के रूप में है।” “फिर मिलते हैं।” “फिर मिलते हैं। मिल व्हील में कृतज्ञ हूँ।” उसने खुरों की ध्वनि समाप्त होने की प्रतीक्षा की, फिर वह दाहिनी ओर मुड़ गया। झाड़ियों का झुंड शांत था (केवल उसके अपने द्वारा की गई टहनियों की कड़क की ध्वनि शांत वातावरण को भंग कर रही थी। क्षण भर के लिए उसे हैरानी हुई कि कहीं वह दिशा तो नहीं भटक गया। तभी मरे हुए जानवरों का मांस खाने वाला एक पक्षी (टांतक) उसके सामने ऊपर उठा और उसने हवा में पंख फड़फड़ाए। वह साफ की गई भूमि में बलूत के वृक्षों के नीचे आ गया। हिरणी के शव के चारों और उन्नंतक पक्षी घेरे में बैठे थे। उन्होंने अपनी लम्बी पतली गर्दनों के ऊपर अपने सिरोंको घुमाया तथा उस पर फुफकारने लगे। उसने अपनी शाखा को उन पर फैंका और वे उड़कर साथ लगते वृक्ष में चले गये। रेत पर शेरनी के पैरों के निशान थे। परन्तु शेरनियां तो ताजा शिकार करती हैं। इसलिए वे हिरणी को सड़ा हुआ मांस खाने वाले पक्षियों के लिये छोड़ गई थी।

Word Meanings

• abandoned forsaken, left there alone, त्यागा हुआ
• clearing – a piece of land cleared of trees for
• cultivation, पेड़ काट कर खेती के लिए साफ की गई
• भूमि
• to endure to bear, to last, सहन करना
• scrub – a small to medium-sized woody plant,
• झाड़ियाँ
• still – very peaceful, शान्त
• crackling making cracking sound, कड़ाक की
• आवाज़ करना
• unwilling not willing अनिच्छुक
• disappointment – failure of expectations.
• निराशा, हताशा
• obliged grateful, कृतज्ञ
• makes a bearing-acts as a compass and
• helps to identify directions, दिशाओं को पहचानने
• में कम्पास का काम करता है (दिशा बताता है)
• hooves – they are the tip of the toes of
• animals such as deer, horse, etc. strengthened
• by a thick covering, खुर

4. He parted the grass at the place where he had seen the fawn. It did not seem possible that it was only yesterday. The fawn was not there. He circled the clearing. There was no sound, no sign. The buzzards clacked their wings, impatient to return to their business. He returned to the spot where the fawn had emerged and dropped on all fours, studying the sand for the small hoof prints. The night’s rain had washed away all tracks except those of cat and buzzards.

उसने उस स्थान से घास को हटाया जहां उसने हिरणी के बच्चे को देखा था। ऐसी नहीं लगता था कि यह केवल कल की ही बात है। हिरण का बच्चा वहां नहीं था। उसने साफ की गई भूमि का चक्कर लगाया। वहां पर कोई ध्वनि, कोई निशानी नहीं थी। मांस खाने के लिए लौटने को अधीर Buzzard पक्षियों ने अपने पंखों से कड़कड़ की ध्वनि की। वह उस स्थान पर लौट आया जहां से हिरणी का बच्चा निकला था और अपने चारों पैरों के बल रेत पर गिर गया था। जोड़ी वहां छोटे-छोटे खुरों के निशान खोजने लगा। रात की वर्षा ने शेरनी तथा buzzard पक्षियों के पदचिन्हों को छोड़कर अन्य सभी निशान धो डाले थे।

Word Meanings

• to clack to make sudden sharp noise, एकाएक
• कड़कड़ाहट की आवाज़ करना
• bough branch of a tree, वृक्ष की शाखा
• impatient getting restless, अधीर
• tracks foot-mariks, पद चिहन
• buzzard – a large hawk like bird of prey with
• broad wings and a rounded tail, often seen
• soaring in wide circles मरे हुए जानवरों का मांस
• खाने वाला गिद्ध जैसा एक पक्षी
• carrion-dead (rotten) flesh of animals,
• गला-सड़ा मांस

5. Movement directly in front of him startled him so that he tumbled backward. The fawn lifted its face to his. It turned its head with a wide, wondering motion and shook him through with the stare of its liquid eyes. It was quivering. It made no effort to rise or run. Jody could not trust himself to move.He whispered, “It’s me”. The fawn lifted its nose, scenting him. He reached out one hand and laid it on the soft neck. The touch made him delirious. He moved forward on all fours until he was close beside it. He put his arms around its body. A light convulsion passed over it but it did not stir. He stroked its sides as gently as though the fawn were a china deer and he might break it. Its skin was very soft. It was sleek and clean. and had a sweet scent of grass. He rose slowly and lifted the fawn from the ground. Its legs hung limply. They were surprisingly long and he had to hoist the fawn as high as possible under his arm.

उसने ठीक सामने हुई हलचल ने उसे चौंका दिया। जिससे कि वह पीछे की ओर लुढ़क गया। हिरण के बच्चे ने अपना चेहरा उसके चेहरे की ओर उठाया। उसने एक अत्यंत आश्चर्यजनक गति के साथ अपना सिर घुमाया अपनी तरल आंखों को टकटकी से उसे (जोडी) को हिला कर रख दिया। वह (बच्चा) कांप रहा था। इस (बच्चे) ने उठने अथवा दौड़ने का कोई प्रयत्न नहीं किया। जोड़ी को अपने हिलने-डुलने का विश्वास नहीं हो रहा था। to emerge to come into view, सामने आना प्रकट होनावह फुसफुसाया, “वहां मै हूँ।” हिरण के बच्चे ने उसे सूँघते हुए अपनी नाक ऊपर उठाई। जोडी ने अपना एक हाथ फैलाया और उसकी कोमल गर्दन पर रख दिया। इस स्पर्श ने उसे अत्यधिक उत्तेजित कर दिया। वह अपने हाथों तथा पैरों के सहारे तब तब आगे बढ़ता गया तब तक कि वह उसके पास नहीं पहुंच गया। उसने अपनी भुजाएं इसके शरीर के चारों ओर डाल दीं।एक हलकी सी एंठन (कम्पन) हिरण के बच्चे में हुई परन्तु यह हिला नहीं। उसने इसकी पसलियों को इस प्रकार कोमलतापूर्वक सहलाया जैसे कि बच्चा चीनी मिट्टी का मुग हो और कहीं वह उन्हें तोड़ न बैठे। इसकी त्वचा बहुत ही कोमल थी। यह चिकना, चमकीला और स्वच्छ था और उसमें से घास की मधुर गन्ध आ रही थी। वह (जोडी) धीरे-धीरे उठा और उसने बच्चे को धरती से उठा लिया। उसकी टांगे लचीले ढंग से लटक रही थी। वे आश्चर्यजनक ढंग से लम्बी थी। उसे इस मृग शावक को अपनी भुजाओं के नीचे जितना संभव हो सका उतना ऊँचा उठाना पड़ा।

Word Meanings

• startled surprised, चौंका दिया
• whisper spoken in a very low tone, धीरे से
• बोलना, फुसफुसाना
• delirious (here) extremely excited, उत्तेजित
• stir moved it gently, हिलाना
• sleek smooth and shining, चिकना, चमकीला
• surprising astonishing, आश्चर्यजनक
• quivering shaking slightly, trembling, कांपते हुए
• scent smell, सूचना
• convulsion shiver, ऐंटन, कंपकंपी
• stroke – to pass the hand gently in one
• direction, थपथपाना
• limply flexibly, लचीलंपन से
• to hoist – to pull up higher, or to raise aloft,
• ऊपर उठाना

Explanation of This Is Jody’s Fawn KSEEB Class 8 

6. He was afraid that it might kick and bleat at sight and smell of its mother. He skirted the clearing and pushed his way into the thicket. It was difficult to fight through with his burden. The fawn’s legs caught in the bushes and he could not lift his own with freedom. He tried to shield its face from prickling vines.Its head bobbed with his stride. His heart thumped with the marvel of its acceptance of him. He reached the trail and walked as fast as he could until he came to the intersection with the road home. He stopped to rest and set the fawn down on its dangling legs. It wavered on them. It looked at him and bleated.He said, enchanted, “I’ll carry you after I get my breath.” He remembered his father saying that a fawn would follow if it had first been carried. He started away slowly. The fawn started after him. He came back to it and stroked it and walked away again. It took a few wobbling steps toward him and cried piteously. It was willing to follow him. It belonged to him. It was his own. He was light-headed with his joy. He wanted to fondle it, to run and romp with it, to call to it to come to him. He dared not alarm it. He picked it up and carried it in front of him over his two arms. It seemed to him that he walked without effort.

उसे भय था कि वह (मृग शावक) अपनी मां को देखकर उसकी गंध पाकर दुलती मार सकता है और मिमियां सकता है। वह साफ की हुई भूमि के किनारे-किनार चला और जंगल में से अपना मार्ग बनाया। उसे उठा कर जंगल में से निकलना कठिन था। मृग शावक की टांगे झाडियों में उलझ रही थीं और वह (जोड़ी) अपनी टांगों को भी स्वतंत्रतापूर्वक नहीं उठा पा रहा था। उसने कंटीली लताओं से इस (शावक) के मुंह को बचाने का पूरा पूरा प्रयास किया। उस (जोडी) द्वारा लम्बे-लम्बे डग भरकर चलने से इस (शावक) का सिर ऊपर-नीचे झूल रहा था। उसके (शावक) द्वारा उसे (जोडी को) स्वीकार करने के अचम्मे के कारण उसका दिल धड़क रहा था। वह आम रास्ते पर पहुंच गया और जहां तक सम्भव हो सका तीव्र गति से चलने लगा जब तक वह घर की सड़क मोड़ तक नहीं पहुंच गया। वह आराम करने के लिए रुका और मृग शावक को इसकी लटकती हुई टांगों पर नीचे टिका दिया। वह (शावक) अपनी टांगों पर आगे-पीछे हिला। इसने उस (जोडी) की ओर देखा और मिमियाया। उस (जोढी) ने वशीभूत होकर कहा, मैं थोड़ा सांस लेने के बाद तुझे उठा लूंगा।”उसे अपने पिता की यह बात याद आई यदि शावक को पहले उठा कर ले जाया गया हो तो वह पीछे-पीछे चलने लगता है। वह धीरे-धीरे चलने लगा। मृग शावक ने उस की और टकटकी लगा कर देखा वह इसके पास लौट आया। और इसे थपथपाया और फिर से चल पड़ा। इस ने उस की ओर थोड़े से लड़खड़ाते डग भरे ओर दीनतापूर्वक चिल्लाया। यह उस के अनुसरण करना चाहता था। वह उससे (जोडी से) संबंध बना चुका था। यह उसका अपना था। जोडी प्रसन्नता के कारण कुछ सांच नहीं पा रहा था। वह इसे लाड लडाना चाहता था। इसके साथ दौड़ना और खेलना चाहता था। उसे अपने साथ आने के लिए पुकारना चाहता था। वह उसे चौंकाना नहीं चाहता था। उसने इसे उठाया और उसे अपनी दोनों भुजाओं पर अपने सामने रखते हुए उठा कर ले चला। उसे ऐसा लग रहा था कि वह बिना किसी प्रयत्न किए चल रहा है।

Word Meanings

• bleat – sound made by young ones of deer,
• sheep, etc, भेड़ की तरह मिमियाना
• thicket group of trees or bushes, जंगल
• vines creeper plants, लताएं
• alarm raising an alarm, चौंका देना, भयभीत करना
• stride to walk with long steps, लंबे-लंबे कदमों से
• चलना
• marvel miracle, अचम्भा
• trail beaten path, सामान्य पथ
• skirted walked along the edge, किनारे-किनारे
• चला
• piteously – sorrowfully, दुःख से
• fondle caress or to handle lovingly, लाड करना
• romp played, खेलना
• enchanted – charmed by something or
• someone, वशीभूत हुआ
• prickling pointed grass or bushes, नुकीली,
• कांटेदार
• bobbed moved up and down, ऊपर-नीचे हिल
• रहा था
• thumped – made heavy beating sounds,
• थपथपाया, धड़का

7.His arms began to ache and he was forced to stop again. When he walked on, the fawn followed him at once. He allowed it to walk a little distance, then picked it up again. The distance home was nothing. he could have walked all day and into the night, carrying it and watching it follow. He was wet with sweat but a light breeze blew through the June morning, cooling him. The sky was as clear as spring water in a blue china cup. He came to the clearing It was fresh and green after the night’srain. He fumbled with the latch and was finally obliged to set down the fawn to manage it. Then, he had an idea – he would walk into the house, into Penny’s bedroom, with the fawn walking behind him. But at the steps, the fawn balked and refused to climb them. He picked it up and went to his father, Penny lay with closed eyes. Jody called, “Pal Lood

“उस को मुजाएँ दर्द करने लगीं और पुनः रुकने पर विवश हो गया। जब वह आगे बढ़ा तो हिरण का बच्चा तुरन्त उसके पीछे चलने लगा। उसने थोड़ी देरी तक चलने दिया, तब इसे फिर से उठा लिया। घर अधिक दूर नहीं रह गया था। वह पूरा दिन तथा पूरी रात इसे उठा कर ले जाते हुए तथा इसे पीछे आते देखते हुए पैदल चल सकता था। वह पसीने से तर हो गया था। परन्तु जून मास की प्रातः के समय एक हल्की मन्द पवन चल रहीं थी, जो उसे शीतलता प्रदान कर रही थी। आकाश इस प्रकार साफ था जैसे कि चीनी के नीले कप में चश्में का जल भरा हो। वह साफ क्षेत्र में आ पहुंचा। रात की वर्षा के बाद वातावरण ताजा तथा हरा-भरा हो गया था। वह सिटकनी से संघर्ष करता रहा और अन्त में इस पर काबू पाने के लिए उसे मृग शावक को नीचे उतारना पड़ा। तब उसे एक विचार आया वह घर के अन्दर चला जायेगा, पैन्नी के सोने के कमरे में जब कि मृग शावक उसके पीछे चल रहा होगा। परन्तु सीढ़ियों पर मृग शावक ने निराश किया तथा उन पर चढ़ने से मना कर दिया। लगा। जोडी ने उसे उठा लिया और अपने पिता के पास पहुँचा। जोडी ने पुकारा, “पापा! देखां!’

Word Meanings

• to ache – to suffer continuous pain, लगातार पौड़ा
• (दर्द) होना
• balked – unwilling, अनिच्छुक था
• fumble – move clumsily in various directions,
• टटोलना

8. Penny tuned his head. Jody stood beside him, the fawn clutched hard against him. It seemed to Penny that the boy’s eyes were as bright as the fawn’s. He said, “I’m glad you found him.Jody then went to the kitchen. The fawn wobbled after him. A pan of morning’s milk stood in the kitchen safe. The cream had risen on it. He skimmed the cream into a jug. He poured milk into a small gourd. He held it out to the fawn. It butted it suddenly, smelling the milk. He saved it precariously from spilling over the floor. It could make nothing of the milk in the gourd.

पैन्नी ने अपना सिर घुमाया जोडी उसके पास ही खड़ा था। मृग शावक ने उसे कस कर पकड़ा हुआ था। पैन्नी को लगा कि बालक की आँखों में हिरण के बच्चे की आँखों जैसी चमक थी। उसने कहा, “मुझे खुशी है कि तुमने इसे खोज लिया है।”जोडी तब रसोई में गया। मृग शावक डगमगाते हुए उसके पीछे-पीछे चल पड़ा। प्रातः के दूध का बर्तन रसोई की अलमारी में पड़ा था। इस पर मलाई आ गई थी। उस ने मलाई को उतार कर जग में डाल दिया और दूध को एक छोटे से तूंबे में डाला। इसे मृग शावक के सामने रख दिया। वह दूध को सूंघते हुए अचानक इससे टकरा गया। उसने दूध को व्यर्थ में ही फर्श पर बह जाने से बचाया। कमण्डल में वह दूध का कुछ नहीं कर सका।

Word Meanings

• gourd (here) a pot made from gound, (यहां)
• कमण्डल, तूंना
• spilled over – over flowed out of the vessel,
• बहाना, गिरना
• clutched held tightly, जकड़ा हुआ
• butted met end to end, टक्कर खाना
• skimmed-removed the cream, मलाई उतारी  (हटाई)

9. He dipped his fingers in the milk and thrust them into the fawn’s soft wet mouth. It sucked greedily. When he withdrew them, it bleated frantically and butted him. He dipped his fingers again and as the fawn sucked, he lowered them slowly into the milk. The fawn blew and sucked and snorted.It stamped its small hoofs impatiently. As long as he held his fingers below the level of the milk, the fawn was content. It closed its eyes dreamily. It was ecstasy to feel its tongue against his hand. Its small tail flicked back and forth. The last of the milk vanished in a swirl of foam and gurgling.

उसने अपनी उंगलियों दूध में डुबोई और उन्हें शावक के कोमल गौले मुंह में डाल दिया। उसने झट से उन्हें चूस लिया। जब उसने उंगलियां बाहर निकाला ली तो वह उन्मत्तापूर्वक मिमियाया और उसे टक्कर मारी। उसने अपनी उंगलियाँ पुनः डुबोई और शावक चूसे जा रहा था, उसने धीरे-धीरे उन्हें दूध में डाल दिया। शावक आगे बढ़ कर दूध पीने लगा और नाक में आवाज निकालने लगा। उसने अधीरतापूर्वक अपने छोटे-छोटे खुर जमीन पर पटके। जितनी देर तक उसने अपनी उँगलियां दूध की सतह (तल) से नीचे रखीं शावक सन्तुष्ट रहा। उसने अपनी आँखें ऐसे बंद कर लीं जैसे कोई सपना देख रहा हो। जोडी को अपने हाथ पर उसकी जीभ का स्पर्श बहुत ही आनन्ददायक लगा। इसकी छोटी सी पूंछ आगे-पीछे हिल रही थी। दूध का अन्तिम भाग झाग के भंवर में और गलगल करने की ध्वनि में हो गया।

Word Meanings

• greedily eagerly, अति लोभ से
• sucked to take in, चूसना
• ecstasy happiness, प्रसन्नता

Free KSEEB notes for Class 8 English Chapter 6 

This Is Jody’s Fawn Textbook Exercises Comprehension Check-1

Question 1. What had happened to Jody’s father?

Answer. Jody’s father had been bitten by a rattlesnake.

Question 2.How did the doe save penny’s life?

Answer. Penny was stung by a poisonous snake. The doe was k lied and its heart and liver were used to draw out the snake’s poison.

Question3.Why does Jody want to bring the fawn home?

Answer. The fawn’s mother was killed to save Penny’s life which made the fawn motherless. Without love and support of a mother it could die. So Jody warns to brig it home to look after it.

Question 4.How does Jody know that fawn is a male?

Answer. All the spots on a male fawn’s body are in a line. But on a doe-fawn, the spots are in different directions. This helped Jody to figure out that the fawn is a male

This Is Jody’s Fawn Comprehension Check-2

Question 1.Jody didn’t want Mill-wheel with him for two reasons. What were they?

Answer. The two reasons why Jody didn’t want to take Mill-wheel with him were:
(1)if the fawn was dead or could not be found Jody didn’t want Mill-wheel to see his disappointment
(2)if the fawn was there, the meeting would be lovely and secret Jody didn’t want to share it with Mill-wheel.

Question 2.Why was Mill-wheel afraid to leave Jody alone?

Answer. Mill-wheel was afraid to leave Jody alone because he might get lost or could be bitten by the snake.

This Is Jody’s Fawn Comprehension Check-3

Question 1.How did Jody bring the fawn back home?

Answer. Jody Drought the fawn bac< home partly by making it and partly by making it walk after him on its own.

Question 2.Jody was filled with emotion after he found the fawn. Can you find at least three words or phrases which show how he felt?

Answer. Jody ‘Startled and tumbled backward’, jody could not trust himself to move.

Question 3.How did the fawn drink milk from the gourd?

Answer. At first the fawn sucked milk from Jody’s milk-soaked fingers. It sucked the fingers greedily. Then, Jody dipped his fingers in the milk. The fawn followed them and its mouth reached the \ level of the milk in the gourd. It sucked and soon it was content.

Question 4.Why didn’t the fawn follow Jody up the steps as he had thought it would?

Answer. The fawn’s legs were not strong enough to climb the steps. So, it did riot follow Jody on the steps.

KSEEB Class 8 English Chapter 6 Important Questions 

This Is Jody’s Fawn Working With the text

Question 1.Why did Penny Baxter allow Jody to go find the fawn and raise it?

Answer. The fawn’s mother had saved Penny Baxter’s life. She was killed for the purpose of draining fid the snake poison out of Penny’s body. Since the fawn was motherless, it needed care. Penny ; thought it would be ungrateful to leave the fawn alone in the forest to die. So Penny allowed his son Jody to go and find the fawn and raise it He wanted to repay the faw n’s mother’s sacrifice by taking care of the fawn.

Question 2.What did Dr Wilson mean when he said,“ Nothing in the world ever comes quite free”?

Answer. Dr Wilson meant to say that every service in this world s done in return of something. So it was the duty of Penny’s family to look after the doe’s fawn, which had saved Penny’s life with her life.

Question 3.How did Jody look after the fawn, after he acepted the responsibility for doing this?

Answer. Jody looked after the fawn with motherly love and affection. He taught it how to walk and suck milk.

Question 4.How does Jody’s mother react when she hears that he is going to bring the fawn home? Why does she react in this way?

Answer. Jody’s mother was surprised to hear that Joay was going to bring the fawn home. She was pouring coffee at that time. She held the coffee pot in mid-air. She set down the pot helplessly. She said that they have got notning to feed the fawn. Jody would have to give it the milk of his own share.She reacted in this way because she was aware of her situation. She did not want to share her son’s milk with the fawn.

This Is Jody’s Fawn Working With Language

1. Look at these pairs of sentences.Penny said to Jody, “Will you be back before dinner?” Penny asked Jody if he would be back before dinner. “How are you feel ng. Pa?” asked Jody. Jody asked his father how he was feeling. Here are some questions in direct speech. Put them into reported speech.

1. Penny said, “Do you really want it son?”
   
2. Mill-wheel said, “Will he ride back with me?”
   
3. He said to Mill-wheel, “Do you think the fawn is still there?”
   
4. He asked Mill-wheel, “Will you help me find him?”
   
5. He said, “Was it up here that Pa got bitten by the snake?”

Answer.

1. Penny asked his son if he really wanted it
2. Mill-wheel asked if he would ride back with him.
3. He asked Mill-wheel if he thought the fawn was still there.
4. He asked Mill-wheel whether (if) he would help him find him.
5. He asked if Pa had got bitten by the snake at that place.

Question 2.Look at these two sentences.

He tumbled backward. It turned its head. The first sentence has an intransitive verb, a verb without an object The second sentence has a transitive verb. It has a direct object We can ask; “What did it turn?” You can answer “Its head. It turned its head.” Say whether the verb in each sentence below is transitive or intransitive. Ask yourself a \vhat’ question about the verb, as in the example above. (For some verbs, the object is a person, so ask the question ‘who’ instead of’ what’.

1. Jody then went to the kitchen.
2. The fawn wobbled after him.
3. You found him.
4. He picked it up.
5. He dipped his fingers in the milk.
6. It bleated frantically and butted him.
7. The fawn sucked his f ngers.
8. He lowered his fingers slowly into the milk.
9. It stamped its small hoofs impatiently.
10. He held his fingers below the level of the milk.
11. The fawn followed him.
12. He walked all day.
13. He stroked its sides.
14. The fawn lifted its nose.
15. Its legs hung limply.
    [Note : Transitive – T Intransitive – In]

Answer.

(1) In (2) T (3) T (4) T (5) T (6) In, T (7) T (8) T (9) T (10) T (11) T (12) In (13) T (14) T (15) In

Question 3.Here are some words from the lesson.Working in groups,arrange them in the order in which they would appear in the dictionary. Write down some idioms and phrasal verbs connected to these verbs. Use the dictionary for more idioms and phrasal verbs.

close,  draw, make, wonder,   scrawny,

parted, clearing, sweet, light.   pick

Answer.

Arranged in alphabetical order clearing, close, draw, light, make, parted, pick, scrawny, sweet, wonder. Idioms/Phrasal Verbs:

clearing – clearing air. clearing out
close – close up, a close shave, a close call, to keep a close eye
draw – draw near, end in a draw, draw up, draw back
light – light up, bring to light, in the light of
make – make up, make good, make after, make it, make the most of, make away with parted – parted from, parted with.
pick – pick up, pick in, to pick a quarrel, pick cut, pick someone’s pocket
scrawny – small and scrawny, to De scrawny down to the bone
sweet – to have a sweet tooth, sweet and sour
wonder – a nine days’ wonder, wonderland

Analysis of This Is Jody’s Fawn KSEEB English Reader 

This Is Jody’s Fawn Speaking

Question 1. Do you think it is right to kill an animal to save a human life? Give reasons for your answer.

Answer. No, it is not right to kill an animal to save a human life. Animals too feel pain as we do. Their life is as precious as ours. We have no right to take another life be it of a human or an animal. Today tranquillizers are used to control wild animals. Killing animals is an act violence and it must be avoided at any cost. They have the right to live as much as we do

Question 2.Imagine you wake up one morning and find a tiny animal on your doorstep.You want to keep it as a pet but your parents are not too happy about it. How would you persuade them to let you keep it? Discuss it in groups and present your arguments to the class.

Answer. I would persuade my parents by telling them the importance of keeping a pet. Keeping a pet nour shes our most basic instinct of companionship. A deg or a cat as a pet can be our best friend. The bonding shared by an owner of a pet and the pet is extremely honest and full of love. For youngsters and even for adults, pets are true companion.

Points to present in the class:

• Pets remain always loyal
• Pets never leave their owner’s side even in time of trouble
• Pets such as dogs ensure safety in the house by keeping strangers at bay.
• Pets are playmates of children

This Is Jody’s Fawn Writing

Question 1.Imagine you have a new pet that keeps you busy. Write a paragraph describing your pet, die things it does, and the way it makes you feel. Here are some words and phrases that you could use. frisky, smart, disobedient, loyal, happy, enthusiastic, companion, sharing, friend, rolls in mud, dirties the bed, naughty, lively, playful, eats up food, hides the newspaper, drinks up milk, runs away when called, floats on the water as if dead.

Answer. My new pet is a little dog. It is frisk)’ and smart. It is very loyal and obedient. It is an enthusiastic comparion. It is very naught)’ ana lively. But sometimes it turns disobedient and behaves like a spoiled child. It rolls in the mud and then climbs up t^e bed and shakes itself on it. It likes to eat bread and drink milk. It bari<s when we forget to give it its play bunny. It runs away when called. It floats on water as f dead. Still I love my pet very much.

Question 2.Human life is dependent on nature (that’s why we call her Mother Nature). We take everything from nature to live our lives. Do we give back anything to nature?

(1)Write down some examples of the natural resources that we use.
(2)Write a paragraph expressing your point of view regarding our relationship with nature.

Answer.

(1) List of natural resources that we use:
(a)Water from the river or lakes
(b)Wood for making houses and furniture
(c)Food such as crops, vegetables, etc. are obtained from plants
(d)Fuel such as coal, petroleum is obtained from under the earth.
(e)The air that we breathe is gained from the atmosphere.

(2)We are closely related to Nature. Nature nurtures us and therefore it is our duty to nurture Nature. We should not pollute air, water arid soil. When we blindly cut trees, we destroy Nature. When we harm Nature, we harm our own lives we destroy our own surroundings

Question 3. In the story ‘This is Jody’s Fawn’, Jody’s father uses a ‘home remedy’ for a snake bite. What should a person now do if he or she is bitten by a snake? Are all snakes poisonous? With the help of your teacher and others, find out answers to such questions. Then write a short paragraph on—What to do if a snake chooses to bite you.

Answer. No, all snakes are not poisonous.

Paragraph: It is unfortunate if a snake bites me. I will not waste time by staying stunned but would rather take necessary’ steps to save my life. First of all, I will bind the bitten part tightly with a piece of cloth so that the poison does not enter the whole body via blood. Then, to draw out the poison, I will make a cut little lower than the affected area to draw out the blood. This is only a first aid measure, so I won’t waste time and will immediately rush to a nearby hospital, where proper care can be taken.

Simplified Notes For This Is Jody’s Fawn KSEEB Class 8 

This Is Jody’s Fawn Extract Based Questions

Read the extracts given below and answer the questions that follow.

Question 1. Jody allowed his thoughts to drift back to the fawn, he could not keep it out of his mind. He had held it, in his dreams, in his arms. He slipped from the table and went to his father’s bedside. Penny lay at rest his eyes were open and clear, but the pupils were still dark and dilated. Jody said, “How are you feeling, Pa?’’
“Just fine, son. Old Death has gone thieving elsewhere. But wasn’t it a close shave!” “I agree.”

1. What could Jody not keep out of his mind?
2. What did Jody do?
3. Who was Penny?
4. How did Penny’s eyes look?
5. What do you understand by the phrase ‘Oa death has gone’?

Answer.

1. Jody could not keep the thoughts of the fawn out of his mind.
2. He sipped from the table and went to his father’s bedside.
3. Penny was Jodys father.
4. Penny’s eyes were open and clear but the pupils were stiII dark and dilated. It means Penny’s life was saved from the jaws of death.

Question (2)Suddenly Jody was unwilling to have Mill-wheel with him. If the fawn was dead, or could not be found, he could not have his disappointment seen. And if the fawn was there, the meeting would be so lovely and so secret that he could not endure to share it He saia, “It’s not far now, but the scrub is very thick for a horse. I can make rt on foot”
“But I’m afraid to leave you, boy. Suppose you got lost or got bitten by the snake, too?” “I’ll take care. It might take me a long time to find the fawn, if he’s wandered. Leave me off right here.”

1. What did Jody want Mill-wheel to do?
2. What reason did Jody give to Mill-wheel for leaving him alone?
3. What changed Mill-wheel’s mind?
4. In what circumstance the job might take a long time for Jody?
5. What is the mean ng of ‘wandered’?

Answer

1. Jody wanted Mill-wheel to leave him alone.
2. Jody said that the horse would not be able to cross the thick shrub and that he could go on foot.
3. The boy assured Mill-wheel that he would take care of himself.
4. The job might take longer f the fawn is wandered.
5. To get lost somewhere.

Question (3)Then a buzzard rose in front of him and flapped into the air. He came into the clearing under the oaks. Buzzards sat in a circle around the carcass of the doe. They turned their heads on their long scrawny necks and hissed at him. He threw his bough at them and they flew into an adjacent tree. The sand showed large cat prints but the big cats killed fresh, and they had left the doe to the carrion birds.

1. What flapped into the air?
2. Where and how did the buzzards sit?
3. What kind of neks did the buzzards have?
4. Why had the big cat left the dead doe to the buzzards?
5. Who are carrion birds?

Answer.

1. A buzzard flapped into the air.
2. The buzzards sat in a circle around the carcass (dead body) of the doe.
3. (The buzzards had long scrawny necks.
4. W The big cat had left the dead doc to the buzzards because they Id lied fresh.
5. Carrion birds are the birds that eat flesh of the dead animals.

Question (4)He was afraid that it might kick and bleat at sight and smell of its mother. He skirted the clearing and pushed his way into the thicket. It was difficult to fight through his burden. The fawn’s legs caught in the bushes and he could not lift his own with freedom. He tried to sh eld its face from prickling vines. Its head bobbed with his stride. His heart thumped with the marvel of its acceptance of him.

1. What might the fawn do at sight and smell of its mother?
2. How did Jody reach the thicket?
3. What was the fawn’s problem?
4. What was posing a problem to the fawn’s face?
5. How did Jody feel at the fawn’s acceptance of him?

Answer.

1.  The fawn might kick and bleat at sight and smell of its mother.
2. Jody skirted the clearing and pushed his way into the thicket.
3. The fawn’s problem was that it could not walk properly with its own burden. The fawn’s legs kept getting caught in the bushes and t could net lift its own feet freely.
4. The pridding vines were posing a problem to the fawn’s face.
5. Jody’s heart thumped with surprise at the fawn’s acceptance of him.

Question (5)Jody then went to the kitchen. The faw n wobbled after him. A pan of morning’s milk stood in the kitchen safe. The cream had risen on it He skimmed the cream into a jug. He poured milk into a small gourd. He held it out to the fawn. It butted it suddenly, smelling the milk He saved it precariously fom spilling over the floor. He could make nothing of the milk in the gourd.

1. What did the fawn do when Jody went into the kitchen?
2. What did Jody bring from the kitchen and for whom?
3. What did jody do of the cream on the milk?
4. The milk had nearly spilt over the f oor’. What was the reason?
5. Who saved the milk from spilling over the floor?

Answer.

• When Jody went into the kitchen, the fawn wobbled after him.
• jody brought milk for the fawn from the kitchen.
• He skimmed the cream into a jug.
• The milk had nearly spilt over the floor because the fawn had butted it
• Jody saved the milk from spilling over the floor

KSEEB Solutions For Class 8 English Chapter 6 This Is Jody’s Fawn

This Is Jody’s Fawn Additional Question Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.Who was Penny?

Answer. Penny was Jody’s father.

Question 2.Was Jody*s mother happy when he told her that he was going to bring the fawn home?

Answer. No, She was shocked to hear this.

Question 3.Why could the fawn not walk by itself?

Answer. It could not walk on its own because it was too small and weak to walk all by itself.

This Is Jody’s Fawn Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.How did jody convince his father to bring the fawn home?

Answer. Jody said that it would not take much to ‘aise the fawn and it would soon start eating leaves arid acorns.

Question2.Was the fawn able to walk on its own? What did jody do?

Answer. After Mill-wheel had gone, Jody was left alone. After a long vvalk in the forest, he found the helpless fawn. It was too small and weak to walk Jody brought it home partly by lifting t and partly by making it walk after him.

This Is Jody’s Fawn Long Answer Type Questions

1. What did Jody say to his father once he was alright?

Answer. Jodys father, Penny, got well. Jody went to his bedside and reminded him of the doe who had saved his life. He also expressed his concern for the poor fawn. He said that it might be hungry and very scared. Besides, Dr Wilson had also told them that nothing in the world comes quite free. Every service demands something in return. Therefore, it was their duty to bring the helpless fawn home and look after it. His father was convinced with his ideas.

The Duck And The Kangaroo Summary In English poem

‘The Duck and the Kangaroo’ is a poem written in a funny tone. The Duck and the Kangaroo are fast friends. The poem begins when the Duck says to the Kangaroo that she likes the way the Kangaroo jumps over the fields and travel to far-off lards. The Duck wants to go around the world like the Kangaroo. The Duck asks the Kangaroo to take her on his back to travel around the world. She also promises that she will sit quietly or the Kangaroo’s back and say nothing but ‘quack’. The Duck wants to travel around the Dee and the Jelly Bo Lee all day long, she wishes to travel over the land and over the sea.

To the Duck’s request, the Kangaroo responds that he has no problem to take the Duck with him, but he feels that the Duck’s feet are extremely unpleasant. They are wet and cold. The Kangaroo fears that such cold, webby feet on his back can cause him rheumatism. On hearing this, the Duck responds that she has already bought four pairs of woollen socks, a cloak and a cigar for each day during the trip. On hearing this, the Kangaroo agrees to take the Duck with him. The Duck sits steady at the end of the Kangaroo’s tail and they travel around the world three times. In the end, the poet mentions that the Duck and the Kangaroo are extremely happy travelling together around the world.

Class 8 English KSEEB Chapter 6 This Is Jody’s Fawn Summary 

The Duck And The Kangaroo Summary In Hindi

‘The Duck and the Kangaroo’ एक हास्य कविता है। एक बत्तख और एक कंगारू धनिष्ठ मित्र हैं। कविता की  में बत्तख कंगारू से कहती है कि वह कंगारू के उद्देश्य का तरीका बहुत पंसद करती हैं। उसे कंगारू का दूर दराज के देशों तथा खेतों के पार जाना अच्छा लगता हैं। बत्तख भी कंगारू की तरह दुनिया की सैर करना चाहती हैं। वह कंगारू से कहती है कि वह उसे अपनी पीठ पर बैठाकर दुनिया की सैर कराए। वह वादा करती है कि वह कंगारू की पीठ पर शांति से बै. ठेगी और ‘quack’ के अलावा कुछ नहीं कहेगी। बत्तख ‘Dee’ और ‘Jelly Bo Lee’ घूमना चाहती हैं। वह मैदानों और समुद्रों के पार जाना चाहती है। बत्तख की प्रार्थना पर कंगारू कहता है कि उसे साथ ले जाने में कंगारू को कोई दिक्कत नहीं है। पर उसे लगता है कि बत्तख के पैर अत्यधिक ठंडे और गीले हैं। कंगारू को उन ठंडे और गीले पैरों से बीमार होने का डर लगता हैं। यह सुनकर बत्तख जवाब देती है कि उसने पहले ही चार जोड़ी ऊनी मोजे और सिगार यात्रा के प्रत्येक दिन के लिए खरीद लिए हैं। यह सुनकर कंगारू बत्तख को अपने साथ ले जाने के लिए तैयार हो जाता हैं। बत्तख कंगारू की पूँछ पर एकदम सीधी बैठती है और वो दोनों तीन दफा दुनिया घूम कर आते हैं। अंत में कवि कहता है कि बत्तख और कंगारू साथ-साथ दुनिया की सैर करके बहुत खुश हैं।

The Duck And The Kangaroo Hindi Translation Of The Lesson (With Word Meanings)

1. Said the Duck to the Kangaroo, Good gracious ! how you hopl Over the fields and the water too, As if you never would stop! My life is a bore in this nasty pond, And I long to go out in the world beyond! I wish I could hop like you!’ Said the Duck to the Kangaroo.कंगारू ने बत्तख से कहा, “हे भगवान! तुम कैसे उछलते हो। तुम तो खेतों तथा पानी (नदियों) को भी पार कर जाते हो। ऐसा लगता है कि तुम कभी रुकोगे ही नहीं। इस गंदे तालाब में मेरा जीवन नीरस हो गया है। इसलिए मैं संसार में बहुत दूर तक जाना चाहती हूँ। काश कि मैं भी तुम्हारी तरह उछल सकती।”

Word Meanings

• good gracious
• nasty dirty, गंदा
• long to desire, इच्छा करना
• hop– jumping in a regulated manner, उछलना
• beyond far away, दूर2. And we’d go to the Dee, and the Jelly Bo Lee, Over the land, and over the sea; – Please take me on a ride! O do; – Said the Duck to the Kangaroo. ‘Please give me a ride on your back! Said the Duck to the Kangaroo.बत्तख ने कंगारू से कहा, कृपया मुझे अपनी पीठ पर सवारी दो। मैं बिना हिले-जुले सारा दिन आराम से बैठी तथा जैली बो ली तक जाएंगे हम धरती और समुद्र को पार करेंगे। बस मुझे एक बार अपनी पीठ पर सवारी करने दो।

Word Meanings

• still – motionless, बिना हिले दुले, शांत3. Said the Kangaroo to the Duck, “This requires a little reflection; Perhaps on the whole it might bring me luck, And there seems but one objection, Which is, if you’ll let me speak so bold, Your feet are unpleasantly wet and cold, And would probably give me the roo- Matiz !” said the Kangaroo.कंगारू ने बत्तख से कहा इस बात पर थोड़े सोच-विचार की जरूरत है। कुल मिलाकर हो सकता है कि (शायद ) इससे मेरा भाग्य बदल जाए। परंतु इसमें केवल एक हीआपत्ति है। साफ बात तो यह है कि तुम्हारे पैर बुरी तरह गीले और ठंड़े है। शायद इनके कारण मुझे गठिया रोग हो जाए।

Word Meanings

• requires needs जरूरत है
• unpleasantly badly, बुरी तरह
• roo- matizr heumatizm, गठिया रोग4. Said the Duck, ‘As I sat on the rocks, I have thought over that completely, And I bought four pairs of worsted socks And to keep out the cold I’ve bought a cloak, And every day a cigar I’ll smoke, All to follow my own dear true Love of a Kangaroo!”बत्तख ने कहा, जब मैं चट्टान पर बैठी थी मैंने उस बात पर पूरी तरह सोच-विचार किया है। मैने चार जोड़ी ऊनी जुराब खरीद ली हैं जो मेरे जालीदार पैरों पर पूरी तरह फिट है। और ठंड से बचने के लिए मैंने एक चांगा खरीद लिया है और हर रोज मैं एक सिगार पीया करूंगी और ये सब सिर्फ मेरे मित्र कंगारू के प्रति मेरे सच्चे प्रेम के कारण हैं।

Word Meanings

• completely thoroughly, पूरी तरह से
• neatly very well, तरह
• reflection thought, सोच-विचार
• speak so bold speak frankly, साफ-साफ कहना
• probably perhaps, शायद, संभवत5.5. Said the Kangaroo, I’m ready! All in the moonlight pale. But to balance me well, dear Duck, sit steady! And quite at the end of my tail!” So away they went with a hop and a bound, And they hopped the whole world three times round; And who so happy – O who, As the Duck and the Kangaroo?

Word Meanings

• pale – light, हल्की
• hop and a bound-high jump, ऊंची छलांग
• steady firm, मजबूती

KSEEB Class 8 English Reader solutions for This Is Jody’s Fawn 

The Duck And The Kangaroo Textbook Exercises Working With The Poem

Question 1.Taking words that come at the end of lines, write five pairs of rhyming words. Read each pair aloud.
For example: pond-beyond

Answer. Hop-stop, Back-quack, Duck-luck, Bold cold, Rocks-socks, Ready-steady, etc.

Question 2.Complete the dialogue.Duck: Dear Kangaroo ! Why don’t you
(1)_______
Kangaroo: With pleasure, my dear Duck,
though (2)______
Duck: That won’t be a problem. I will
(3)_______

Answer.

1. give me a ride on your back?
2. it will be a problem for me to balance myself.
3. sit firmly without saying anything.

Question 3. The Kangaroo does not want to catch ‘rheumatism’. Spot this word in stanza 3 and say why it is spelt differently. Why is it in two parts? Why does the second part begin with a capital letter?

Answer. The word ‘rheumatism’ is spelt differently for maintaining rythm in the stanza. It is written in two parts roo+ Matiz. ‘Roo’ rhymes with ‘Kangaroo’ where as ‘Matiz’ begins with a capital letter because generally the first word of every line of a poem starts with a capital letter.

Question4. Do you find the poem humorous? Read aloud lines that make you laugh.

Answer.

1. Yes, the poem is indeed humorous. The lines that make me laugh are: Your feet are unpleasantly wet and cold, And would probably give me the roo- Matiz ! said the Kangaroo.
2. And I bought four pairs of worsted socks Which fit my web-feet neatly. And to keep out the cold I’ve bought a cloak, And every day a cigar I smoke,
3. (So away they went with a hop and a bound, And they hopped the whole world three times round.

The Duck And The Kangaroo Extract Based Questions

Read the stanzas given below and answer the questions that follow.

1. Said the Duck to the Kangaroo, ‘Good gracious! how you hop ! Over the fields and the water too, As if you never would stop! My life is a bore in this nasty pond, And I long to go out in the world beyond! I wish I could hop like you! Said the Duck to the Kangaroo.

Question 1.According to the poem, who hops and who lives in the water?

Answer. The Kangaroo hops and the Duck lives in the water.

Question 2.Why does the Duck say that her life is bore?

Answer. The Duck’s life is bore because unlike the Kangaroo she is confined to the pool all day.

Question 3.What does the Duck long for?

Answer. The Duck longs for a pleasure trip around the world.

Question 4.Why can’t she fulfil her desire?

Answer. The Duck can’t fulfil her desire because she is not able to hop like the Kangaroo.

This Is Jody’s Fawn Class 8 KSEEB Questions And Answers 

Question 5. Give rhyming words from the stanza.

Answer. Kangaroo-too, hop-stop, pond-beyond and you-kangaroo are the rhyming words given in the above stanza.

2. “Please give me a ride on your backd Said the Duck to the Kangaroo. 1 would sit quite still, and say nothing but “Quack,” The whole of the long day through! And we’d go to the Dee, and the Jelly Bo Lee, Over the land, and over the sea;- Please take me on a ride ! O do; – Said the Duck to the Kangaroo.

Question 1. What did the Duck request the Kangaroo?

Answer. The Duck requested the Kangaroo to give her a ride on his back and take her around the world.

Question 2.How did the Duck promise to sit on the Kangaroo’s back?

Answer. The Duck promised to sit still and say nothing while sitting on the Kangaroo’s back.

Question 3.Where did the Duck want to go with the Kangaroo?

Answer. The Duck wanted to go to the Dee and the Jelly Bo Lee with the Kangaroo.

Question 4.Who said this line and to whom? “Please take me on a ride”.

Answer. The given line is said by the Duck to the Kangaroo.

Find all the words that rhyme in the given stanza.

Answer. back-quack, kangaroo-through, lee-see and do-Kangaroo are the rhyming words used in the above stanza.

3. Said the Duck, ‘As I sat on the rocks, I have thought over that completely, And I bought four pairs of worsted socks Which fit my web-feet neatly. And to keep out the cold I’ve bought a cloak, And every day a cigar I’ll smoke, All to follow my own dear true Love of a Kangaroo!’

Question 1. Who has thought over the problem completely?

Answer. It is the Duck who has thought over the problem completely.

Question 2.What are the two things the Duck has bought?

Answer. The Duck has bought four pairs of woollen socks and a cloak

Question 3.Why does the Duck want to smoke a cigar every day?

Answer. The Duck wants to smoke a cigar daily to keep the cold away.

Question 4.Does she love the Kangaroo? Find a line from the poem that suggests this.

Answer. Yes, the Duck loves the Kangaroo. The line “All to follow my true love of a Kangaroo.” suggests this.

5. Find all the rhyming words used in the stanza given above.

Answer. Rocks-socks, completely-neatly, cloak-smoke and true-Kangaroo are the rhyming words that are used in the above stanza.

4. Said the Kangaroo, I’m ready! All in the moonlight pale. But to balance me well, dear Duck, sit steady! And quite at the end of my tail!’ So away they went with a hop and a bound, And they hopped the whole world three times round; And who so happy. – O who, As the Duck and the Kangaroo?

Question 1.What is the Kangaroo ready for?

Answer. The Kangaroo is ready to take the Duck on a pleasure trip.

Question 2.Why did the Kangaroo ask the Duck to sit steady?

Answer. He asked the Duck to sit steady in order to maintain his balance.

Question 3.Where did the Kangaroo make the Duck sit?

Answer. He made the Duck sit at the end of his tail.

Question 5.How many rounds of the world did they both take?

Answer. The Duck and the Kangaroo took three rounds of the world.

Question 6.How did you think the Duck and the Kangaroo feel after the trip?

Answer. The Duck and the Kangaroo felt very happy after the trip.

Explanation of This Is Jody’s Fawn KSEEB Class 8 

The Duck And The Kangaroo Additional Questions

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.Why did the Duck want to go on a pleasure trip?

Answer. The Duck wanted to go on a pleasure trip because she was feeling bored in her dirty pond.

Question 2.Why did the Kangaroo want the Duck to sit steady?

Answer. The Kangaroo wanted this in order to balance himself.

Question 3.How did the Duck and the Kangaroo feel after the trip?

Answer. The Duck and the Kangaroo felt very happy after the trip.

The Duck And The Kangaroo Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.Why did the Duck request the Kangaroo to give her a ride on his back?

Answer. The Duck was bored living in her pond. She wished to go on a long trip. But she could’t hop like the Kangaroo. So, she requested the Kangaroo to give her a ride on his back and take her on a trip around the world.

Question2.The Kangaroo though agreed to take the Duck on a trip, was hesitant to allow her to sit on his back’. Why?

Answer. The Kangaroo agreed to take the Duck with him but there was one problem. The Duck’s feet were dirty, cool and wet. The Kangaroo was afraid the Duck would give him rheumatism. So, he was hesitant to allow the Duck to sit on his back

The Duck And The Kangaroo Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.What is the theme of the poem ‘The Duck and the Kangaroo’?

Answer. The poem is based on true friendship of two animals the Duck and the Kangaroo. The Duck wishes to go on a pleasure trip around the world. In spite of the fact that the Duck and the Kangaroo live differently, they eventually resolve their differences and take a trip around the world. The poem reflects how they are willing to help each other and sort their problems in the most interesting way. They enjoy the trip very much which makes them extremely happy.

Question 2.What was the Kangaroo’s problem? How did the Duck solve it?

Answer. The Duck lived in a dirty pond. She had cold and wet feet. The Kangaroo was afraid that her wet and cold feet would make him a patient of rheumatism. The Duck solved his problem by buying four pairs of woollen socks and a cloak so that the Kangaroo doesn’t catch cold from her feet. Besides, she would smoke a cigar daily.

KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 English Karnataka State Syllabus

• Chapter 1 The Best Christmas Present in the World
• Chapter 2 The Tsunami
• Chapter 3 Glimpses of the past
• Chapter 4 Bepin Choudhury’s Lapse Of Memory
• Chapter 5 The Summit Within
• Chapter 6 This Is Jody’s Fawn
• Chapter 7 A Visit to Cambridge
• Chapter 8 A Short Monsoon Diary
• Chapter 9 The Great Stone Face 1
• Chapter 9 The Comet-1
• Chapter 10 The Comet-2

KSEEB Class 8 English Supplementary Readers contains Textbook Readers and Supplementary Readers of all chapters are part of Revision Notes for grade 8 English. Here we have given notes Class VIII.

• Chapter 1 How The Camel Got His Hump
• Chapter 2 Children at Work
• Chapter 3 The Selfish Giant
• Chapter 4 The Treasure Within
• Chapter -5 Princess September
• Chapter 6 The Fight
• Chapter 7 The Open Window
• Chapter 8 Jalebis
• Chapter 9 The Comet-1
• Chapter 10 The Comet-2

KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 English Chapter 3 Glimpses of the Past Summary In English

This chapter tells us about the history of India during the years 1757 to 1857 through pictures. We come to know about the conditions that prepared the ground for the First War of Independence in 1857. A great number of countrymen laid down their lives for the sake of India’s freedom.

The story begins with the arrival and expansion of the British East India Company in India. At that time India was broken into small states ruled by short-sighted princes. Their rivalries helped the British to subdue them. The British were also able to extend their power in India on account of their superior weapons. Thus, we became their slaves. The British rule in India was an oppressive one. Their administrative policies made people poor and unhappy.

They imposed heavy taxes on farmers and small industries and destroyed them. Through foreign trade, they took away a huge sum of money from their country. Fortunately, there emerged social reformers like Ram Mohan Roy, who awakened the Indian masses. The spread of western education in India also changed the outlook of the people. They came to understand the causes behind their misery and suffering.

They revolted against the British rulers. The revolt of 1857 was started by a regiment of soldiers in Meerut. It spread far and wide. The Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was declared the Emperor of India. Almost all the classes of the Indian society joined hands to uproot the British from India.

Rebellions were organized by former rulers like Begum Hazrat Mahal of Lucknow and Maulvi Ahmed- dull of Faizabad, etc. Kanpur. Jhansi and Allahabad became major centers of the armed struggle. Nana Saheb – the leader of the revolt, Tatya Tope, Azimulla Khan, and many others fought bravely. Eighty-year-old Kunwar Singh of Bihar received a bullet in his wrist. He died saying,” Mother Gangal This is my last offering to you.”

Glimpses of the past Summary In Hindi

यह पाठ हमें चित्रों के द्वारा 1757 से 1857 तक भारत के इतिहास के बारे में बताता है। हमें उन परिस्थितियों की जानकारी मिलती है जिन्होंने 1857 के प्रथम स्वतंत्रता संग्राम की भूमिका तैयार की। देश वासियों ने बहुत बड़ी संख्या में भारत की स्वतंत्रता के लिए अपना बलिदान दिया।

कहानी ब्रिटिश ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी के भारत आगमन तथा प्रसार से शुरू होती है। उस समय भारत छोटे-छोटे राज्यों में विभाजित था जिन पर अदूरदर्शी भारतीय शासक राज्य करते थे। उनकी आपसी शत्रुता ने ही उनका दमन करने में अंग्रेजों की सहायता की। अंग्रेज अपने श्रेष्ठ किस्म के शस्त्रों द्वारा भी भारत में अपनी शक्ति बढ़ाने में सफल रहे। इसे प्रकार हम उसके दास बन गए। भारत में अंग्रजी शासन दमनकारी था। उनकी प्रशासनिक नीतियों के कारण लोग निर्धन तथा अप्रसन्न हो गए। भारतीयों पर भारी टैक्स लगा दिए और हमारे कुटीर उद्योगों को नष्ट कर दिया। वे विदेशी व्यापार द्वारा देश का बहुत सा धन अपने देश ले गए।

भाग्यवश राजा राममोहन राम जैसे समाज सुधारकों का उदय हुआ जिन्होंने भारत के प्रसार ने भी भारतीयों का दृष्टिकोण बदला। उन्हें अपने कष्टों एवं दुःखों के कारणों का पता चल गया । इसलिए उन्होंने अंग्रेजी शासन के विरुद्ध विद्रोह कर दिया। 1857 में मेरठ में भारतीय सेना द्वारा शुरू किया गया विद्रोह दूर-दूर तक फैल गया।

दिल्ली के मुगल बादशाह बहादुर शाह को भारत का सम्राट घोषित किया गया। समाज के सभी वर्गों ने अंग्रेजी शासन का अंत करने के लिए हाथ मिलाए। लखनऊ में बेगम हजरत महल, फैजाबाद के मौलवी अहमदुल्ला ने विद्रोहियों को व्यवस्थित करा कानपुर, झांसी और इलाहाबाद भी विद्रोह के बहुत बड़े केन्द्र बन गए। पेशवा नाना साहिब, विद्रोह के नेता, तात्या टोपे अजीमुल्ला खान तथा अन्य सभी वीरतापूर्वक लड़े। बिहार के 80 वर्षीय कुंवर सिंह को बाजू में गोली लगी। उन्होनें इन शब्दों के साथ अपने प्राण त्यागे: ” हे मां गंगे। यह मेरी आपकों अंतिम भेंट है।

Class 8 English KSEEB Chapter 3 Glimpses Of The Past Summary 

Glimpses Of The Past Hindi Translation Of The Lesson

Here are some pictorial glimpses of the history of our country from 1757 to 1857. These pictures and ‘speech bubbles’ will help clarify your understanding of the conditions that led to the event known as the First War of independence in 1857.

यहां 1757 से 1857 तक के हमारे इतिहास की कुछ सचित्र झलकियां दी गईं हैं। ये चित्र और संवाद आपको वे स्थितियां स्पष्ट कर देंगे जो 1857 के प्रथम स्वतन्त्रता संग्राम का कारण बनीं।

1. The Martyrs

Word Meanings

countrymen – men who live in a country, देशवासी
recall-call to mind,
sacrifices – loss of lives, for
martyr – one who voluntarily suffers death for a cause, शहीद

2. The Company Conquests (1757-1849)

Word Meanings

superior- of high quality,
extending – stretch out over a distance, farar
constant – continuing for an indefinitely long time, लगातार
rivalries – enmity,
subdue-put down by force & authority, दबाना
thugs-young criminals, get
slaves – prisoners, Jell

3. British Rule (1765-1836)

Word Meanings

misery – a feeling of intense unhappiness, दुःख, दर्द
arrears – unpaid overdue debt,
abandon – to leave,
cripple – cause destruction,
artisans – workers skilled in trade related to textiles, painted ceramics, etc,
scorned-to abuse,

4. Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1833)

Word Meanings

learned-knowledgeable, feren
despise – feel contempt,
essence – main teaching,
reform – bring changes in institutions or practice, क्रांति

5. Oppression (1765-1835)

Word Meanings

oppression – to put undue pressure,
trial-case,
weaver-person who weaves fabric, em

6. Dissatisfaction (1835-56)

Word Meanings

natives- people born in a specified place, निवासी
grievances – feeling of resentment,
puppets – under the control of another, कठपुतली
conquered-won over,

7. The Sparks (1855-57)

Word Meanings

rebellion-to oppose. fast
massacred – brutally killed,
abolish – to remove completely,
pittance – a very small amount of money, नाममात्रको
circulated-distributed,
deceived-cheated, uten

8. Revolt (1857)

Word Meanings

violent – involving physical force, for
sepoys – soldiers, fuerunt
sore-angry,

9. The Fight for Freedom (1857)

Word Meanings

upsurge – (here) a rapid or abrupt rise of rebels,
bitter- unhappy,
pitched – substantial, ate
pounced-attacked,

KSEEB Class 8 English Reader Solutions For Glimpses Of The Past 

Glimpses of the past Textbook Exercises (Solved)

Working With The Text 

Answer the following questions.

1. Do you think the Indian princes were short-sighted in their approach to the events of 1757?
   Answer. Yes, the Indian princes were short-sighted in their approach to the events of 1757. They fought among themselves. They failed to understand that they were becoming weaker.
2.  How did the East India Company subdue the Indian princes?
   Answer. The rivalries among the Indian princes helped the East India Company to subdue them easily. Indian princes fought with one another. The people had no peace due to their constant fights. The British took advantage of the situation and subdued the Indian princes one by one.
3.  Quote words used by Raja Ram Mohan Roy to say that every religion teaches the same principles.
   Answer. “Cows are of different colors. But the color of their milk is the same. Different teachers have different opinions but the essence of every religion is the same.”
4.  In what way did the British officers exploit Indians?
   Answer. The British officers drew huge salaries. They also made fortune in private businesses. This ruined the Indian traders.
5. Name these people.
   The ruler who fought a pitched battle against the British and died fighting.
    The person who wanted to reform the society.
   The person who recommended the introduction of English education in India.
   Two popular leaders who led the revolt. (Choices may vary.)Answer
   Tipu Sultan
   Raja Ram Mohan Roy
   Macaulay
   (a) Bahadur Shah Zafar
   (b) Nana Sahib

Glimpses of the past Working With Language 

In comics what the characters speak is put in bubbles. This is direct narration. When we report what the characters speak, we use the method of direct narrative on.
Study these examples.
First farmer: Why are your men taking away the entire crop?
Second farmer: Your men have taken away everything.
Officer: You are still in arrears. If you don’t pay tax next week, I’ll send you to jail.
• The first farmer asked the officer why his men were taking away the entire crop.
• The second farmer said that his men had taken away everything.
• The officer replied that they were still in arrears and warned them that if they did not pay tax the following week he (the officer) would send: them (the farmers) to jail.

I. Change the following sentences into indirect speech.

1. First man: We must educate our brothers.
   Second man: And try to improve their material conditions.
   Third man: for that, we must convey our grievances to the British Parliament
   The first man said that_______________________________
   The second man added that_________________________
   The third man suggested that_________________________
2. First soldier: the white soldier gets huge pay, mansions, and servants.
   Second soldier: we get a pittance and slow promotions.
   Third soldier: who are the British to abolish our customs?
   The first soldier said that___________________________________
   The second soldier remarked that__________________________
   The third soldier asked______________________________________

Answer.

1.  they must educate their brothers.
   they must try to improve their material condition.
   for that, they must convey their grievances to the British Parliament.
2.  the white soldiers got huge pay, mansions, and servants,
   they got a pittance and slow promotions,
   who the British were to abolish their customs.

Glimpses Of the Past Class 8 KSEEB Questions And Answers 

Glimpses of the past Speaking And Writing 

1. Play-act the role of farmers who have grievances against the policies of the government. Rewrite their speech bubbles’ in dialogue form first.

First farmer: Britishers have taken away all my crops.
Second farmer: It is a shame that we pay such heavy taxes.
Third farmer: There is famine year after year. All our crops are dead. How will we pay them? Fourth
farmer: They say I am still in arrears. If I don’t pay next week, they will send me to jail.
Note. Write the dialogue in ‘speech bubbles and then enact the’

2. Look at the pictures.

My mother used to say: “Be careful how you take the advice of people you don’t know.”

(1) Ask one another questions about the picture.

All the answers to these questions have been given in the following story

(2) Write the story in your own words. Give it a title.

Answer. The Fox and the Goat A fox went to a well to drink water. Accidently, he fell into it. He tried to get out but was not successful. In the meantime, a goat came there. She saw the fox inside the well. She asked him how all that had happened. The fox was very cunning. He told the goat that he was enjoying the water The goat asked him if the water was sweet The fox very smartly replied that it was the sweetest water he had ever tasted. The goat said, “Let me taste it too.” He asked her to bend down. When the goat bent down, the fox hung on to the goat and came out of the water and the goat fell in. He went away saying, “Now enjoy the sweet water.” The story teaches us that we should be aware of cunning people.

3. Read the following news item.

History becomes fun at this school

Mumbai: Students in the sixth grade of a certain school in Navi Mumbai love their history lessons thanks to a novel teaching aid. It is not surprising given the fact that their study material includes comic books and they use their textbooks for reference to put things into perspective. Besides, students are encouraged to tap other sources of information as well. During history classes, students pore over comic strips of historical periods, enact characters of emperors and tyrants, and have animated discussions on the subject. History has become fun.

In the class students are asked to read the comic strip aloud, after which they break up into groups of four, discuss what they have heard and write a summary-. Each group leader reads his group’s summary’ aloud and the whole class jumps into discussion and debate, adding points, disagreeing, and qualifying points of view. A sixth-grade student says, “It’s a lot of fun because everyone gets a chance to express themselves and the summary’ takes everyone’s ideas into account.”

According to the school principal, the comic strip format and visuals appeal to students. A historian feels that using comics in schools is a great idea Comics and acting help students understand what characters in the story are actually thinking. (adapted from The Times of India, New Delhi, October 2007)

Based on this news item, write a paragraph on what you think about this new method of teaching history.

Answer. This method of teaching history is really very interesting and appealing. Students enjoy reading comics. So they understand the facts easily. Visuals make a permanent orint on their minds. Besides, playacting helps them to know the nature and thoughts of the historical personalities.

Explanation Of Glimpses Of The Past KSEEB Class 8 

Glimpses Of The Past Extract Based Questions

Read the extracts given below and answer the questions that follow.

1. With its superior weapons, the British cast India company was extending its power in 18th-century India. Indian princesses were short-sighted.
That upstart Raja Bah! Call the English merchants. They will help me to defeat him.
The people had no peace due to such constant fights.
The rivalries helped the East India Company and it could easily subdue Indian princes one by one.

1.  What were the superior weapons?
2. Why were Indian princes called short-sighted?
3.  Who fought among themselves?
4.  What helped the East India Company?
5.  What did the company do?Answer.

1. The superior weapons were guns.
2.  Indian princes were unable to understand the consequences of their actions.
3.  Indian princes fought among themselves.
4.  Rivalries among princes helped the East India Company.
5.  The company captured the Indian states are by one

2.”Let us not despise ourselves our, ancient culture is great. And we are capable of greater achievements. We must first reform our society. Superstitious have been ruining us.” He told his wife Uma-“Cows are of different colors, but the color of their milk is the same.” Different teachers have different opinions but the essence of every religion is the same. He was attracted by science and modem knowledge. “Knowledge should be practical and scientific.”

1.  Who speaks the opening lines?
2.  Who are capable of greater achievements?
3.  What is the essence of every religion?
4.  How should be the knowledge?
5.  What attracted the speaker?Answer.

1. Raja Ram Mohan Roy speaks the opening lines.
2.  Indians are capable of greater achievements.
3.  Every religion teaches us to be tolerant towards each other.
4.  Knowledge should be practical and scientific.
5.  Science and modem knowledge attracted the speaker.

3. Taxes continued to ruin the peasants. In Bengal, the Santhals who had lost their lands under new land rules became desperate. In 1855, they rose to rebellion and massacred Europeans and their supporters alike. Discontent was brewing in the East India company’s army too. “The whole soldier gets huge pay, mansions to live in, servants.” “While we get a pittance and slow promotions”

1.  What ruined the peasants?
2.  Who lost their lands under new land rules?
3. When did they rise to rebellion?
4. What did they do?
5.  Who else was discontented?Answer.

1.  Taxes ruined the peasants.
2. Santhals lost their lands under new land rules.
3.  They rose to rebellion in 1855.
4. They massacred Europeans and their supporters alike.
5.  East India company’s army was discontented.

Glimpses Of The Past Very Short Answer Questiona

1. What made the Indian princes weak?
   Answer. Their short-sightedness and mutual rivalries made the Indian princes weak
2. What made the Indian people poor and unhappy under the British rule? Give one reason.
   Answer. The wrong administrative policies of the British made the Indian people poor and unhappy.
3. Who was Ram Mohan Roy?
   Answer. Ram Mohan Roy was a great social reformer who awakened the Indian masses.
4. What were the last words of Kunwar Singh of Bihar?
   Answer. His last words were: “Mother Ganga! This is my last offering to you.”

Short Answer Type Questions

1.  What role did Western Education play in preparing people for the revolt of 1857?
   
   Answer. The spread of Western Education in India changed the outlook of the people. They came to understand the causes behind their misery and suffering. They revolted against the British rulers in 1857.
2. How did the wrong policies of the British rule cause discontent among the Indians?
   
   Answer. The British rule in India was an oppressive one. Their administrative policies made the people poor and unhappy. They imposed heavy taxes on the Indians and destroyed the cottage. industries. Through foreign trade, they took away a huge sum of money to their country. All this
   caused discontent among Indians.

Glimpses Of The Past Long Answer Type Questions

From where did the Revolt of 1857 start? How did it spread all over India?

Answer. The Revolt of 1857 started in Meerut led by the sepoys of East Indian Company. Soon it spread far and wide. The Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was declared the Emperor of India. Almost all the classes of the Indian society- joined hands with the Indian sepoys for the revolt Former rulers like Begum Hazrat Mahal of Lucknow, Maulvi Ahmedulla of Faizabad, and Tipu Sultan of Mysore played an important role in the armed struggle against the British. Kanpur, Jhansi, and Allahabad became the main centers of the revolt. The patriots pounced upon the British and fought bravely against them.

Macavity-The Mystery Cat Summary In English

The poem deals with a master criminal whom the poet calls Macavity, the mystery cat. He is also called the Hidden Paw.
The poet says that he defies law again and again, but he is never caught. When the Flying Squad reaches the scene of a crime, Macavity is not there. He always leaves the Scotland Yard puzzled. In committing crimes no one is like Macavity. He has broken almost every human law. He breaks the laws of nature too. He breaks the law of gravity. He has extraordinary power to float in the air without any support. But he is always beyond the reach of the police.
Macavity is tall and thin. One can recognise him by his physical features. His eyes are sunken in and his head is highly domed. He sways his head from side to side like a snake. His coat is dusty and his whiskers are uncombed. He is a devil in the shape of a cat. He is morally corrupt. You may meet and see him everywhere. But whenever some crime of his is discovered, he is not there.

Macavity-The Mystery Cat Summary In Hindi

यह कविता एक शातिर अपराधी से संबंधित है जिसे कवि Macavity नामक रहस्यमयी बिल्ला कहता है। वह छिपा पंजा भी कहलाता है।
कवि कहता है कि वह बार-बार कानून का उलंघन करता है परन्तु कभी पकड़ा नहीं जाता। जब उड़नदस्ता अपराध के घटना स्थल पर पहुंचता है, Macavity वहां नहीं होता। इसलिए लंदन पुलिस बल उलझन में है। जुर्म करने में Macavity की बराबरी कोई नहीं कर सकता। उसने सारे मानव निर्मित कानून तोड़ दिए है। उसने प्रकृति के सिद्धान्त को भी तोड़ दिया है। उदाहरणस्वरूप गुरुत्वाकर्षण का सिद्धान्त। उसमें बिना किसी सहारे के वायु में तैरने की असाधारण शक्ति है। परन्तु वह सदा पुलिस की पहुंच से बाहर है।
Macavity लम्बा पतला है। कोई भी उसे उसकी शारीरिक बनावट से पहचान सकता है। उसकी आंखें अन्दर धंसी हुई है और सिर गुम्बद जैसा है। वह अपने सिर को सांप की भान्ति इधर-इधर हिलाता है। उसकी खाल गंदी और मूंछे अस्त-व्यस्त हैं। इस शैतान की आकृति बिल्ले जैसी है। वह नैतिक रूप से भ्रष्ट है। आप उसे कभी भी कहीं भी मिल सकते हैं, परन्तु जब कभी उसके किसी अपराध का पता चलता है, वह अपराध स्थल पर नहीं होता।

KSEEB Class 8 English Chapter 3 Important Questions 

Macavity-The Mystery Cat Hindi Translation Of The Lesson (With Word Meanings)

Do you have a pet cat? Have you ever noticed anything mysterious about it? It is not easy to say whether every cat is a mystery, but Macavity is one, for sure. What is that makes him a perfect mystery cat? Read the poem and find out.

क्या आपके पास एक पालतु बिल्ली है। क्या तुमने उसके बारे में कुछ रहस्यमयी महसूस करा है। यह कहना आसान नहीं है कि हर बिल्ली रहस्यमयी होती है। परन्तु Macavity है। ऐसा क्या है जो उसे एक पूर्ण रहस्यमयी बिल्ला बनाता है। कविता पढ़िए और जानिए।

1. Macavity’s a Mystery Cat: he’s called the Hidden Paw
For he’s the master criminal who can defy the Law. He’s the bafflement of Scotland Yard, the Flying Squad’s despair: For when they reach the scene of the crime- Macavity’s not there!

Macavity एक रहस्यमयी बिल्ली है जो छुपा हुआ पंजा भी कहलाती है।
वह एक शातिर अपराधी है जो कानून को धोखा दे सकता है।  Scotland Yard की पुलिस को उसने असमंजस में डाला है और Flying Squad निराश है। क्योंकि जब भी वह घटना स्थल पर पहुँचते है Macavity गायब हो जाता है

Word Meanings

paw- claved foot, पंजा
despair- a state in which all hope is lost, निराशा
defy- disobey, उल्लंघन करना
bafflement confusion, उलझन
mystery – something that is impossible to understand, रहस्यमय

2. Macavity, Macavity, there is no one like Macavity, He’s broken every human law, he breaks the law of gravity. His powers of levitation would make a fakir stare, And when you reach the scene of the crime – Macavity’s not there You may seek him in the basement, you may look up in the air But I tell you once and once again, Macavity’s not there

Macavity जैसा कोई नहीं है। उसने सभी मानवीय कानून भंग कर दिए है। वह गुत्वाकर्षण का नियम भी तोड़ देता है। उसमें बिना सहारे हवा में उड़ने की इतनी शक्ति है कि कोई फकीर उसे देखता रह जाता है। परंतु जब भी कोई अपराध स्थल पर पहुंचता है, Macavity वहां नहीं मिलता। तुम उसे तहखाने में ढूंढ सकते हो, तुम उसे हवा में देख सकते हो, परंतु मैं तुम्हें एक बार फिर यह बता देता हूँ कि Macavity यहां नहीं मिलेगा।

Word Meanings

gravity-attraction of the earth’s center, गुरुत्वाकर्षण
levitation – floating in the air without support, बिना सहारे हवा में उड़ना
stare gaze, ध्यान से देखना
basement underground place, तहखाना

3. Macavity’s a ginger cat, he’s very tall and thin; You would know him if you saw him, for his eyes are sunken in. His brow is deeply lined with thought, his head is highly domed; His coat is dusty from neglect, his whiskers are uncombed. He sways his head from side to side, with movements like a snake; And when you think he’s half asleep, he’s always wide awake.

Macavity बहुत ही मक्कार (पूर्त) बिल्ला है वह बहुत ही लम्बा तथा पतला है तुम उसे देखते ही पहचान जाओगे क्योंकि उसकी आखें अंदर की ओर घंसी हुई है। उसकी भौंहे विचारों में डूबे रहने के कारण तनी हुई है और उसका सिर पूरी तरह गुम्बदाकार है। उसका कोट (खाल) उसकी लापरवाही के कारण धूल से भरा रहता है। उसकी मूंछे उलझी हुई है, वह अपना सिर सांप की तरह इधर-उधर झुलाता रहता है और जब आप ये सोचते है कि वह आधी नींद सोया हुआ है वह हमेशा पूरी तरह सजग होता है।

Word Meanings

domed-shaped like a dome,
ginger cat – a brown-colored cat,  होने का रूपक
sunken – deep set, ter
sway – to move, a

4. Macavity, Macavity, there’s no one like Macavity, For he’s a fiend in feline shape, a monster of depravity. You may meet him in a by-street, you may see him in the square- But when a crime’s discovered, then Macavity’s not there!

Macavity जैसा कोई नहीं क्योंकि यह बिल्ली रूपी शैतान है तथा अनैतिकता रूपी राक्षस है वह आपकों छोटी सी गली में मिल सकता है। वह तुम्हें चौंक पर दिखाई दे सकता है। परंतु जब कोई अपराध सामने आता है, तो Macavity, हाथ नहीं आता।

Word Meanings

fiend devil, शैतान
depravity-moral corruption,
square – crossing, t
feline- cat like, facetten
monster- devil, टौतान, राक्षस

Analysis Of Glimpses Of The Past KSEEB English Reader 

Macavity-The Mystery Cat Textbook Exercises (Solved)

1. Working With The Poem
   Read the first stanza and think.Is Macavity a cat really?
    If not, who can Macavity be?
   
   Answer.No, Macavity is not a cat.
   Macavity is a notorious criminal.
2.  Complete the following sentences.
   
   (1) A master criminal is one who_____________
   (2) The Scotland Yard is baffled because___________________
   (3)______________because Macavity moves much faster than them.
   
   Answer.
   (1) commits a crime and leaves no sign.
   (2) Macavity is not found at the scene of the crime.
   (3) The police fail to arrest him
3. “A cat, I am sure, could walk on a cloud without coming through”. (Jules Verne) Which law is Macavity breaking in light of the comment above?
   Answer. Macavity is breaking the law of gravity.
4.  Read stanza 3 and, then, describe Macavity in two or three sentences of your own.
   Answer. Macavity is very tall and thin. His head is highly domed and his eyes are sunken. He never combs his whiskers or dusts his coat. He sways his head from side to side like a snake.
   
   
5.  Say ‘False’ or ‘True’ for each of the following statements.
6. Macavity is not an ordinary cat.
7. Macavity cannot do what a fakir can easily do.
8.  Macavity has supernatural powers.
9.  Macavity is well-dressed, smart, and bright
10.  Macavity is a spy. a trickster and a criminal, all rolled into one.
    
    Answer 

1.  True
2.  False
3.  True
4.  False
5. True
6.  Having read the poem, try to guess whether the poet is fond of cats. If so, why does he call Macavity a fiend and monster?
   Answer. Yes, the poet is fond of cats. But he does not like Macavity as he is a big criminal. He dodges the police every time. So, he calls him a fiend and monster.
7. Has the poet used exaggeration for special effects? Find a few examples of it and read those lines aloud.
   Answer. Yes, the poet has used exaggeration for special effects He has tried to show that Macavity has supernatural powers. The following lines support it:

1. He breaks the law of gravity.
2.  His powers of levitation would make a fakir stare.
3. You may seek him in the basement you may look up in the air But I tell you once and once again Macavity is not there

Macavity-The Mystery Cat Extract-Based Questions

Read the stanzas given below and answer the questions that follow.

(1) Macavity, Macavity, there is no one like Macavity, He’s broken every human law he breaks the law of gravity. His powers of levitation would make a fakir stare, And when you reach the scene of crime Macavity’s not there! You may seek him in the basement you may look up in the air – But I tell you once and once again, Macavity’s not there

1. Who has broken every human law?
   Answer. Macavity has broken every human law.
2.  What makes a fakir stare?
   Answer. Macavity’s powers of levitation make a fakir stare.
3.  Which law of nature does Macavity break?
   Answer. Macavity breaks the law of gravitation.
4.  Can we find Macavity anywhere?
   Answer. No, we can’t find it. Macavity’ anywhere.
5. Write the rhyming words in the stanza.
   Answer. Macavity-gravity, stare-there-air’

(2) Macavit/s is a ginger cat, he’s very tall and thin; You would know him if you saw him, for his eyes are sunken in. His brow is deeply lined with thought, his head is highly domed; His coat is dusty from neglect, and his whiskers are uncombed. He sways his head from side to side, with movements like a snake; And when you think he’s half asleep, he’s always wide awake.

1. How does Macavity look? Mention two of his physical features.
   Answer. Macavity is tall and thin. His eyes are sunken in.
2. What type of head does he have?
   Answer. He has a highly domed head.
3. How does he sway his head?
   Answer. He sways his head the way a snake does.
4. Why does he look dirty?
   Answer. He looks dirty because his coat is dusty and his whiskers are uncombed.
5. Are we right when we think Macavity is half asleep?
   Answer. No, we are not right. He is always wide awake.

Macavity-The Mystery Cat Additional Questions

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1.  Why does the poet say, ‘there is no one like Macavity’?
   Answer. The poet says so because Macavity has broken every human law.
2.  What makes Macavity a master criminal?
   Answer. Macavity leaves no signs at the scene of the crime This makes him a master criminal.
3.  What power of Macavity surprises even a fakir?
   Answer. His power of levitation surprises even a fakir.
4. What is the other name of the mystery cat?
   Answer. His other name is the Hidden Paw.

Macavity-The Mystery Cat Short Answer Type Questions

1. Give the central idea of the poem?
   Answer. The poem is based on the theme of crime and law. It is said that law has long hands. No criminal are can escape from them. But it does not apply to Macavity, a master criminal. He breaks the law again and again and leaves no signs. So he remains beyond the reach of the law.
2.  Why is Macavity called a mystery cat?
   Answer. Macavity is as clever and as active as a cat He also resembles a cat in his appearance. Besides, crimes committed by him always remain a mystery. Tnat is why Macavity is caJled a mystery cat.

Macavity-The Mystery Cat Long Answer Type Questions

1. How does the poet describe Macavity as a master criminal?
   Answer. The poem deals with a master criminal whom the poet calls Macavity, the mystery cat. He is also called the Hidden Paw. The poet says that he defies the law again and again, but he s never caught. When the Flying Squad reaches the scene of the crime, Macavity is not there. So Scotland Yard is puzzled. In committing crimes no one is like Macavity. He has broken almost every human law. He also breaks the law of gravity as he has extraordinary powers to float in the air without any support But he is always beyond the reach of the police.
2.  Mention the physical features of Macavity. Does he lead a moral life?
   Answer. Macavity is tall and thin. His eyes are sunken in and his head is highly domed. He sways his head from side to side like a snake. His coat is dusty and his whiskers are uncombed. He is a devil who is shaped like a cat. Macavity is morally corrupt, he commits crime after crime without being caught.

KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 English Karnataka State Syllabus

• Chapter 1 The Best Christmas Present in the World
• Chapter 2 The Tsunami
• Chapter 3 Glimpses of the past
• Chapter 4 Bepin Choudhury’s Lapse Of Memory
• Chapter 5 The Summit Within
• Chapter 6 This Is Jody’s Fawn
• Chapter 7 A Visit to Cambridge
• Chapter 8 A Short Monsoon Diary
• Chapter 9 The Great Stone Face 1
• Chapter 9 The Comet-1
• Chapter 10 The Comet-2

KSEEB Class 8 English Supplementary Readers contains Textbook Readers and Supplementary Readers of all chapters are part of Revision Notes for grade 8 English. Here we have given notes Class VIII.

• Chapter 1 How The Camel Got His Hump
• Chapter 2 Children at Work
• Chapter 3 The Selfish Giant
• Chapter 4 The Treasure Within
• Chapter -5 Princess September
• Chapter 6 The Fight
• Chapter 7 The Open Window
• Chapter 8 Jalebis
• Chapter 9 The Comet-1
• Chapter 10 The Comet-2