class 8

KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Geography Chapter 2 Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Questions

Question 1. Answer the following questions:

(a) Which are the two main climatic factors responsible for soil formation?

Answer. Temperature and precipitation are the main climatic factors responsible for soil formation.

(b) Write any two reasons for land degradation today.

Answer. There are many factors which lead to degradation of land. Both nature and human factors can lead to degradation of land.

(a) Growing population and their ever growing demand is the main reason of land degradation today.

(b) Deforestation is another main reason of land degradation.

(c) Why is land considered an important resource?

Answer. Land is considered an important resource because:

(a) It is used for different purposes such as agriculture, forest, mining, pastures, etc.

(b) Human beings make their houses and idea on it and it also provides most of the products they need like food, wood, etc.

(c) Human beings set up their industries, build roads and run other commercial activities.

(d) Name any two steps that government has taken to conserve plants and animals.

Answer. In order to conserve plants and animals, the government has taken the following steps:

(a) Many National Paries, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Biosphere Reserves have been established to protect and conserve wildlife.

(b) In India, killing of lions, tiger’s, deer, great Indian bustards and peacocks have been banned.

(e) Suggest three ways to conserve water.

Answer. Water is a vital resource for development of economic activities. Water should be conserved in the following ways:

(a) Water pollution should be prevented. Water of ocean and  rivers  and lakes should not be polluted. It should be saved from urban waste and chemicals of industries.

(b) Dams should be built across the rivers and lakes to store water in reservoirs.

(c) Forests and other vegetation cover slows the surface run off and replenishs underground water.

(d) Water harvesting is another method to save surface run off.

Question 2. Tick the correct Answer

(a) Which one of the following is not a factor of soil formation?

(a) Time
(b) Soil texture
(c) Organic matter.

Answer. (b) Soil Texture.

(b) Which one of the following methods is most appropriate to check soil erosion on steep slopes?

(a) Shelter belts
(b) Mulchirg
(c) Terrace cultivation.

Answer. (c) Terrace Cultivation.

(c) Which one of the following is not in favour of the conservation of nature?

(a) Switch off the bulb when not in use.
(b) Close the tap immediately after using.
(c) Dispose pol/packs after shopping.

Answer. (c) Dispose pol/packs after shopping.

Class 8 Geography KSEEB Land, Soil, Water Notes 

Question 3. Match the following:

Answer. (i) (c); (b) (d); (c) (a); (d) (b).

Question 4. State whether the given statements are true or false. If true, write the reasons.

(a) Ganga-Brahmaputra plain of India is an ever-populated region.

Answer. It is true.

The Ganga-Brahmaputra plain of India is an over-populated region because this plain is formed by the rivers Ganga and Brahmaputra and their tributaries. This plain has fertile soil, which is good for agriculture. It is flat and level. It is very easy to construct roads, build houses and set up industries in this region. So it is thickly populated.

(b) Water availability per person in India is declining.

Answer. it is true.

India’s population is increasing rapidly, but we cannot change the amount of water available to us. It is constant. Due to increasing population, its demand is also rising.

(c) Rows of trees planted in the coastal areas, to check the wind movement, is called inter cropping.

Answer. it is false.

(d) Human interference and changes of climate can maintain the ecosystem.

Answer. it is false.

KSEEB Class 8 Geography Solutions For Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation, And Wildlife 

Land Soil Water Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Text Questions

Question 1. Observe the land, type of soil and water availability in the region you live. Discuss in your class, how it has influenced the lifestyle of people there.

Answer. Do it as per the instructions given.

Question 2 Talk to some elderly person in your family or neighbour hood and collect information about changes in the land use over years, where you live. Display your findings on a bulletin board in your classroom.

Answer. Do it as per the instructions given.

Land Soil Water Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Activity

Question 1 . In India, soils could be alluvial, black, red, laterite, desertic and mountain soil. Collect a handful of different types of soil and observe how they are different?

Answer. Do it as per the instructions given.

Question 2. Take two trays A and B of same size. Make six holes in the end of these trays and then fill them with the same amount of soil. Leave the soil in tray A bare while grow grass in tray B. When the grass in tray B has grown few centimetres high, place both the trays in such a way that they are on a slope. Pour one mug of water from the same height into trays. Collect the muddy water that trickles down the holes of both trays in two separate containers and compare how much soil is washed out of each tray?

Answer. Do it as per the instructions given.

Question 3. An average urban Indian uses about 135 litres of water every day

Can you suggest some ways to bring down this use?

Answer. We can save water by reducing its misuse. The following table will help in reducing water usage

Question 4. Study the given table and Answer the following questions:

                                                                                                             Land Use in Selected Countries

(a) Name the countries having the highest percentage of land under cropland, forest, pasture and other uses.
(b) How would you relate the land use patterns of these countries with the probable economic activities?

Answer. (a)

(a) India has the highest percentage of land under cropland.
(b) Japan has the highest percentage of land under forest.
(c) Australia has the highest percentage of land under pasture.
(d) Canada has the highest percentage of land under other uses.

Answer. (b)

(a) India is an agricultural country so it uses maximum land for the crops.
(b) Japan has mountainous land and it is covered with the forests. These forests are used as natural resources.
(c) Australia’s pasture land is very useful for cattle rearing.
(d) Canada uses its resources for Paper and Pulp industry.

Land, Soil, Water, and Natural Vegetation Class 8 KSEEB Questions And Answers 

Land Soil Water Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Additional Questions (Solved)

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Name the human requirements obtained from land.

Answer. Food, crops, clothing, wood for fuel, construction and housing.

Question 2. What is meant by conservation?

Answer. It means to use the natural resources carefully without wastage.

Question 3. What do you mean by land use?

Answer. The use of land for different purposes like agriculture, roads.

Question 4. Which is the most important resource for human beings?

Answer. Land is the most important resource for human beings.

Question 5. Name the physical factors which influence land use pattern.

Answer. Topography and soil.

Question 6. Name two areas which are densely populated.

Answer. Plains and river valleys are densely populated.

Question 7. Give two reasons for dense population in plains and river valleys.

Answer.

(a) The land is flat and good for agriculture.
(b) Construction of roads is very easy.

Question 8 .What is land use pattern?

Answer. The proportion of land put to different uses is called land use pattern.

Question 9. For which purposes is land used?

Answer. Land is used for following purposes:

(a) Building houses
(b) Construction of roads
(c) Cultivation of crops
(d) Grazing
(f) Manufacturing
(g) Mining.

Question 10. Name three kinds of areas which are normally sparsely populated or uninhabitated.

Answer. The rugged topography, steep slopes of mountains and desert areas are normally sparsely populated.

Question 11. Which physical factors determine land use?

Answer. The use of land is determined by physical factors such as topography, soil, climate, minerals and availability of water.

Question 12. Which human factors are determinant of lard use pattern?

Answer. Population and technology.

Question 13. On which basis we can divide land?

Answer. We can divide land on the basis of private land and community land.

Question 14 . Which land is also called common property resources?

Answer. Community land is also called common property resources.

Question 15. What is responsible for rapid depletion of all kinds of resources?

Answer. Increasing consumption of resources and population growth.

Explanation Of Land, Soil, Water In KSEEB Class 8 Geography 

Question 16. Give one reason for variation in the level of development in world.

Answer. Highly uneven distribution of resources.

Question 17. What is fallow land?

Answer. A piece of land left uncultivated after two or three years, to restore its fertility.

Question 18. Write any two methods of land conservation.

Answer.

(a) Afforestation;
(b) Checks on over-grazing.

Question 19. What is landslide?

Answer. Landslides are the mass movement of rock, debris or earth down a slope.

Question 20. Name two factors responsible for landslides.

Answer. Earthquakes, floods and volcanoes.

Question 21. Name any two methods of soil conservation

Answer. Afforestation, building of bunds or check dams.

Question 22. Mention two types of soil erosion.

Answer. Wind erosion, gully erosion.

Question 23. Mention three physical factors causing soil erosion.

Answer.

(a) Velocity of wind;
(b) Intensity of rainfall;
(c) Slope.

Question 24. Write four human factors causing soil erosion.

Answer.

(a) Deforestation
(b) Over-grazing
(c) Over irrigation
(d) Poor agriculture practices.

Question 25. What are the elements of soil?

Answer. It consists of Doth organic and inorganic substances.

Question 26.Why the soil must be fertile?

Answer. Because the growth of plants and crops depends on the fertility of the soil.

Question 27. What is meant by land degradation?

Answer. Degradation of land means rendering the land unfrt for cultivation.

Question 28 . Name any two human activities responsible for land degradation.

Answer.

(a) Over-grazing;
(b) Deforestation.

Question 29. Mention two serious problems careless use of land can lead to.

Answer. Soil erosion and shortage of crop land.

Question 30. Name two ways by which soil can be conserved in hilly and mountainous areas.

Answer.

(a) Terrace farming;
(b) Contour farming.

KSEEB notes for Class 8 Geography Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation 

Question 31. How much part of the Earth is covered with water?

Answer. About 71 %.

Question 32. By which method can the complete disinfection of drinking water be done?

Answer. Through chlorination.

Question 33. Name a water saving technique of irrigation.

Answer. Sprinklers or drip irrigation.

Question 34. How can surface water be conserved?

Answer. Surface water can be conserved by rain water harvesting method.

Question 35. What is meant by wildlife?

Answer. It refers to a variety of life forms like birds, animals, insects, fishes which live in a natural habitat

Question 36. Name two factors that influence plant growth.

Answer.

(a) Temperature;
(b) Moisture.

Question 37. What is a biosphere?

Answer. A thin zone of contact between lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere.

Question 38.What is an ecosystem?

Answer .In the biosphere living beings are interrelated and interdependent on each other for survival. This life supporting system is called the Ecosystem.

Question 39.What are the major vegetation types of land in the world?

Answer The major vegetation types of the world are grouped as forests, grasslands, shrubs and tundra.

KSEEB Class 8 Geography Chapter 2 Important Questions 

Question 40.What is afforestation?

Answer Planting of trees in new areas is known as afforestation.

Question 41.Mention the two ways by which wildlife is conserved.

Answer Wild life is conserved through National parks, wildlife sanctuaries and biosphere reserves.

Question 42 .Give full form of CITES.

Answer CITES means the Conservation of International Trade Endangered Species of wild fauna and flora.

Question 43 .Name two awareness programmes relating wildlife.

Answer Social forestry and Vana Mahotasava.

Question 44.Which products are obtained from forests and wildlife?

Answer. Wood, barks, leaves, rubber, medicines, dyes, food, fuel fodder, manures, etc.

Question 45. How much percentage of the total area of earth is covered by land?

Answer. 30%.

Question 46. Name two methods of saving water.

Answer.

(a) Rain water harvesting;
(b) Sprinkle irrigation.

Question 47. Why is the sea water not useful for human beings?

Answer. The sea water is saline. So it is not fit for human consumption.

Land Soil Water Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Write a note on conservation of forests.

Answer. Forests are the important components of our environment. Rapid destruction of this important resource has been a cause of concern. Hence, we need to conserve this renewable resource. One of the most important measures of forest conservation is to plant trees, i.e., afforestation. Besides, preventing the reckless cutting of trees and creating an awareness about the importance of forests among all communities may help conserve the forests.

Question 2. What are the factors that control soil formation?

Answer.

Soil formation is controlled by five factors. These are:

(a) Nature of parent rock
(b) The topography
(c) The climate
(d) The organism in the soil
(e) Time.

Question 3. What shows the changes in land use pattern!

Answer.
The changing of land use pattern clearly indicates rise in yield of food-grains per hectare o’ land area. The cumulative yield has risen from 552 <g in 1951 to 1697 kg in 2000 which represents more than three times increase. It clearly shows the charge in land use pattern.

Question 4.What is the main cause of changing of land use pattern?

Answer. In some parts, forests are changed into crop lands and agricultural land is converted into buildings, factories, roads and air ports.

Question 5. Loose soil with less vegetation is more exposed to erosion. Why?

Answer. Loose soil with less vegetation is more exposed to erosion because if there is less vegetation, the running water carries the soil down the slopes and also it is carried by high velocity winds.

Detailed Notes On Natural Vegetation and Wildlife KSEEB Geography 

Question 6. What is the difference between private land and community land?

Answer. Land can be divided on the basis of private and community’ land. Private land is that land which is owned by individuals and it is used by them to fulfil their requirements. Whereas, the land owned by a particular community to fulfill their common needs and requirements, it is called Community land. It is used for collection of fodder, fruits, nuts or medicinal herbs etc. These community lands are also called common property resources.

Question 7. Give a brief account of Mamba’s family.

Answer. Mamba lives in a small village in Tanzania, Africa. She lives with her family. Her father is a small farmer who works hard in the fields. Her mother is a house lady. Her brothers take care of goats. She helps her family in the work.

Question 8. What do you know about Peter and his family?

Answer. Peter lives in New Zealand. His family runs a wool processing factory. Peter is a student After his school, he helps his uncle. Their sheep yard is situated on a wide grassy plain with hills in the far distance. It is equipped with the latest technology. They also grow vegetables through organic farming.

Question 9. Why does soil lose its fertility?

Answer. The soil loses its fertility when it is continuously used. When crops are grown every year it loses its nutrients, which are necessary for good soil.

Question 10. List four factors responsible for soil erosion.

Answer. The four factors responsible for soil erosion are:

(a) Deforestation or removal of forests.
(b) Over-grazing of land especially by goats and sheep.
(c) Velocity of winds-when winds ta<e the shape of dust storms they lead to soil erosion.
(d) Intensity of rainfall-Torrential rains cause greater erosion.

Question 11. In what way can we check soil erosion from wind action in a dry region?

Answer. We can check soil erosion from wind action in a dry’ region by growing trees in rows. It will check the movement of the w ind and protect the soil cover.

Question 12. What is meant by conservation?

Answer. Conservation means to conserve. It means  to use the natural resources carefully without wastage. They are important to us, so they should be used wisely so that they are not exhausted and we may have to face their scarcity. Conservation allows generations to enjoy the things which the people are enjoying today.

Question 13. What factors control the utilisation of land?

Answer. The physical and human factors control the utilisation of land. These include:

(a) Relief of features;
(b) Climatic conditions;
(c) Soils;
(d) Density of population;
(e) Technical level j of the people;
(f) Land tenure;
(g) Duration of the occupation of the area, etc. The interplay of j physical and human factors has developed many types of land uses.

Question 14. What is soil?

Answer. The upper most layer of the earth’s crust is called soil. It is loose, fragmented and useful for plants.

Question 15. What are alluvial soils?

Answer. These soils are formed by the deposits brought down by the rivers year after year. These are very-fertile soils.

Question 16. What factors control the cultivation of land in India?

Answer. India is the only country in the world having the highest percentage of land (57%) under cropland. Land is needed to produce food camps for human beings and raw materials for industries. All types of land cannot be cultivated. The cultivation of land depends upon:

(a)The fertility of soil;
(b) The relief of the land;
(c) The availability of water,
(d) The need of the people.

Question 17. What is landslide? What are its factors?

Answer. The mass movement of rock, debris or earth down a slope is defined as landslide. It is often caused by earthquakes, floods and volcanoes. A heavy– or long spell of rain can cause heavy landslide. Sometimes, it can block the river flow for quite sometime.

Simplified Notes for KSEEB Class 8 Land, Soil, Water, And Wildlife 

Question 18. What are the reasons of forest fire?

Answer. Forest fire is a major threat to entire region of flora and fauna. There are three main reasons of it are:

(a) Natural fire due to lightning.
(b) Fire due to heat generated in the litter due to carelessness of people.
(c) Purposely caused fire by local inhabitants.

Question 19. List three basic ways through which energy s obtained.

Answer. Energy is the capacity to do work. It car be obtained by:

(a) Direct heating like: fire, sun, etc.
(b) Electricity
(c) Stored energy in the form of a battery-.

Question 20. Discuss the factors influencing the plant and wild life resources.

Answer. There are many factors which influence the pant and wild life resources.

(a) The environment has a great influence or the type of organism living in an area.
(b) The climatic conditions also bring variations in the types of plants and animals which are found in a particular region.
(c) Moisture and temperature affect the plants. The areas with heavy rainfall, have thick forests and as rainfall decreases, the forests also become scarce.

Question 21. What are the different techniques of rain water harvesting?

Answer. The different techniques for rain water harvesting are:
(a)Construction of percolation pits, trenches and fields.
(b) Refilling of dug wells.
(c) Roof rain water harvesting,
(d) Bunds and small dams on small rivulets.
(e) Recharging of hand pumps.

Question 22. What is sheet erosion?

Answer. When heavy rains and storm take away the soil cover with its water, it is called sheet erosion. It turns the land into a waste rendering it useless.

Question 23. What is wind erosion?

Answer. In dry areas, particularly in deserts, winds carry away the top layer of the soil and deposit them in other areas. This is called wind erosion and the fertile land is turned into a waste land.

Question 24. What are the features of black soils?

Answer.

(a) These are very good for cotton.
(b) These are generally shallow in depth.
(c) These are derived from metamorphic rocks.

Question 25. What is terrace farming?

Answer. Terrace farming is the growing of crops on level steps or terraces that have been constructed on hillsides.

Question 26. What is a wildlife sanctuary?

Answer. A wildlife sanctuary is dedicated to protect wild life and conserve forests.

Question 27. What are the effects of deforestation?

Answer. The effects of deforestation are as under:

(a) It affects the ecosystem.
(b) It increases soil erosion.
(c) It affects underground flow of water.
(d) Disappearance of wildlife as well as variety of plants.
(e) Leads to serious deterioration of genetic reserves.

Question 28. What are protected forests?

Answer. These are also forests reserved for timber but grazing is allowed subject to minor restrictions. These are 29.2% of the total forests.

Question 29. What is contour ploughing?

Answer. The technique of ploughing parallel to the contours of a hill slope rather than up and down the slope, so as to reduce soil erosion.

Question 30. What is strip cropping?

Answer. Strip Cropping is the growing of different crops on parallel narrow strips of ground, usually following the contour patterns.

KSEEB Solutions For Class 8 Geography Chapter 2 Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation And Wildlife

Question 31. What is a shelter belt?

Answer. In dry regions, rows of trees are planted to check the wind movement for protecting soil cover.
These are called Shelter Belts.

Question 32. State the importance of forests.

Answer. Forests play an important role in human life They provide food, wood and timber to us. Many medicinal plants are found in the forests. They also help in maintaining ecological balance and checking soil erosion. They play an important role in the economy of our country-.

Question 33. Discuss the ways to preserve wildlife.

Answer. Ways to preserve wildlife are:

(a) We should not cut trees thought lessely for our needs so that wildlife may survive and multiply there.
(b) We should not hunt them during the mating season.
(c) There should be a total ban on hunting.
(d) We should grow more trees.
(e) We should co-operate with the government in their efforts to preserve wildlife.

Land Soil Water Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What is the most important feature of land use pattern in India?

Answer.

(a) India has total geographical area of 828 million sq. km. (3280 lakh hectares). The land use data is available for about 93% of the total area, h shows that in 2007-08, 140 million hectares (46%) is net sown area. Thus, India has a very high percentage (47%) of total area under cultivation. No other big country has such a large area under cultivation.

(b) Another satisfying feature is that 8.2% land is fallow’ land which is not cultivated so as to restore the fertility of the land. It is notable that fallow land has risen to 8.2% in 2007-08 from earlier figure of 6.4% in 1970-71. It reflects that care for land resources has become essential.
(c) The area under pastures is also small (3.4% in 2007-08).
(d) The a^ea under cultivable waste is 4.3%. This waste land can be brought under cultivation to increase productivity.
(e) The forest cove-* is low, only 23%. It is desirable to have about one third of the total land area under forests to maintain a healthy environment

Question 2. Explain the factors controlling soil formation.

Answer. Soil formation is controlled by five factors;

(a) Parent Rock: The original rock called parent rock, from which the soil is formed, determines its basic characteristics. For example, shales contribute clays, while sand stones contribute sand grains.
(b) Climate: Temperature and precipitation are the main climatic factors affecting soil formation. Frequent temperature changes and presence of water quicken soil formation through increased weathering.
(c) Topography: Topography affects the drainage of an area. On a steep slope, there is hardly any chance of accumulation of weathered rocks. They are moved down the slope by water and under force of gravity. In plains and areas with gentle slope, soils are accumulated without any hind-ance.
(d) Organisms: Dead plants and animals provide humus to the soil. Organisms like earthworms and ants through their movements create space for air and water in the soil.
(e) Time: Time factor is also important because longer the time for soil formation, more deeper is the soil layer. Besides weathering of rocks, soil is also formed by deposition of materials by moving waters (rivers) and winds in low-lying areas. Alluvial soils of river valleys are very fertile and deep.

Question 3. What are water resources? What are their uses?

Answer. Water is a unique liquid because there is no alternative for it. It is essential for all forms of life. Compared to most other liquids, water has a high capacity to absorb or store heat Water is a major body constituent of several plant and animal species. Seventy per cent of the human body consists of water. Humans use water for various purposes-domestic (drinking, cooking, washing, etc.), agricultural (irrigation), industrial and generation of electricity.

Class 8 Geography KSEEB Land, Soil, Water Notes 

Question 4. Explain the factors influencing land use pattern.

Answer. Factors affecting land use pattern. Land is used for different purposes such as cultivation of crops, grazing of animals, building houses and roads, mining and manufacturing. It is called land use pattern. Several factors influence lard use pattern of a country or a region at a given time.

Physical factors: Topography, soil, climate, availability of water and mineral resources determine the probable use of land.
Example:
(a) Fertile plains—They are used as croplands.
(b) Mining—Occurrence of mineral deposits favour mining.
(c) Economic factors Area having low-grade ores may not develop mining owing to its high cost.
(d) Human factors—In densely populated areas, encroachment on forest and croplands may be more for meeting other human requirements like buildings, houses, roads and rails etc.

Question 5. Suggest measures for land conservation.

Answer. Land resources must be conserved to provide food for huge population. The following methods are used:

(a) Terrace Farming: Crops are grown on terraces or level steps on hill sides. It controls shifting cultivation.
(b) Contour Ploughing: Land is ploughed parallel to the contours of hill-slopes, ft avoids soil erosion.
(c) Strip Cropping: It me Answer growing of different crops on parallel narrow’ strips. It reduces gully erosion.
(d) Shelter Belts: In dry regions, rows of trees are planted to check wind action and soil erosion.

Question 6. Describe the characteristics of different types of forests.

Answer. The types of forests are:

A.  Evergreen Forests: Trees in these forests do not shed their leaves simultaneously during any season of the year. These forests may also be grouped into
(a) tropical,
(b) mid-latitude evergreen forests,
(c) mediterranean,
(d) coniferous forests.
(a) Tropical Evergreen Forests: Rainfall is very heavy in the equatorial as well as tropical coastal regions. Hot and humid conditions favour luxuriant growth of a variety of vegetation. Trees have broad leaves. There is a very dense growth of vegetation. Canopy of the forest always looks green. These forests have hard wood trees such as mahogany, ebony and rosewood. Their trunks and branches are of dark colour. Cutting of trees for commercial purposes is, therefore, not very easy.

(b) Mid-Latitude Evergreen Forests: These are found on the eastern margins of continents. These forests contain hardw’ood trees with broad leaves. South China, south eastern USA, South Brazil, east coast of South Africa and south eastern Australia have such forests. Oak, eucalyptus, and wattle are some economically important trees of these forests.

(c) Mediterranean Forests: On the western margins of continents in middle latitudes, winter has moderate rainfall and summer is dry. Plants, therefore, have spiny, waxy or small leaves to reduce transpiration. They have deep roots. Barks are also thick so as to prevent loss of moisture. Cork, olde and chestnut are the common trees of these forests.

(d) Coniferous Forests (Taiga Forests): These forests extend as a continuous belt around the North Polar- region and high mountains in Europe, Asia and North America. Trees don’t shed their leaves and hence look evergreen. They are tall and conical in shape. Leaves protect themselves from cold winter. Softwood trees like pine, cedar and fir are found in these forests. They have been in great demand for commercial use.

b. Deciduous Forests: Deciduous forests are those in which trees shed their leaves in a particular season in order to conserve loss of moisture through Aspiration.

(a) Tropical deciduous forests are found in sub-tropical regions with a distinct dry season. Monsoon Asia, parts of Central America, Brazil and Northern Australia have such forests. Trees shed their leaves during summer. Teak, sal and shisham and valuable hardwood trees are of these forests.

(b) Mid-latitude deciduous forests occur in the coastal temperate regions. Western Europe, north¬eastern China, Japan, north-eastern USA, New Zealand and southern Chile have such forests. During winter, temperature in these areas fall below 6°C. Therefore, trees shed their leaves in winter to protect themselves from such cold. Forests cover about 30 per cent of the land area of the world

Question 7. What is soil erosion? What are the causes of soil erosion? Describe the different types of soil erosion.

Answer. The destruction and removal of top soils by running water, wind etc. is known as soil erosion. It has become a major problem in many areas. Soil formation is a very slow process and it takes thousands of years to develop soil but it may be removed in a matter of few years. Soil erosion results from the many causes.
Causes of soil erosion:

(a) Steep Slopes: Steep slopes affect the rapidity of running water. On the steep slopes, intensity of soil erosion increases.
(b) Torrential Rainfall: Heavy rainfall loosens the soil particles and scoops out the soil forming gullies and ravines. This gives rise to a dissected surface called badland as in Chambal Valley of India.
(c) Strong Winds: Winds and dust storm bow away soil in dry areas. This process is known as deflation.
(d) Over-grazing: Due to over-grazing, the vegetation becomes too thin to protect the soil. Rain and wind can easily erode the loose soil.
(e) Over-cropping: Crop rotation maintains soil fertility. But over-cropping and shifting cultivation render soils infertile.
(f) Deforestation: Deforestation means the removal of forest cover and it exposes the area of soil erosion. Reckless cutting of trees has resulted in soil erosion by chos along the Shiwalik hills.

Human misuse of the land through wrong farming practices, deforestation, etc. leads to the removal uf soil cover.

Types of Soil Erosion:

(a) Sheet Erosion: When the soil is washed away in thin layers by water or wind, it is called Sheet Erosion. Fine silt and clay is removed from the top soil.
(b) Gully Erosion. It is done by running water by cutting channels. Gullies and ravines are formed by rapid run off. Bad land is formed over clay soils in the Chambal Valley.

Question 8. Write a short note on conservation of soils.

Answer. Soil is a fundamental natural resource. Soil formation is a slow process, but it is easily lost by soil erosion. In fact, more soil is being lost each year than nature makes. Soil erosion must be checked. Sound farming practices and measures be acopted to conserve, protect, renew and maintain soil fertility. These methods constitute soil conservation.

(a) Afforestation: In some areas, the original vegetation cover has been removed such as :n Shiwalik hills. In such areas; afforestation and reforestation is needed to hold the soil. Advance of deserts can be checked by planting trees along the margins of deserts.
(b) Controlled Grazing: The number of catte to be grazed on slopes should be according to the carrying capacity of the pastures.
(c) Terraced agriculture: Slopes must be cut into a series of terraces (fields) for cultivation so as to slow down tone flow of rain water.
(d) Contour Ploughing: It is done to check soil wash on slopes. Ploughing is done at right angles to the hill slopes.
(e) Crop Rotation: Crop rotation system be applied and the land should be allowed fallow for some time. Soil fertility can be maintained in this way.

KSEEB Class 8 Geography solutions for Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation, and Wildlife 

Question 9. Describe the problems of water quality.

Answer. The main problem of water quality is pollution. Water is being polluted by many means, like untreated or partially treated sewage, agricultural chemicals and industrial effluents are the major contaminants, with nitrates, metals and pesticides as the main problems. As a result, many water supplies are being damaged by pollution, with declining water quality. Human and animal wastes introduce pathogens that cause serious diseases, i.e., cholera, infections, dysentery, etc. This accounts for over three- quarters of all diseases in developing countries. Improvements in water supplies and sanitation could reduce child mortality by more than a half

Question 10 .Distinguish between Evergreen Forests and Deciduous Forests.

Answer.

Question  11 .Collect a handful of different types of Indian soils and find out how they are different.

In the following ways, the Indian soils are different:
(a) Alluvial soil: It is laid by rivers. It is fine in nature. It is grey in colour. It is very fertile. The Great no’them plains are formed by this soil.
(b) Black soil: It is formed from volcanic activity. It is made up of lava. It is black in colour. It is fertile and best for cotton cultivation. It is mostly found in the Deccan Plateau.
(c) Red soil: It is red in colour due to high iron content It is developed from old crystalline rock in ‘situ’. These soils are pomus. It is found in Tamil Nadu, Andhara Pradesh,
Oaisha, etc.
(d) Laterice soil: The latehte soil is the result of intense leaching. It is less fertile. The organic matter like nitrogen, phosphate and calcium are low in this soil. It is found in Karnataka, Kerala, Assam, etc.
(e) Desert soils: These are also called arid soils. These are red to brown in colour. These are sandy and alkaline. These are lacking in moisture and humus content is normal. It is found n Rajasthan, Gujarat, etc.
(f) Mountain soils: These soils are mostly thin and infertile. These include peat, meadow and forest hill soils. This soil is mostly found in the mountain areas.

Land Soil Water Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Hots Corner

Question 1. How do landslide prove dangerous?

Answer. Landslides occur due to earthquakes, floods and volcanoes. A long heavy rainfall can cause heavy landslide that can block the flow of river for quite sometime. It can cause havoc to the settlements downstream on its bursting. In the hilly areas, landslides have been a major and widely spread natural disaster that often strike life and property and occupy a position of major concern.

Question 2. What are the role of insects in soil formation?

Answer. Insects play a very important role in soil formation. Without worms and insects, the work of soil formation will Die incomplete. They do it both through physical or mechanical means by speeding up the chemical reactions.

Land Soil Water Natural Vegetation and Wildlife Miscellaneous Question

Question 1. Land covers about percent of total surface area of the Earth.

(a) 26
(b) 27
(c) 28
(d) 29

Answer. (d) 29

Question 2. Water occupies percent of surface area of the earth.

(a) 65
(b) 70
(c) 71
(d) 74

Answer. (c) 71

Question 3. Net sown area in India is about:

(a) 44%
(b) 46%
(c) 48%
(d) 50%

Answer. (b) 46%

Question 4. An average urban Indian uses about litres of water daily.

(a) 130
(b) 132
(c) 134
(d) 135

Answer. (d) 135

Detailed Notes On Natural Vegetation And Wildlife KSEEB Geography 

Question 5. How much percentage of population occupies 30% land?

(a) 70
(b) 80
(0 90
(d) 95

Answer. (c) 90

Question 6. Which is not a sparsely populated area?

(a) Mountain
(b) Desert
(c) Steep slopes
(d) Plains

Answer. (d) Plains

Question 7. Which is not a major threat to environment?

(a) Land degradation
(b) Landslide
(c) Agriculture
(d) Soil erosion

Answer. (c) Agriculture

Question 8. Which is a common method of conservation of land?

(a) Afforestation
(b) Agriculture
(c) Industry
(d) Dry farming

Answer. (a) Afforestation

Question 9. Mass movement of rock down a slope is called

(a) Reclamation
(b) Afforestation
(c) Terraced farming
(d) Landslide

Answer. (d) Landslide

Question 10. Pangi village where landslide occurred is in state of:

(a) Punjab
(b) Haryana
(c) Jammu and Kashmir
(d) Himachal Pradesh

Answer. (d) Himachal Pradesh

KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Civics Chapter 4 Understanding Laws Textbook Questions

Question 1. Write in your own words what you understand by the term the ‘rule of law’. In your response, include a fictitious or real example of a violation of the rule of law.

Answer.

•  The Rule of law means that law is supreme and not the arbitrary will of any individual. Nobody is above the law. As long as an individual obeys law and does not violate it, he cannot be punished.
• The Rule of law also means that everybody is equal before the law. All individuals are equal in the eyes of the law. No person is exempted from the jurisdiction of law.
• Rich-poor, educated and illiterate, powerful and weak, all are equal before the law. Any person who violates the law is punished according to the law. R.K. Sharma, I.G. Haryana was involved in a murder case and he was punished by the court.

Question2 State two reasons why historians refute the claim that the British introduced the rule of law in India.

Answer   

• The Rule of law is the distinctive feature of the Indian Constitution. Generally, it is believed that it was the British government that introduced the rule of law- in India. But it is not true. Historians have rejected this claim on several grounds.
• Firstly, British Colonial rule was arbitrary. British officials exercised their powers arbitrarily and they were not held responsible under the law. Sedtion Act of 1870 was a part of the British law.
• Secondly, Indian nationalists played a very important role in the development of the rule of law during the British government. The Indian nationalists strongly criticised the arbitrary use of authority by the British officials. Moreover, they demanded equality with the Britishers.
• By the end of the 19th century many Indians entered legal profession and they demanded respect for the rule of law and justice

Question3. Re-read the storyboard on how a new law on domestic violence got passed. Describe in your own words the different ways in which women’s groups worked to make this happen.

Answer.

• Domestic violence is a serious problem and it affects the rights and dignity of women. Women are generally beaten up by their husbands, by their fathers and even brothers and sons.
•  Women are illtreated by their sons and daughter-in-law. Women’s organisation were demanding protection against being beaten, the right to continue living in a shared household and often temporary relief.
• In 1999 Lawyers Collective, a group of lawyers, law students and activists, after nation-wide consultations took the lead in drafting the Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection) Bill. Ultimately the Bill was introduced in the Parliament in 2002.
• But this bill was opposed by the women’s organisation because the Bill was not effective to check domestic violence. The Bill was sent to the Parliamentary Standing Committee. Several women’s organisations such as National Commission for Women made submission to the Parliamentary Standing Committee.
•  It submitted its recommendations to the Parliament. The committee’s repots accepted most of the demands of the women’s groups. A new bill was introduced in Parliament in 2005. The Bill was passed by the Parliament and after the assent of the President, it became an act. The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act came into effect in 2006.

Question4. Write in your own words, what you understand by the following sentence on pages 44-45. They also began fighting for greater equality and wanted to change the idea of law from a set of rules that they were forced to obey, to law as including ideas of justice.

Answer.

•  No doubt the Rule of Law was a unique feature of British Constitution. But in India during the British rule, colonial rule was arbitrary and there was no equality before law.
• During the end of the 19th century, Indian Nationalists started the protest against the arbitrariness of British officials and demanded supremacy of law.
• They demanded that Indians should be treated equal with the Britishers and same law should be applied to both. They demanded not only equality’ but justice also. Indian lawyers started using law to defend the legal rights to the India

Class 8 Civics KSEEB Understanding Laws Notes 

Understanding Laws  Text Questions

Question1. State one reason why you think the Sedition Act of 1870 was arbitrary? In what ways does the Sedition Act of 1870 contradict the rule of law?

Answer The Sedition Act 1870 was arbitrary as the Rowlatt Act allowed the British government to imprison people without due trial. Indian nationalists including Mahatma Gandhi were vehement in their opposition to the Rowlatt bills. Despite the large number of protests, the Rowlatt Act came into effect on 10 March 1919.

Question2. (a) What do you understand by ‘domestic violence’? List the two rights that the new law helped achieve for women who are survivors of violence.

Answer   (a) Domestic violence refers to the injury or harm or threat of injure or harm caused by an adult male, usually the husband, against his wife. Injury may be caused by physically- beating up the woman or economically abusing her. The abuse of the woman can also include verbal, sexual and economical abuse.

Two rights that the new law helped achieve for women are:

(1)The right of woman to live in a shared household.

(2)Women can get monetary relief to meet their expenses, including medical costs.

Question3. Read the newspapers/watch news on TV for a week and find out if there are any unpopular laws that people in India or around the world are currently protesting.

Answer.  In 2008, the Supreme Court declared certain residential as well as commercial areas of Delhi unauthorised. The government officials started the work of sealing and demolishing unauthorised buildings. There were protests, Dharnas and rallies against the Delhi administration.

Understanding Laws Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question1. What is Rule of Law?

Answer. Rule of Law means law is supreme and not the arbitrary will of any individual.

Question 2. Who introduced the Rule of Law in India?

Answer. The Indian Constitution introduced the Rule of Law in India.

Question 3. Write one exception to Rule of law.

Answer. Foreign rulers and ambassadors are not subject to the jurisdiction of the law of India.

Question4. Who is the law making body in India?

Answer. Parliament is the law making body in India.

Question5. When the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act came into effect?

Answer. This Act came into effect in 2006.

Question 6. What do you know about Hindu Succession Amendment Act, 2005?

Answer. According to Hindu Succession Amendment Act 2005, sons, daughters and their mothers are entitled to equal share of family property.

Question7. What do you understand by the Civil Rights Act, 1964 (U.S.A.)?

Answer. This Act prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, religion or national origin in USA.

Question 8. List the three forms of protest that you see in your life.

Answer.

1. Hunger strike (Fast)
2. Dhama or Ralley
3. Jail Bharo Andolon.

KSEEB Class 8 Civics Solutions For Understanding Laws 

Understanding Laws  Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What should be done by citizens if laws are unpopular and controversial?

Answer.

• The Parliament is the law-making body in India. But the citizens must oppose such laws which are unpopular and controversial. In India, citizens are free to oppose repressive laws, which are framed by the Parliament People should protest against those laws that are not in the interests of the citizens.
• For example, women’s organisation and groups opposed the Domestic Violence Bill, 2002 because this bill did not have those clauses that the women’s organisation were suggesting. Ultimately new bill was introduced in 2005 and passed by the Parliament.
•  Thus, when there is opposition to a wrong and unpopular law, there is pressure on the Parliament to change that law. Indian Nationalists criticised the repressive and arbitrary laws, which were started by the British.

Question2. What do you understand by Equality before Law?

Answer.

• Equality before law means that everyone is equal before law and no person is exempt from the jurisdiction of law.
•  It means equal subjection of all classes to ordinary law of the land as enforced by the ordinary courts of law. Rich and poor, educated and illiterate, powerful and weak all are equal before law.
• In India, the law cannot discriminate between persons on the basis of their caste, religion, gender, class, ideology, etc.

Understanding Laws  Long Answer Type Questions

Question1. Explain briefly the exceptions of Rule of Law in India.

Answer. There are certain exceptions of the Rule of Law. Today, all persons are not equal in the eyes of law and legal procedure is not the same for all. Following are the exceptions to the rule of law.

(1)Foreign Rulers and Ambassadors are not subject to the jurisdiction of the law of India.

(2)No criminal case can be started against the President and the Governor of the state.

(3)Judges of all courts are exempted from all legal proceedings on the basis of their judicial actions.

(4)Ministers and Members of Parliament and State Legislatures enjoy certain privileges and immunities, which are not enjoyed by ordinary citizens.

(5)Government Officials enjoy special protection under the law.

(6)Special privileges for scheduled caste and scheduled tribes.

(7)The Constitution provides special protection to women and children.

Question2. Explain briefly those provisions of the Indian Constitution that established the Rule of Law in India.

Answer. Rule of Law is a salient feature of the Constitution of India. It is inherent in several provisions of the Constitution.

(1) Preamble: The objectives of the Preamble is Liberty, Equality, Fraternity and Justice. The spirit behind these objectives is Rule of Law.

(2) Right to Equality: Right to Equality is the basis of democracy and rule of law. The Constitution of India.

(3)Equality before Law: All citizens are equal before the law and nobody is above the law of the land.

(4)Equal Protection of Law: The Constitution provides equal protection of law.

(5)Abolition of Untouchability: Untouchabilty is abolished under the Constitution.

(6)The state shall ensure equality before the law of ever)’ one and there should be equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.

Understanding Laws Class 8 KSEEB Questions And Answers 

Understanding Laws  Hots Corner

Question  State two reasons why historians refute the claim that the British introduced the rule of law in India.

Answer.

• Rule of law is the distinctive feature of the Indian Constitution. Generally, it is believed that it was the British government that introduced the rule of law in India. But it is not true. Historians have rejected this claim on several grounds.
• Firstly, British Colonial rule was arbitrary. British officials exercised their powers arbitrarily and they were not held responsible under the law. Section Act of 1870 was a part of the
• British law. Secondly, Indian nationalists played a very important role in the development of rule of law during the British government.
• Indian nationalists strongly criticised the arbitrary use of authority by the Brit sh officials. Moreover, they demanded equality with the Britishers. By the end of the 19th century, many Indians entered legal profession and demanded respect for the rule of law’ and justice.

Understanding Laws  Miscellaneous Questions Multiple Choice Questions

Tick the correct option from the choices provided:

Question 1. Hindu Succession Amendment Act was passed in:

(a) 1960
(b) 2005
(c)1980
(d)2007
Answer  (b) 2005

Question 2. Rule of Law means.

(a) Law is Supreme
(b) Everybody is equal before the law
(c) Absence of arbitrary power
(d) All the above

Answer. (d) All the above

Explanation Of Understanding Laws in KSEEB Civics 

Question 3. Which of the following is an example of British arbitrariness?

(a) Sedition Act of 1870
(b) Arms Act
(c) Rowlatt Act
(d) All the above

Answer. (d) All the above

Question 4. In which year Domestic Violence Act was passed?

(b) 2008
(a) 2004
(c) 2007
(d) 2005

Answer. (d) 2005

Understanding Laws  Picture Interpretation

Look at the following picture and answer the questions that follow:

1. Identify the lady shown in the picture.

Answer Rosa Parks

2. Describe the incident which involved her.

Answer Rosa Parks was an African-American woman, refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man on I December 1955.

3. What was the impact of this incident?

Answer Rosa Park’s refusal was a key event that marked the start of the Civil Rights Movement, which led to the Civil Rights Act in 1964, which prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, religion or national origin in the USA.

KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Civics Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism Textbook Questions

Question 1. Will the government intervene if some religious group says that their religion allows them to practice infanticide? Give reasons for your answer.

Answer

• In India, freedom of religion is given to all citizens. The Government of India as well as state governments do not interfere in the religious matter of any community.
  
• But the government has a right to intervene if some religious group says that their religion allows them to practice infanticide.
• No person or community ran  given right to practice infanticide in the name of religion. In India.it is legally banned.

 Question 2. Complete the following table

Question 3 . Look up the annual calendar of holidays of your school. How many of them pertain to different religions? What does this indicate?

Answer

• In my school there are about 15 holidays. Main holidays of different religions are as follows:
• Hindu Religion: Deepawali, Dussehra, Maha Shivratri, Janmashtami, Holi, Makar Sakranti, Baisakhi. Raksha Bandhan. Islam Religion: Id, Bakra Eid, Muharram.
• Sikh Religion: Guru Nanak Devji, Guru Teg Bahadur, Guru Gobind Singh and all Guru’s Birthday. Christian: Christmas, Good Friday.
• Besides the above stated festivals, there are several other religious festivals celebrated in India, the school holidays of which may vary in different regions.
• Different religious holidays indicate that India is a Secular State and all religions are equally respected.

Question 4. Find out some examples of different views within the same religion.

Answer

• India is a country of vast diversity. People of different religions live together in India. Indian Constitution gives freedom of religion of all persons residing in India.
• All persons are equally entitled to freedom to conscience and the right to profess, practice and propagate religion.
• Even within the same religion, people have a right to express their views. For example, in Hinduism some Hindus believe and practice idol worshiping, while there are many Hindus (Arya Samaj) who are against idol worship.

Class 8 Civics KSEEB Understanding Secularism Notes 

Question 5. The Indian State both keeps away from religion as well as intervenes in religion. This idea can be quite confusing. Discuss this once again in class using examples from the chapter as well as those that you might have come up with.

Answer

•  Indian Constitution has adopted secularism. In its Preamble, India have declared a Secular State. The Indian state both keeps away from religion as well as intervenes in religion. There is no official religion of the state.
• The state is separate from the religion. Right to freedom of religion has been guaranteed to all persons residing in India.
• But Article 25 permits the state to regulate economic, financial, political or other secular activities which may be associated with religious practice.
• The state may also provide for social welfare and reform as the throwing open of Hindu religious institutions of a public character to all classes and sections of Hindus. The Sikhs have been allowed to wear and carry Kirp.
• The Constitution has abolished untouchability and its practice in any form is forbidden. Moreover, religious freedom can be enjoyed subject to public order, morality and health.

Question 6. This poster alongside highlights the need for ‘Peace’. It says, “Peace is a never-ending process…. It cannot ignore our differences or overlook our common interests.” Write in your own words what you think the above sentences are trying to convey? How does it relate to the need for religious tolerance?

Answer

Peace is very essential for the progress of humanity. War means destruction. In fact, desire for peace is as old as humanity. That is why a peace is a continued process. Peace cannot ignore our differences or overlook our common interests. Religious tolerance is very essential for maintaining social harmony and peace.

Understanding Secularism Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Do you think that India is a Secular State? If yes, give two evidences which suggest that India is a Secular State.

Answer Yes, India is a Secular State. The term ‘Secular’ has been incorporated in the Preamble by the 42nd amendment of the Constitution. There is no state religion in India.

Question 2. What is the essence of secularism?

Answer The essence of secularism is that no one should be discriminated against on the grounds of their religious practices and beliefs. All forms of domination related to religion should end.

Question 3. Which religion is the official religion of India?

Answer India has no official religion.

Question 4. Write two sentences on why is it important that government schools do not promote any one religion?

Answer Government schools should not promote any one religion because students belong to different religions. If one religion is promoted then students of other religions will feel inferior.

KSEEB Class 8 Civics Solutions For Understanding Secularism 

Understanding Secularism Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What is Secularism?

Answer

The dictionary meaning of Secularism is ‘Indifference of rejection or exclusion of religion and religious considerations.’ Secularism rejects religion completely. It rather supports anti-religious feelings. Secularism implies a way of life and conduct guided purely by materialistic considerations. It holds that materialism alone benefits mankind while religious feelings retard it But in its modem meaning. Secularism means freedom of religion and non-interference policy of State in religious activity.

Question 2. What is the meaning of the word Secular?

Answer

According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s dictionary, the meaning of the word Secular is ‘Worldly or material, not religious or spiritual.

Encyclopedia Britainnica says ‘Secular’ means “having no concern with religions or spiritual matters, anything which is distinct, opposed to or not connected with religion or ecclesiastical things, temporal as opposed to spiritual or ecclesiastical.”

Question 3. Why it is important to separate the religion from the state in democratic societies?

Answer

•  In order to protect the fundamental rights and to safeguard the minorities from the tyranny of majority, religion should be separated from the state.
• It is important to separate religion from the state, so that the freedom of the individuals can be protected. The people have the freedom to follow any religion.
• The separation between religion and state s important to prevent the domination of one religion over another. It is important to oppose the various types of domination that can happen within a religion.

Question 4. Mention two features of Indian Secular State.

Answer

•  There is no State religion in India. No religion has been given special rights and no religion has been given any special help by the State.
• The Constitution grants religious freedom to all the people. Every individual can have faith in any religion.

Question 5. Write down the meaning of ‘Secular’ mentioned in the Preamble of Indian Constitution

Answer

• By inserting the word ‘Secular’ in the Preamble of the Constitution by 42nd amendment, India is declared a secular state.
  
• Such a system is adopted in the Constitution that India is made secular state without any doubt. Right to freedom of religion has been granted to all persons residing in India.
  
• All persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right to profess, practice and propagate religion. State has no religion of its own.

Question 6. Write two definitions of ‘Secular State’.

Answer

• According to Donald E. Smith, ‘The Secular State is a State that guarantees individual and corporate freedom of religion; deals with the individual as a citizen irrespective of his religion, nor does it seek either to promote or interfere with religion.”
• According to Venkataraman, ‘The State as such is neither religious, nor anti-religious but wholly detached from religious dogmas and activities and is thus neutral in religion.”

Understanding Secularism Class 8 KSEEB Questions And Answers 

Question 7. What is the meaning of Secularism in India?

Answer

• In India, Secularism does not mean the indifference of the State towards religion, rather it means giving respect to all religions by the State.
  
• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar said in the Constituent Assembly, “Secularism does not mean that we shall not take into consideration the religious sentiments of the people.
  
• All that what a Secular State means is that Parliament shall not be competent to impose any particular religion on the rest of the people.”

Understanding Secularism Long Answer Type Questions    

Question 1. Mention the main characteristics of Secularism.

 Answer The main features of Secularism are:

• No State Religion: In a Secular State, there is no State religion. In India, there is no religion of the State.
• Freedom of Religion: In a Secular State, there is freedom of religion. All citizens enjoy equal freedom of religion.
• Equal Respect for all Religions: In a Secular State, all religions are equally respected. All religions are treated alike.No Discrimination on the Basis of Religion: In a Secular State, no discrimination can be made on the basis of religion.

Question 2. “India is a Secular State.” Explain.

Answer

• India is a Secular State. By inserting the word ‘Secular’ in the Preamble of the Constitution by 42nd Amendment, India is declared a Secular State. Following are the features of India, as a Secular State:
• No State Religion: There is no State religion in India, that means that no religion has been attached importance by the State. No religion has been given special rights and no religion has been given any special help by the State.The State does not propagate any religion in any way. The state policy cannot be based on any religion.
• State Remains Aloof from Religion: The State has no religion of its own and it has kept itself aloof from all the religious activities. The State is neither religious, nor irrelgious and nor antireligious. It means that the State itself does riot take interest in any religion.
• All Religions are Equal: All religions are equal in the eyes of the State. No religion enjoys special rights. Nobody is discriminated or the basis of religion. The people of all the religions enjoy equal rights.
• Freedom of Religion: The Constitution grants religious freedom to all the people. Ever/ individual can keep faith any religion, he follows his religious customs, traditions and other principles. Each individual can very freely worship his religious gods. The government cannot in any way interfere in the religious affairs of the people.
• No Religious Education in Government Educational Institutions: Article 28 provides that no religious education shall be provided in any educational institution wholly or partly maintained by the state.

Explanation of Understanding Secularism in KSEEB Civics 

Question 3. Write down the criticism of Indian Secularism.

Answer.  Indian Secularism has been criticised on the following grounds:

• Indian Secularism is Not Absolute: Under the Indian Constitution, Right to freedom of religion is given to every persor. But the Right to freedom of religion is not absolute. Article 25 permits the State to regulate economic, financial or other secular activities which may be associated with religious practice.
• Rights of Minorities: Under the Indian Constitution, minorities are given certain rights. In the name of minority rights. State can unjustly interfere in Hindu religious affairs.
• Meaning of Secularism not Clear: In India the real meaning of Secularism is not clear. People with different ideas try to colour the picture of Secularism in India. They try to impose their particular conceptions in regard to these matters with disastrous effects on young nationhood.
• Continuance of Religious Observances in Official Functions: Ministers usually take oath with some rituals of their religion. Inauguration of ships, institutions, etc. is done through Vedic hymns or mantras-Brahmins are called to perorm rituals. When President Dr. Rajendra Prasad, a devoted Hindu took part in so many religous functions, it was difficult for an average Muslim to believe that the Indian State was Secular.
• Differential Treatment with Religious Communities: The State in India, particularly the Government at State level is not very deep in its pursuit of secular ideals. This is seen in ‘reforming’ of Hindu Temples undertaken by some stite in India. But Muslim religious practice has not been touched by the Government

Understanding Secularism Hots Corner

Question 1 Is Secularism suitable for India? Explain.

Answer Secularism is most suitable for India due to the following reasons:

• Multi-Religious State: Secularism is most suitable for India because India is a multi-religious State. In a multi-religious State, it is not desirable to accept one single religion as the religion of the State.
• Karachi Session of the Congress: The Indian National Congress at its Karachi Session in 1931 had declared, “The State shall observe neutrality in regard to all religions.” All national leaders were in favour of Secularism.
• India is a Democratic State: The Indian polity is based on democratic principles and democracy and theocracy- are opposed to each other Freedom of religion and equality- of all religions is the basic characteristic of democracy.
• Partition of the Country: The division of the country, emphasised more than ever, the importance of Secularism. It is because large Muslim minority constituting a small part of the population continues to be the citizen of Independent India. Besides Muslims, there are other minorities.

KSEEB Class 8 Civics Chapter 2 Important Questions 

Understanding Secularism Miscellaneous Questions Multiple Choice Question

Question 1. Which article of the Indian Constitution abolishes untouchability?

(a) Article 17       (b) Article 15      (c) Article 18       (d) Article 16

Answer (a) Article 17

Question 2. Which amendment of the Constitution added the word ‘Secular’ in the Preamble?

(a)44th Amendment
(b)52nd Amendment
(c)42nd Amendment
(d)74th Amendment

Answer. (c) 42nd Amendment

Question 3. Which of the following rights aims at making India a Secular State?

(a) Right to Freedom of Religion
(b) Right to Equality
(c) Right to Education
(d) Right to Freedom

Answer. (a) Right to Freedom of Religion

Question 4. Which of the following is correct about secularism?

(1) Indifference or rejection or exclusion of religions and religious consideration
(2) Freedom of religion and non-interference policy of state in religious matters
(a) Only (1)
(b) Both (1) & (2)
(c) Only (ii)

Answer. (b) Both(1) & (2)

Question 5. When was the word ‘Secular’ added to the Preamble to the Indian Constitution?

(a) 1976
(b) 1968
(c) 1949
(d) 1986

Answer. (a) 1976

Question 6. Chapter IV of Article 51 of the Constitution includes

(a) Right to Freedom
(b) Right to Equality
(c) Right Against Exploitation
(d) Fundamental Duties
(d) None of these

Answer. (d) Fundamental Duties

Detailed Notes On Understanding Secularism KSEEB 

Understanding Secularism True or False

State whether the following statements are true or false:

(1) Secularism means equal respect for all the religions.
(2) The Constitution has abolished untouchability but it is still prevalent in some sections of Indian society.
(3) In Saudi Arabia, Non-Muslims are not allowed to build any temple, church, etc.
(4) In Secularism there is no separation of religion from the state.
(5) Islam is the official religion of Pakistan.
(6) Right to vote is a Constitutional Right.
(7) To defend the country is our Fundamental Duty.

Answer. (1) True (2) True (3) True (4) False (5) True (6) True (7) True

Simplified Notes For KSEEB Class 8 Civics Understanding Secularism

Understanding Secularism Match the following

Understanding Secularism Picture Interpretation

1. Look at the image alongside and state what you understand from it.Answer The image depicts students taking the ‘Pledge of Allegiance’ in an American school.
2. Does this occur in every school of USA?Answer No. The ’Pledge of Allegiance’ is recited by most of the children of government schools at the beginning of the day.
3. What are the challenges that it faced?Answer. The challenges that this pledge faced was that the phrase ’Under God’ is used. It was agreed upon 60 years ago that if it goes against their religious believes, students of government schools are not required to recite it It was argued that the phrase ‘Under God’ separates the Church and the State, which the First Amendment of USA guarantees.

Part A – Our PASTS – III (History)

• Chapter 1 How, When and Where
• Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory The Company Establishes Power
• Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside
• Chapter 4 Tribals Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age
• chapter 5 When People Rebel 1857 And After
• Chapter 6 Colonialism and the City: The Story of an Imperial Capital
• Chapter 7 Weavers, Iron Smelters and Factory Owners
• Chapter 8 Civilising the “Native” Educating the Nation
• Chapter 9 Women, Caste and Reform
• Chapter 10 The Changing World of Visual Arts
• Chapter 11 The Making of the National Movement 1870s -1947
• Chapter 12 India After Independence

Part B – Resources and Development (Geography)

• Chapter 1 Resources
• Chapter 2 Land,Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and A wildlife Resources
• Chapter 3 Mineral and Power Resources
• Chapter 4 Agriculture
• Chapter 5 Industries
• Chapter 6 Human Resources

Part C: Social and Political Life -III (Civics)

• Chapter 1 The Indian Constitution
• Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism
• Chapter 3 Why Do We Need a Parliament ?
• Chapter 4 Understanding Laws
• Chapter 5 Judiciary
• Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System
• Chapter 7 Understanding Marignalisation
• Chapter 8 Confronting Marginalisation
• Chapter 9 Public Facilities
• Chapter 10 Law and Social Justice

Chapter Wise KSEEB Class 8 Biology Notes Pdf free download was designed by expert teachers from latest edition of KSEEB books to get good marks in board exams. KSEEB Class 8 Science Notes contains physics, chemistry and biology notes of all chapters are part of Revision Notes for grade 8 science. Here we have given notes Class VIII Biology.

• Chapter 1 Transportation system in plants Notes
• Chapter 2 Reproduction in Plants Notes
• Chapter 3 Reproduction in animals Notes
• Chapter 4 Ecosystem Notes
• Chapter 5 Endocrine System and Adolescence Notes

• Chapter 6 Circulatory System Notes
• Chapter 7 Nervous System Notes
• Chapter 8 Health and Hygiene First Aid Notes
• Chapter 9 Useful Microorganisms Animals and Plants Notes
• Chapter 10 Food Production Notes

KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Geography Chapter 1 Resources Textbook Questions

Question 1. Answer the following questions:

1 Why are resources distributed unequally over the earth?

Answer. Resources are distributed unequally over the Earth as a number of geographical factors like altitude, terrain and climate are responsible for their distribution and these factors vary widely over the surface of the earth.

2 What is resource conservation?

Answer. Resource conservation is the practice of using the resources carefully and giving them time to get renewed. It is planned and careful use of natural resources, so that these resources can be used for a long period of time.

3 Why are human resources important?

Answer. Human resources are very important as more resources can be created when people have the knowledge, skill and technology to aid them in creating so. In order to make people a valuable resource, education and health plays a major role.

4 What is sustainable development?

Answer. Sustainable development means the careful utilisation of resources so that along with meeting the present requirements, the requirements of the future generation are also taken care of.

Question 2. Tick the Correct Answer:

1 Which one of the following does not make substance a resource?

(a) Utility
(b) Value
(c) Quantity

Answer. (c) Quantity

2 Which one of the following is a human-made resource?

(a) Medicines to treat cancer
(b) Spring water
(c) Tropical forests

Answer. (a) Medicines to treat cancer

3 Complete the Statement.

Biotic resources are:
(a) derived from living things
(b) made by human beings
(c) derived from non-living things

Answer. (a) derived from living things.

Question 3 Differentiate between the following:

(a) Potential and actual resources
(b) Ubiquitous and localised resources

Answer.
(a) Potential and actual resources

(b) Ubiquitous and localised resources

Ubiquitous resources: These are those resources which are found everywhere. For example, air, water, etc.
Localised resources: Those resources which are not found everywhere. These are found only in certain places. For example, copper, coal, iron ore, etc.

Question 4 Activity
“Rahiman paani raakhiye, Bin paani sab soon. Paani gaye na ubere Mot}, manus, choon…”
[Says Rahim, keep water, as without water there is nothing. Without water pearl, swan and dough cannot exist.]
These lines were written by the poet Abdur Rahim Khankhana, one of the nine gems of Akbar’s court. What kind of resource is the poet referring to? Write in 100 words what would happen if this resource disappeared?

Answer: The poet is referring to water resources. Water is the most essential for human life. Man cannot survive without water. If this resource disappears, life will cease to exist on Earth. Earth is called a blue planet due to the presence of water on it It forms the basis of life and is of primary concern to human beings as it is directly related to domestic needs and economic activities. There will not be any plant and wildlife {flora and fauna) on Earth. Seas and oceans will dry up. The beauty of earth will vanish.
For Fun

Question 5.

(a) Pretend that you live in the pre-historic limes on a high windy plateau. What are the uses you and your friends could put the fast winds to? Can you call the wind a resource?
(b) Now imagine that you are living in the same place in the year 2138. Can you put the winds to any use? How? Can you explain why the wind is an important resource now?
Answer.
(a) In pre-historic times, technology was not as developed as today. So we couldn’t use fast winds. At this time, wind is a potential resource.
(b) In 2138, due to the advancement in technology, I can use wind for generating electricity through windmills and also for running machines.
Wind is an important resource now because at this time (2138), there will be a shortage of coal, petrol, diesel and natural gas, i.e., energy- sources. These all are non-renewable resources of energy. To fulfil energy requirements of the world, wind will play an important role.

Question 6. Pick up a stone, a leaf, a paper straw and a twig. Think of how you can use these as resources. See the example given below and get creative.

Class 8 Geography KSEEB Resources Notes 

Resources Text Questions

Question 1. List out five resources you use in your home and five you use in your classroom.

Answer. Resources used in home: Ded, pillow, toothbrjsh, coffee mug, chair Resources used in classroom: black board, school bag, books, note book, lunch box,

Question 2. Think of a few renewable resources and mention how their stock may get affected by overuse.

Answer. Forests and water are a few renewable resources which get affected due to overuse. Large-scale deforestation and unjudicious use and wastage of water affects the stock of forests and water resources respectively.

Question 3. Make a list of five human-made resources that you can observe around you.

Answer. • Chair • Fan • Bed • Wall clock • Computer

Resources Activity

Circle those resources from Amma’s list that have no commercial value as yet.

Resources Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question1 What was Amma doing?

Answer. Amma was cleaning the house.

Question 2. Who were helping Amma in cleaning the house?

Ans. Mona and Raju were helping Amma to clean the house.

Question 3. What is a resource?

Answer. Any thing that can be used is a resource.

Question 4. What is the main purpose of resources?

Answer. To satisfy the basic needs of mankind.

Question 5. Name four articles prepared from raw materials obtained from nature

Answer.
(a) Furniture,
(b) Utensils,
(c) Paper,
(id Vehides

Question 6. Name any two factors on which resource development depends.

Answer.
(a) Technology,
(b) Quality of human resources

Question 7. How does something become a resource?

Answer. Things which have a value become a resource.

Question 8. What gives a thing value?

Answer. A thing’s use or utility gives it value.

Question 9. Name two important factors that can change substances into resources.

Answer. Time and technology are two important factors that can change substance into resource.

KSEEB Class 8 Geography Solutions For Resources 

Question 10 Name three main types of resources.

Answer. Resources are generally classified into three main types:
(a) Natural
(b) Human-made
(c) Human

Question 11. Name three natural resources essential for human life.

Answer.
(a) Air
(b) Water
(c) Plants

Question 12. Name two types of resources on the basis of stage of development and use.

Answer.
(a) Actual resources
(b) Potential resources

Question 13. Classify resources on the basis of their source of origin.

Answer. Based on their origin, resources can be abiotic or biotic. For example plants, animals, rocks, minerals, soils, etc.

Question 14. Mention two types of resources on the basis of renewability.

Answer. On the basis of renewability, resources can be categorised as renewable resources and non-renewable resources.

Question 15. Give five examples of human-made resources.

Answer. Buildings, bridges, roads, machinery and vehicles are a few examples of human-made resources.

Question 16. Name two factors which help in making people a valuable resource.

Answer. Education and health help in making people a valuable resource.

Question 17. What nightmare Mona had?

Answer. She dreamt that all the water on the earth had dried up and all the trees cut down.

Question 18. How can we conserve resources?

Answer. We can conserve resources by reducing consumption, recycling and reusing things.

Question 19 What things were made by Mona, Raju and their friends on that evening?

Answer. They made packets, shopping bags and bas<ets out of old news-papers, discarded clothes and bamboo sticks.

Question 20. What promise did Asha make with her friends?

Answer. Asha promised to make sure that water is no: wasted at home.

Question 21. Name four articles prepared from raw material obtained from nature.

Ans. Paper, vehicles, utensils and furniture.

Question 22. Name three gifts of nature.

Answer. Rocks, minerals and soil are gifts of nature.

Question 23. What is sedentary agriculture?

Answer. Farming of land at a fixed location is sedentary agriculture.

Question 24. What was the main sources of food for early man?

Answer. Gathering fruits, leaves and hunting were the main sources of food for early man.

Question 25. Why is Nagercoil famous? Or What do you find in Nagercoil?

Answer. Nagercoil (Tamil Nadu) is famous for windmills.

Question 26. Name two renewable resources which are continuously available.

Answer. Solar energy and wind energy.

Question 27. Name two non-renewable resources.

Answer. Coal and oil.

Question 28. What are flow resources?

Answer. When the rate of consumption of resources does not exceed the rate of renewal, it is called flow resources.

Question 29. What are recyclable resources?

Ans. Resources like metallic ores can be used again and again after processing. They are called recyclable resources.

Question 30. What is technology?

 Answer. Technology is human-made resource. It is the application of latest knowledge and skill in doing or \ making things.

Question 31. What are human-made resources?

Answer. The techniques used for utilising the physical materials are called human-made resources such as machines, tools, roads, etc.

Question 32. What is economic development?

Answer. Productivity of a nation is known as economic development.

Question 33. What hinders economic development?

Answer. Rapid population growth hinders economic development.

Question 34. What is the harmful effect of rising demand of resources?

Answer. It causes degradation of resources.

KSEEB Notes For Class 8 Geography Resources 

Question 35. What has been the effect of over-use of soil?

Answer. Infertility of soil.

Question 36. On what factor, the future of planet Earth depends?

Answer. To presen/e the life support system.

Question 37. What harmful effect has occurred due to misuse or over-use of resources?

Ans. The quality of air, water and land has degraded.

Question 38. ‘Processed goods become more useful’. Give one example.

Answer. Raw materials are processed to make useful and valuable items. One kg of sugar is more useful than one kg of sugarcane.

Question 39. Name three non-recyclable resources.

Answer. Coal, mineral oil and natural gas.

Question 40. What are abiotic resources?

Answer. The non-living resources are abiotic resources.

Resources Class 8 KSEEB Questions And Answers 

Question 41. Give two examples of abiotic resources.

Answer. Soil and rocks.

Question 42. What do you mean by patent?

Answer. It means the exclusive right over any idea or invention.

Question 43. Define stock of resource.

Answer. It is the amount of resources available for use

Question 44. What do you mean by economic development?

Answer. It refers to changes in the amount, growth, distribution and consumption of resources.

Resources Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What is a resource?

Answer. All the useful elements of environment which satisfy human needs are called resources. Resources are called ‘Gifts of nature’ such as soil, rivers, plants, animals, rocks and minerals. These are valuable for mankind.

Question 2. Why are humans also called a resource?

Answer. They are called a resource because only by developing human skills, the resources can be developed. Resources can only be develoDed by man.

Question 3. What do you mean by a reserve?

Answer. It refers to that portion of resources which can be developed profitably, w ith the ava lable technology. For example: High quality iron is used for steel making but sometimes a low grade iron ore or coal (lignite) is also used for steel making. Lignite coal in Salem (Tamil Nadu) is a reserve resource.

Question 4. What is the use of inexhaustible resources?

Answer. Inexhaustible resources include those resources which are used again and again. All non-conventionaJ resources of energy, water resources and wind energy etc., are used for power as resources.

Question 5. What do you mean by appropriate technology?

Answer. The technology suitable for a particular type of resource or on a particular occasion is called appropriate technology.

Question 6. What is recycling?

Answer. Recycling is a process by which wastes of natural and manufactured substances or goods are broken down and then reconstituted into useful material.

Explanation Of Resources In KSEEB Class 8 Geography 

Question 7. Give two examples of aesthetic values.

Answer.
(a) Lakes and rivers
(b) Mountains These resources have natural scenic beauty.

Question 8. Mention three ways in which natural resources are classified.

Answer.
(a) On the basis of origin
(b) On the basis of renewability
(c) On the basis of utility.

Question 9. On what factors does the utility of resources depend?

Answer.
(a) Human skill
(b) Technology
(c) Stage of human development

Question 10. Which countries use the resources more?

Answer. Developed countries use the resources mo’e than developing countries.

Question 11. Give three examples of human-made resources.

Answer.
(a) Machines
(b) Buildings
(c) Roads
(d) Bridges

Question 12. Distinguish between actual resources and reserve resources.

Answer. Actual resources depend upon physical condrtons of environment. These are surveyed. Their quantity is determined and are actually used. Reserve resources are a part of actual resources. These can be made useful with technology. A grade coal-lignite is a reserved resource in some areas.

Question 13. How can a gift of nature become a resource?

Answer. A gift of nature can become a resource if the people have sufficient knowledge and skill to use it for satisfying their needs.

Question 14. On which factors do human needs depend?

Answer. Human needs are not the same everywhere. They vary not only from region to region, but also from time to time. Human needs actually depend on their natural environment and also on the level of social, cultural and technological development.

Question 15. Discuss the role of technology in the utilisation of resources.

Answer. Technology helps in the development of the means of production. It increases the value of natural resources. Technology depends upon the human skill and technical knowledge. The mechanism helps in the better utilisation of natural resources. A resource is no resource until it is used.

Question 16. ‘India is poor in technology but rich in natural resources.’ Comment.

Answer. It is true that India is poor in technology but has large amounts of natural resources. These are the basis of the Indian economy. Large arable land, long growing season, perennial rivers, huge mineral resources are sufficient resources but these have not been utilised fully. This is due to the fact that India is poor in technology.

Question 17. What is economic development? What factors encourage or hinder it?

Answer. It refers to change in the amount, growth, distribution and consumption of growth. High productivity of a nation produces more services and goods However, human resources are most crucial because the health and education of the population contribute to the growth in productivity. Rapid population growth may prohibit it

KSEEB Class 8 Geography Chapter 1 Important Questions 

Question 18. What are four types of values associated with resources?

Answer. There are four types of values associated with resou’xes. These are:
(a) Economic value
(b) Legal value
(c) Ethical value
(d) Aesthetical value

Question 19. What is meant by conservation?

Answer. It means to use the natural resources carefully w ithout wastage. They are mportant to us, so they should be used wisely so that they are not exhausted and we may have to face their scarcity.

Question 20. What are the characteristics of resources?

Answer. The characteristics ox resources are:

(a) Limited quantity’
(b) Utility
(c) Help to create goods
(d) Provide services.

Question 21 How do inventions create resources? Give three examples.

Answer Inventions create resources in the following ways:
(a) The discover)’ of fire led to the practice cf cooking.
(b) Invention of wheel resulted in means of transport.
(c) Technology has created hydro-electricity.

Question 22 What are actual resources? Give three examples.

Answer The resources being used in the present are called actual resources. Such as:
(a) Coal in Ruhr (Germany)
(b) Petroleum in West-Asia
(c) Black soils of Deccan Plateau.

Question 23 What is resource conservation?

Answer Resource conservation is:
(a) To use resources carefully.
(b) Giving resources time to renew.

Question 24 What is sustainable development?

Answer Balancing the need to use resources and conserve these for the future.

Question 25 What are the aims of conservation of resources?

(a) To meet the needs and aspirations of future generations.
(b) Sustainable benefits to the present generation.

Question 26 Distinguish between

(a) Renewable and Non-renewable Resources.
(b) Natural Resources and Human Resources.

Resources Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What are the four types of values associated with resources? Explain.

(a) Black soils of Deccan Plateau.
(b) Legal value: Clean Air Act has legal value. This act is an example of legal value attached to the quality of air as a resource.
(c) Aesthetic value: Natural scenic beauty of forests, mountains, lakes and rivers have aesthetic value.
(d) Ethical value: National Parks to preserve wildlife have ethical value. The responsibility to preserve our national parks for future generation reflects the ethical value attached to such resources.

Question 2. Why consumption of resources is higher in developed nations than developing nations?

Answer. The demand for resources varies from region to region and country to country. The demand is
more in developed countries as compared to developing countries.
Following reasons are responsible for the higher consumption of resources in developed countries:
(a) Developed countries are economically developed. So their demand increases fester.
(b) Developed countries use more resources
(c) The per capita income is high in these countries. As a result, with more wealth, the consumption of the resource is more.

Question 3. What are the ill effects of overuse of resources? What are the measures to make the earth habitate?

Answer. Ill effects of overuse of resources:
Degradation of resources: The rising demand for various resources has caused degradation or deDletion of many valuable resources.
Example:
(a) Overuse of soil has caused infertility in many areas.
(b) Similarly, widespread deforestation and killing of birds arid animals have endangered many plant and animal species.
(c) The quality of air, water arid land resources has also been affected badly due to misuse or overuse of resources.
Measures to make the Earth habitate: Future of our planet and its people, therefore, is linked with our ability’ to maintain and preserve the life support system that nature provides. This makes it our duty to ensure that:
(a) All uses of renewable resources are suitable.
(b) The diversity of life on the earth is conserved and
(c) The damage to natural environmental syr.em is minimised.

Question 4. Explain the functional theory of resources.

Answer. Natural resources help human beings in the following ways:
(a) These provide material, energy for development.
(b) They constitute natural environment.
(c) Air, water and forests are essential for human survival.
Resources become resources only when they are utilised. Coal became a resource only when man used it as a source of energy .

Question 5. In how many ways man uses his environment?

Answer. Environment means a set of surroundings. It provides many resources to get food, shelter and clothing. Man uses land for crops, houses, factories and the construction oi transport network. Man uses minerals for industries and forests for timber, herbs and shrubs. Man gets fish and other benefits from seas and oceans.

Detailed Notes On Resources KSEEB Geography 

Question 6. Classify resources. Describe the main characteristic and example of each.

Answer. Resources are generally classified into three types:
1 Natural
2 Human
3 Human made.

1 Natural Resources: Any matter or energy derived from the envronment that is used by living things and humans is called natural resource. Example: air, water, soil, minerals, fossil fuels, plants and wildlife are called natural resources.
Classification of Natural Resources:
(a) Natural resources are classified in many ways. They may be categorised on the basis of the source of their origin. Accordingly, there are land, soil, water, plant, animal, mineral and energy resources.
Types of Resource
(b) Another method of classification is according to the stage of development of resource.

1.  Potential Resource: Those resources which are found in the region but have not been put to a proper use are called potential resources.
2.  Actual Resources: The resources, which have been surveyed and quantified (quantities determined properly) for actual use are called actual resources.
3.  Reserve Resources: That portico of the actual resource, which can be developed profitably with available technology is termed as a reserve.

(c) Natural resources are also classified on the basis of renewability. The natural resources are categorised into renewable and non-renewable resources.

1. Renewable Resources: Resources which get renewed or replenished fast, are called renewable resources. Some of these resources are always available (continuous) like solar and wind energy. Some resources like crop take a short time for renewal.
2. Non-renewable Resources: Non-renewable Resources have been built-up over a very long geological time. Minerals and fossil fuels are the examples of such resources since their rate of formation is extremely slow. Some of these resources such as metallic ores (rocks containing minerals like gold, silver and iron) are recyclable in nature. It means that the metal content drawn from the ore may be used again and again after necessary¬processing. Fossil fuels such as coal, mineral oil and natural gas get exhausted for ever, once consumed. Hence, they are non-recyclable.

2 Human Resources: Human resources mean the number (quantity) and abilities (mental and physical) of the people. Education anc health help people to acquire competencies required for developing resources.
The utility of a resource depends upon:
(a) Human Skill

(b) Stage of Human Development

(a) Technology.

3 Human-Made Resources: These are the techniques of production which have been created by people to utilise the physical materials of the environment. Thus, machines, tool, houses, and buildings are the examples of such resources.

Question 7 What is sustainable development? What are its basic principles?

By sustainable development, we refer to the careful utilisation of resources so that along with meeting the present requirements, the requirements of the future generation is also taken care of. Some methods of conservation are as follows:
(a) Respect and care for all forms of life (ii) Improving the quality of human life
(b) Conserving the Earth’s vitality and diversity (iv) Minimising the depletion of natural resources
(c) Changing personal attitude and practices towards the environment
(d) Enabling communities to care for their own environment

Question 8. What is our duty to ensure regarding resources?

Answer. It is our duty to ensure that:
(a) The diversity of life on the earth is conserved.
(b) All uses of renewable resources are sustanable.
(c) The damage to natural environmental system is minimised.

Resources Hots Corner

Question 1. All natural resources run in cycles.’ Give examples.

Answer. Cycle is a period of time for the formation of a resource. All natural resources are part of natural cycles, such as hydrological cycle, rock cycle and carbon cycle. But the time taken in completing these cycles varies. While some cycles, like the hydrological cycle may be completed soon, others such as rock cycle may take millions of years. Thus, one of the common ways of classifying natural resources is on the basis of renewability. This refers to the ability of a natural resource to renew or replenish itself within a few generations of human lives. Minerals and fossil fuels are built over a long geological time. Their rate of formation is very slow.

Question 2. ‘Resources are not, they become so.’ Explain.

Answer. Resources are elements of the bio-physical environment. But these become resources only when humans preserve them. Coal was always there, but it became a resource only when man used it as a source of energy. Hence, it has been rightly said that resources are not, they become so.

KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Geography Chapter 1 Resources 

Question 3. How are development and resources inter-dependent?

Answer. Development is possible through resources. Resources are the foundation of development. These have economic significance for human beings. Land, water and air are the basic requirements for agriculture. We can’t do agriculture without these resources. MineraJs are basic requirement for industries. Industries cannot run without minerals. Thus, development and resources are inter¬dependent.

Question 4. Future of our planet is linked with life support system. Discuss.

Answer. Our Earth is the only planet where life exists. Future of our planet and its people, is linked w ith our ability to maintain and preserve the life support system that nature provides. This makes it our duty to ensure that the natural environment is preserved and properly managed.

Question 5. How does man use his environment?

Answer. Environment means set of surroundings. It provides many resources to get food, shelter and clothing. Man uses land for crops, minerals for industries and forests for timber. Man gets fish from seas and oceans.

Simplified Notes For KSEEB Class 8 Geography Resources 

Resources Miscellaneous Questions A. Multiple Choice Questions
Tick the correct option from the choices provided:

Question 1. Metals have a value:

(a) Economic

(b) Legal

(c) Aesthetic

Answer. (a) Economic

Question 2. Invention of wheel has resulted in the development of:

(a) Transport

(b) Industries

(c) Agriculture

Answer. (a) Transport

Question 3. Which of the following is not a natural resource?

(a) Soil

(b) Air

(c) Water

Answer. (d) Manufactured goods

Question 4. What type of resource is uranium in Ladakh?

(a) Actual

(b) Potential

(c) Biotic

Answer. (b) Potential

Question 5. Which of the following is an abiotic resource?

(a) Forests

(b) Water

(c) Rocks

Answer. (c) Rocks

KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Geography Chapter 1 Resources 

Question 6. Which of the following is a non-renewable resource?

(a) Coal

(b) Solar energy

(c) Water power

Answer. (a) Coal

Question 7. Which of the following is a renewable resource?

(a) Forests

(b) Rock

(c) Minerals

Answer. (a) Forests

Question 8. Which of the following is a man-made resource?

(a) Roads

(b) Forests

(c) Rocks

Answer. (a) Roads

Question 9. Which of the following is not a man-made resource?

(a) Roads

(b) Bridges

(c) Buildings

Answer. (d) Rocks.

B. One Word/Sentence Answers

Resources Answer the following questions in one word Sentence

(a) What is the prime quality of a substance to become a resource?

Answer. Utility

(b) Name of the resources whose quantity is known are called?

Answer. Actual resources

(c) What is also known as manpower resources?

Answer. Human resources

KSEEB Class 8 Geography solutions for Resources

(d) What do we call those resources which get replenished after use?

Answer. Renewable resources

(e) ‘Respect and care for all forms of life.’ What does the sentence refer to?

Answer. Sustainable development

Resources Passage Interpretation

Read the below passage and answer the questions tiat follow:

Time and technology are two important factors required for chang ng substances into resources. For example, soil is necessary for plant growth. It takes hundreds to thousand years to form just one layer of soil. Similarly, fire became an important resource, when man discovered its uses and learnt to make fire. The technology helped him to create more resources.

(a) What is required for a substance to be a resource?

Answer. Time and technology.

(b) Give two examples of substances which become a resource with the realisation of its utility. Ans. Use of soil for agriculture and use of fire are two examples of resources.

Resources Picture Interpretation

Look at the following picture and answer the questions that follow:

(a) What does the picture depict?

Answer. The picture is related to the conservation of resources. The basic principle of conservation is ‘Reduce- Recycle-Reuse’ (3Rs). Conservat or thus, does not prohibit the use of resources but emphasises their efficient use. We need to reduce the consumption of resources and their wastes. The wastes such as those of paper, aluminium, water, etc., can be recycled and then re-used in many forms. Some examples are home-made paper by Khadi Gram Udyog.

KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 History Chapter 6 Colonialism And The City Textbook Questions

Question 1 State whether true or false:

(a)In the western world, modern cities grew with industrialisation.
(b)Surat and Machlipatnam developed in the nineteenth century.
(c)In the twentieth century, the majority of Indians lived in cities.
(d)After 1857 no worship was allowed in the Jama Masjid for five years.
(e)More money was spent on cleaning old Delhi than New Delhi.

Answer. (a) True (b) False (c) False (d) True (e) True

Question 2 Fill in the blanks:

(a)The first structure to successfully use the dome was called the_______________.
(b)The two architects who designed New Delhi and Shahjahanabad were________________ and__________
(c)The British saw overcrowded spaces as_________
(d)In 1888 an extension scheme called the_____________ was devised.

Answer.

(a)Buddhist Stupa at Sanchi
(b)Edward Lutyens, Herbert Baker
(c)unhygienic c and unhealthy
(d)Lahore Gate Improvement Scheme

Question 3 Identify three differences in the city design of New Delhi and Shahjahanabad.

Answer.

• There were over-crowded mohollos and narrow by-lanes in Shahjahanabad, which did not exist in New Delhi.
• New Delhi had improvised drainage systems, proper sewage disposal and a better water supply as compared to Shahjahanabad.
• New Delhi was cleaner and more hygienic than the old city of Shahjahanabad.

Question 4. Who led in the “white” areas in cities such as Madras?

Answer. The British led in the well laid-out “white” areas of Madras and Delhi.

Class 8 History KSEEB Colonialism And The City Notes 

Question 5 What is meant by de-urbanisation?

Answer.
If people move out of cities and towns, it leads to de-urbanisation. With the expansion of British rule, new administrate centres came up and earlier centres of regional power became unimportant For example, cities of Surat, Seringapatam and Machlipatnam experienced de-urbanisation in the 19th century.

Question 6 Why did the British choose to hold a grand Durbar in Delhi although it was not the capital?

Answer.
After the revolt of 1857. The British realised the importance of Delhi as a major political centre. It had been the capital from long centuries under different rulers and dynasties. The British, therefore, decided to hold a grand Durbar in Delhi.

Question 7 How did the Old City of Delhi change under British rule?

Answer.
The British wanted to rid Delhi of its Mughal legacy. In the 1870s, the area surrounding the Red Fort was cleared. Mosqued were either destroyed or put to some other use. Many old buildings were demolished and the canals were closed. The colonial bungalows replaced the old hoves and new architects began to re-design the city.

Question 8 How did the Partition affect life in Delhi?

Answer 

1. Thousands of people were killed and their homes were looted or burnt down. Many Muslims left for Pakistan who were replaced by Hindu and Sikh refugees.
2. The refugees wandered in search of empty houses and often forced Muslims to leave or sell their properties.
3. Delhi became a home to marx refugees. A few lakhs of people were added to the living population, mostly belonging from Punjab.
4. More people were settling down and new colonies emerged in Delhi. Many schools and shops also opened to serve the growing population.
5. The Partition changed the lives of many people. Sometimes, the migrants had to take up petty occupations to survive in a new place.
6. Migration on a large scale transformed the social and cultural environment in Delhi.

Colonialism and the City: The Story of an Imperial Capital Text Questions

Question 1 Compare the view in with that in Write a paragraph on what the changes depicted in the pictures might have meant to people living in the area.

Answer. The area around the Jama Masjid was rebuilt by the British. Many people must have lost their homes and shops in the demolition process. The British made huge gardens around the mosque due to which many families would have moved out to find alternate places for re-location.

Question 2 Imagine yourself walking up Raisina Hill, looking towards Rashtrapati Bhavan. Do you think Baker was right in thinking that looking up to the building would create a sense of awe and emphasise the power of the British?

Answer. Yes, walking up the Raisina Hill would definitely inspire awe in anyone. One can sense the supreme power and authority of the British while walking in that area.

Question 3 Can you find at least two instances from this chapter that suggest that there were other ways of thinking about the image of the capital city?

Answer. The capital city was seen as incomplete without the Fort, the mosques and the traditional markets. The old city had stood for long and Delhi could not be imagined without those buildings. The shift of administrate buildings and houses seemed dark and alien.

Question 4 Think of the life of two young people — one growing up in a haveli and the other in a colonial bungalow. What would be the difference in their relationship with the family? Which would you prefer to live in? Discuss your views with your classmates, and give reasons for your choice.

Answer. Generally, there were separate quarters for men and women in the na/elis. There was no such distinction in the colonial bungalows. I would have preferred to stay in a hovel because it reflected the rich Mughal culture and there were many families to bond with.
Or
would have preferred to stay in a colonial Bungalow which was spacious with a lot of greenery around. Many servants would be there for assistance and there would not be many people.

Question 5  If you look at and you will find a startling similarity between the buildings. But these buildings are continents apart. What does this show?

Answer. It shows that they were possibly designed by the same individual or a set of individuals. Herbert Baker was engaged in re-designing Cape Town and Delhi. His designs were inspired from classical architecture of ancient Greece and Rome.

KSEEB Class 8 History Solutions For Colonialism And The City 

Colonialism and the City: The Story of an Imperial Capital Additional Questions (Solved)

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 How did the modern cities emerge?

Answer. The modem cities of the western world emerged as a result of industrialization.

Question 2 Where did the British establish their Presidencies?

Answer. The British established three Presidencies at Calcutta, Bombay arid Madras for effective administration.

Question 3 How many Indians were living in the cities in early 20th century?

Answer. In early 20th century, only 11 % of total population of India was living in the cities.

Question 4 How many capital cities were founded in Delhi?

Answer. As many as 18 capital cities were founded in a small area of about 60 sq. miles in Delhi.

Question 5 Which is the largest mosque of India?

Answer. Jama Masjid in Delhi is the largest mosque of India.

Question 6 When did the British gain control of Delhi?

Answer. The British took control of Delhi in 1803 CE. after overthrowing the Marathas.

Question 7 When was Delhi College established?

Answer. Delhi College was established in 1792.

Question 8 Which period is known as the period of Delhi Renaissance?

Answer. The period between 1830 and 1857 is known as the period of Delhi Renaissance.

Question 9 What did the British do to prevent another rebellion?

Answer. The British sent Bahadur Shah Zafar on exile and dismissed his court The Mughal palaces and gardens were shut, and the British troops were shifted to Delhi to prevent any rebellion.

Question 10 When and why were western walls of Shahjahanabad broken?

Answer. In 1870s, the western walls of Shahjahanabad were pulled down to establish the railway lines and expand the city.

Question 11 Which major event took place at Delhi after 1857?

Answer. In 1877, the Viceroy, Lord Lytton, held a durbar where Queen Victoria was recognised as the Empress of India.

Question 12 When and how was the decision of shifting capital from Calcutta to Delhi announced?

Answer. King George V was crowned in England in 1911. A durbar was held in Delhi to celebrate the occasion.The decision to shift the capital of India from Calcutta to Delhi was announced at this aurbar.

Question 13 Who was Herbert Becker? When did he reach South Africa?

Answer. Herbert Becker was a young British architect. He reached South Africa in early 1890s.

Colonialism And The City Class 8 KSEEB Questions And Answers 

Colonialism and the City: The Story of an Imperial Capital Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 How is the history of cities like Madurai different from that of Dacca or Surat?

Answer. The history of cities like Madurai is different from that of Dacca or Surat. Madurai was basically a temple town where religion was of utmost importance. On the other hand, Dacca was a manufacturing town and Surat was a port town. These types of towns served many different functions because of which their nature is different from a temple city.

Question 2 When was Shahjahanabad built and what were its salient features?

Answer. Shah Jahan began building the city of Shahjahanabad in 1639 CE. A large fort and a palace was built out of red sandstone. A walled city with 18 gates was laid down to the west of Red Fort. The main streets of Chandni Chowk and Faiz Bazaar were kept broad for the royal processions to pass. A huge canal was built near Chandni Chowk. Colonies and markets were built around Jama Masjid.

Question 3 Why and how was Delhi plundered by the British after 1857?

Answer. Delhi was one of the main centrs of the revolt of 1857. The rebels had captured it for a few months. Later, when the British seized control over Delhi, they razed many palaces, mosques and gardens. Most of the property.

Question 4 What happened in Delhi at the time of Partition?
Answer

• After Indians gained freedom, masse riots took place in Delhi. Many people lost their lives and property
• Many Muslims fled to Pakistan from Delhi. A number of Hindus and Sikhs took refuge in Delhi.
• Many refugees were looking for empty houses in Delhi to find a place to live in.
• A third of the Muslim population in Delhi migrated to Pakistan and many homes were left abandoned.

Question 5 What happened in Delhi after Independence?

Answer.

• After Independence, the population in Delhi rose as a number of refugees came to stay there.
• People started ling wherever they could find place. Some migrants re-occupied deserted houses, while some stayed at refugee camps.
• Many new colonies like Lajpat Nagar anc Tilak Nagar emerged during this time. New schools and shops were established. The whole scenario in Delhi had changed after Independence.

Question 6 Describe some features of a haveli.

Answer.

• Havelis were large mansions where Mughal nobles led. Some of the features of havelis were:
• Havelis had huge walls, courtyards and fountains.
• There were numerous rooms in any hove/i meant for different purposes. More than one family stayed there. courtyard and rooms were mostly occupied by women.

Question 7 How did the British re-settle Delhi?

Answer.

• The Lahore Gate Improvement Scheme was planned in 1888  The aim was to move res derts out of the Old City into newer areas.
• The construction of streets were based on a grid pattern with same width and size. Houses and neighbourhoods were constructed at eQuestionual distances.
• The Delhi Improvement Trust was established in 1936 to build houses for the rich and wealthy.
• A number of paries were built around the houses.

Colonialism and the City: The Story of an Imperial Capital Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1 Give some features of the new city of Delhi built by the British.

Answer.

1. Following are the features of the newly-constructed Delhi:
2. It was built in a 10 sq. mile area on Raisina Hill, located southwards to the old city.
3. The government buildings were built on both the sides of a long avenue leading to the viceregal
4. The architecture was inspired by Imperial and classical Greek styles.
5. Some structures were styled or the basis of Buddhist and Mughal forms of architecture. It was ensured that the British buildings rose higher than the older structures.

Question 2 What happened to the old city of Shahjahanabad?

Answer. Most of the buildings existing earlier were broken down or modified. The wells were replaced by a new system of fresh water supply. The waste disposal and drainage systems were also rebuilt. The population of the city was constantly growing and there was a need to rebuild the city altogether. However, there were problems of hygiene ard maintenance in the newly-built city.

Explanation Of Colonialism And The City KSEEB History 

Hots Corner

Question 1 Describe the role of railways in the development of new towns and trading centres.

Answer. The railways were an important means to link various cities and towns. People could easily travel and goods could be transported quickly. It helped in the growth of new towns to a large extent.

Question 2 Evaluate how the urbanisation pattern in the pre-colonial period was different from the colonial period.

Answer. The course of urbanisation in pre-colonial India was determined by a number of economic and political factors. Besides major cities, many towns existed where production took place with the use of traditional means The British had administrate concerns which had an efect on the process of urbanisation. The Industrial Revolution in England cast influence on trading and manufacturing processes in India, which also affected the due course of urbanisation.

Colonialism and the City: The Story of an Imperial Capital Miscellaneous Questions

A. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) Tick the correct option from the choices provided:

Question 1 is the capital of modern India.

(a) New Delhi
(b) Mumbai
(c) Kolkata
(d)Chennai

Answer. (a) New Delhi

Question 2 Who built Shahjahanabad?

(a) Akbar
(b) Shahjahan
(c) Aurangzeb
(d)Jahangir

Answer. (b)ShahJahar

Question 3 In the British gained control of Delhi after defeating the Marathas.

(a)1813
(b)1808
(c) 1803
(d)1818

Answer. (c)1803

Question 4 When was King George V crowned in England?

(a)1911
(b)1905
(c) 190
(d) 1908

Answer. (a)1911

Q5. When was the capital of British India shifted from Calcutta to Delhi?

(a) 1901

(b) 1911

(c) 1905

(d) 1908

Answer (b) 1911

KSEEB Class 8 History Chapter 6 important questions 

Question 6 Street with a dead end was known as

(a) Cul-de-Sac

(b) Baoli

(c) Presidency

(d) Sufb-e-Kuf

Answer (a) Cul-de-Sac

Question 7 The mansions of the amics were known as

(a) Havel’s

(b) Bungalows

(c) Khongobs

d) Presidencies years.

Answer (a) Hovels

Question 8. After 1857. prayers were not allowed in Jama Masjid for

(a) Seven

(b) Five

(c) tight

(d) Ten

Answer . (b) Five

B. Colonialism and the City: The Story of an Imperial Capital Match the Following

Find and write the correct options from the gen below columns:

Answer. 1.(b) 2.(e) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (d)

C.Colonialism and the City: The Story of an Imperial Capital  Picture Interpretation

1 Study the gen picture and Answer the following Questions:

1. Which port town is depicted in this picture?
2. Which town developed as an important port town in the seventeenth century?
3. When and why did its importance declire?

Answer.

1. Machlipatnam
2. Machlipatnam developed as an important port town in the seventeenth century.
3. Its importance declined in late 18th century century as trade shifted to new British ports of Bombay, Madras and Calcutta.

Part A – Our PASTS – III (History)

• Chapter 1 How, When and Where
• Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory The Company Establishes Power
• Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside
• Chapter 4 Tribals Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age
• chapter 5 When People Rebel 1857 And After
• Chapter 6 Colonialism and the City: The Story of an Imperial Capital
• Chapter 7 Weavers, Iron Smelters and Factory Owners
• Chapter 8 Civilising the “Native” Educating the Nation
• Chapter 9 Women, Caste and Reform
• Chapter 10 The Changing World of Visual Arts
• Chapter 11 The Making of the National Movement 1870s -1947
• Chapter 12 India After Independence

Part B – Resources and Development (Geography)

• Chapter 1 Resources
• Chapter 2 Land,Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and A wildlife Resources
• Chapter 3 Mineral and Power Resources
• Chapter 4 Agriculture
• Chapter 5 Industries
• Chapter 6 Human Resources

Part C: Social and Political Life -III (Civics)

• Chapter 1 The Indian Constitution
• Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism
• Chapter 3 Why Do We Need a Parliament ?
• Chapter 4 Understanding Laws
• Chapter 5 Judiciary
• Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System
• Chapter 7 Understanding Marignalisation
• Chapter 8 Confronting Marginalisation
• Chapter 9 Public Facilities
• Chapter 10 Law and Social Justice

KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Biology Chapter 9 Useful Microorganisms, Animals And Plants Notes

Many living organisms are present in soil, water, and air around us. Some of these organisms are so small that we cannot see them with naked eyes. We need a magnifying instrument called a microscope to see these extremely small organisms. These extremely small organisms are known as microorganisms (micro = extremely small). We can now say that: Those organisms which are too small to be seen without a microscope are called microorganisms. The study of microorganisms is called microbiology.

Useful Microorganisms

Initially it was thought that all the micro-organisms are harmful and cause diseases. Later on scientists discovered that only a handful of microorganisms are harmful and cause diseases. Most of the microorganisms are harmless and some of the microorganisms are even beneficial to us (or useful to us).
Microorganisms play an important role in our lives. We will now describe the beneficial effects and harmful effects of micro-organisms in detail, one by one.

Useful Bacteria

Bacteria are very small, singlc-ccllcd microorganisms which have cell walls but do not have an organised nucleus and other structures. Bacteria are found in large numbers everywhere: in air; soil and water; every surface around us; on our bodies and even inside our bodies.They are invisible to the naked eye and can be only viewed under a microscope. The study of bacteria is bacteriology.

Class 8 Biology KSEEB Useful Microorganisms Animals and Plants Notes 

Food

Some bacteria are useful to us. They can be used to make curd, cheese and vinegar. The milk changes lo curd due lo Lhe presence of a bacteria called Lactobacillus acidophilus. When a little of pre¬made curd is added to warm milk, then Lactobacilli bacteria present in curd multiply in milk and convert it into curd. This happens as follows: Milk contains a sugar called lactose. Lactobacilli bacteria convert llie lactose sugai into lactic acid. This lactic acid then converts milk into curd. Acetobacter bacteria convert alcohol into acetic acid (or vinegar).

Medicines Synthesising The Vitamin

The bacteria found in the human intestine synthesize the vitamin B-complcx which further helps in digestion and absorption of food in the human body.

Antibiotics And Vaccines

A medicine which stops the growth of, or kills the disease-causing microorganisms is called an antibiotic. The source of antibiotic medicines are microorganisms. The antibiotics are manufactured by growing specific microorganisms (and used to cure a number of diseases). These days, a large number of antibiotics are being produced from microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria.

Some of the common antibiotics which are made from fungi and bacteria are: Penicillin, Streptomycin, Erythromycin and Tetracycline. Antibiotics are, however, not effective against diseases caused by viruses. For example, antibiotics cannot be used to cure diseases like common cold’, ‘flu’, and ‘viral fever* because these are caused by viruses.
Mircoorganisms are also used to make vaccines.

A vaccine is a special kind of preparation (or medicine) which provides immunity (or protection) against a particular disease. Vaccines are given to healthy persons so that they may not get certain diseases throughout their life (even if they are exposed to the pathogens of these diseases later on in life). The diseases which can be prevented by vaccination of children at proper age are: Polio, Smallpox, Cholera, Typhoid, Hepatitis, Tuberculosis (TB), Tetanus, Measles, Rabies, Diphtheria and Pertussis (Whooping cough).

Tanning Of Leather

Tanning is the process of treating animal skin to produce leather. Bacteria are also used in tanning process. The bacteria employed in the process of tanning are obtained from cowdung and the excreta of dogs and poultry.

Retting Of Fibres

The action of some bacteria like Clostridium, Pseudomonas, etc., help in fibre retting i.e. separation of stem and leaf fibre of plants from other softer tissue.

KSEEB Class 8 Biology Solutions For Useful Microorganisms

Production Of Biogas

Bacteria, while converting animal dung and other organic wastes to manure, help in production of fuel that is a must in gobar gas plant

Scavenging

Saprophytic bacteria obtain food from organic remains such as animal excreta, fallen leaves, meat etc. They decompose these substances by action of digestive enzymes aerobically or anaerobically (known as fermentation). Thus they help in sanitation of nature, hence, also known as scavengers. An example is Pseudomonas.

Decomposition

Bacteria use the dead and decaying mailer as a source of nutrients, and in turn help in recycling the organic compounds trapped in the dead matter. Through this process, other organisms also get benefited, who can use the simpler forms of organic compounds/nutrients released from the dead matter by various bacteria.

Useful Fungi

Fungi are microorganisms that look like small plants but do not contain chlorophyll and do not photosynthesise. They can be unicellular or multicellular. The body of a fungi consists of many cotton-like threads that are called mycelium, and each of such single thread is called hypha. Fungi grow’ in damp and warm places and are often found on breads, pickles and rotting food items.

Food

Some species of fungi are edible. They are cooked with rice or eaten as vegetables or prepared in soups. Some examples are Morchella (morels), mushrooms, Ramaria, and so on. These are used for preparing mushroom soup, as pasta toppings or to add flavour to an omelette. Fungi are also used to process cheese with different flavours.

Bakery

Yeast is used in the baking industry for making bread. When yeast is mixed in dough for making bread, the yeast reproduces rapidly and gives out carbon dioxide gas during respiration. The bubbles of carbon dioxide gas fill the dough and increase its volume. This makes the bread ‘rise’.

Fermentation

Yeast is also used in breweries to make beverages such as wine and beer. These microorganisms convert the sugar to an acid or alcohol. This process in which microorganisms convert the sugar to alcohol is called fermentation. Wine is prepared by the fermentation of grapes whereas beer is obtained by the fermentation of barley.

Useful Microorganisms Class 8 KSEEB Questions And Answers 

Manure

The seaweeds are also added as a manure in the agricultural fields which help in improving the soil quality and its fertility.

Medicines

The antibiotic penicillin is obtained from PeniciUium.

Useful Algae

Algae is a large group of simple, plan t-like organisms. They contain chlorophyll and produce food by photosynthesis just like plants. Algae, however differ from plants because they do not have proper roots, stems and leaves. Some of the examples of algae are: Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, Blue-green algae; Diatoms and Seaweeds.

Algae As A Food

A few red algae are good source of food. In Japan a popular dish is prepared from Laminaria, a brown algae. It contains a large amount of minerals. Algae are also used as food by animals. Many seaweeds make very useful fodder.

Medicines

Seaweeds also yield bromine, acetic acid, formic acid and acetone. An antibiotic called Chlorellin is prepared from Chlorella.

In Industries

Agar (also known as China grass) is obtained from red algae. This product is used in laboratory for various experiments. Diatoms are a kind of algae found in sea. They contain silica which is extensively used in making metal polish, porcelain and toothpaste. Iodine is extracted from Laminaria.

Useful Animals

The animals are useful to us in many ways. A number of domestic animals like cows, goats, ducks, and others provide us with milk, eggs, meat, and so on. This process of rearing of animals for a specific purpose is called domestication. All the domesticated animals which are useful in producing various products are called livestock. The taking care of this livestock such as their food, shelter and breeding along with rearing of animals at a large scale is known as animal husbandry. Animals are reared on the farm for food, milk, and other activities. Livestock can come under different categories. Let us discuss them here:

Milk Yielding (Milching) Animals

Cows, buffaloes, goats, camels and other animals provide us with milk that is nutritious and rich in calcium. Livestock raised as a source of milk are called milk animals. Milk is a good source of vitamins, proteins and minerals. In India, buffaloes are the major source of milk as compared to cows.
There are three types of breeds of dairy cows majorly found in India.

Explanation of Useful Microorganisms KSEEB Class 8 Biology 

Indigenous breeds

These breeds are also known as desi breeds. For example. Red Sindhi, Gir and Sahiwal.

Exotic breeds

These breeds are imported from other countries. For example, Holstein-Friesian, Brown Swiss and Jersey

Crossbreed

These breeds are developed by mating exotic breeds with indigenous breeds. Their milk-yielding capacity is two to three times more than indigenous ones. For example, Karan Fries, Frieswal and Karan Swiss. The three breeds of buffaloes in India are as follows:

Murrah

The milk yield of this breed is about 12-16 litres of milk on daily basis during lactation time. It is considered as the best breed of buffalo in Haryana and Punjab.

Mehsana

Mehsana breed is commonly found in and around Gujarat. The average milk yield is around 10-12 liters per day.

Surti

The Surti is a breed of water buffalo found in a few districts of Gujarat. They can yield 7-9 liters of milk in a day.

Management of Milch Animals

The management of milk-yielding animals include appropriate shelter and feeding requirements.

Shelter

The animals’ shelter should have the following characteristics:

•  Animals’ shelters should be clean and well-ventilated.
•  Their sheds should be well-covered to protect them from rain, heat and cold.
•  The shelter should be big enough to provide sufficient space to the animal for stay.
•  It should have clear drinking water.
•  The shelter should be protected from predators.

Feeding

The animal food containing essential nutrients needed for the growth and development is called feed.
Cattle feed is of two types:

•  Roughage: Roughage has more fibre content. It includes feed such as hay, straw, fodder, legumes, silage, coco pea and so on.
•  Concentrates: Concentrates have very low fibrous matter. They are rich in nutrients.
  They include grains such as bajra, jowar, rice, barley, gram, chaff, wheat bran, husk, oilseeds, molasses, etc.

Proper breeding

Animals with specific and desired characters are selected for breeding. This is important for propagating only those specific desired species of livestock.

KSEEB Class 8 Biology Chapter 9 Important Questions 

Diseases of Cattle

Like humans, cattle also sutler from diseases by bacteria and viruses. Dairy animals should be vaccinated regularly to be protected from diseases Some of the diseases in cattle are listed in the table shown here

White Revolution

Operation Flood (OF), commonly referred to as ‘white revolution, refers to rapid development in milk production that took place in India from 1970-1996 . This project transformed India from a milk deficient country to the world’s largest milk producer in 1998. The main architect of this successful project was Dr. Verghese Kurien, also known as the ‘Father of White Revolution’. ‘Operation flood’ is a program started by National Dairy Development Board (NDDB).

Operation flood was completed in three phases. During the first phase of its starting (1970-1980), the country’s 18 main milk sheds were connected to the consumers of the four metros, that is, Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai and Kolkata. During the second phase (1981-1985), the management increased the milk sheds from 18 to 136; 290 urban markets expanded the outlets for milk. By the end of 1985, a self-sustaining system of43,000 village cooperatives with 42.5 lakh milk producers were covered.

In the third and last stage (1986-1996) of white revolution, the dairy cooperatives were enabled to expand and strengthen the infrastructure required to procure and market increasing volumes of milk. Veterinary first aid, health care sendees, feed and artificial insemination sendees for cooperative members were extended, along with intensified member education.

Meat and Egg-yielding Animals

Goat, sheep, hen and other poultry birds provide us with meal. Fish is also a source of food. These animals are reared on a commercial scale for their meat. Hen meat is called chicken. Sheep and goat meat is called mutton.

Poultry farming

Poultry is the rearing of birds like fowl (cock and hen), goose, turkey and duck for their meat and eggs. The eggs from these birds are a rich source of proteins. The chicken used for laying eggs are called layers, and chicken used for rearing meat is called broiler. In India, there arc three types of breeds of chickens: indigenous, exotic and cross-breed.

The most popular indigenous breed is Aseel. Exotic breeds such as White rock. Black Minorcha, Rhode Island Red arc produced outside India. They are excellent egg layer and good meat producers. In India, some cross breeds of chicken such as ILS-82, HH-260, B-77 have been raised. They have high egg laying capacity.

Management of poultry birds

It is very important that the chickens are kept with care in the poultry sheds. The birds should not be kept in the open as there is always a danger of the birds being attacked by other animals. Care should be taken while feeding the birds. Bird food generally include cereals like bajra, maize, wheat, ragi, etc.

Sheep and Goat

Animals such as goat, hen and sheep are reared for their flesh or meat. Sheep provides us mutton, wool and hide (leather). Goat provides us milk, meat, and skin. The process of removal of wool from sheep is called shearing. Wool is produced from the fleece of sheep. Power shears arc used for shearing. The quality of wool varies from breed to breed. For example, Pashmina wool is very soft and warm.

It is obtained from Indian breed called Pashmina, which is found in Kashmir and Himalayan areas. Important breeds of sheep in our country are Nellore, Mandya, Dorset, Marwari, Bikaneri, Rampuri, and Deccani. Important breeds of goat include Gaddi, Jamnapuri, Black Bengal, Assam hill, Decanny, Kashmiri and many more.

Management of sheep and goat

Sheep do not require a well-structured shelter. They live under natural shades of trees and hills. Goats require a clean, dry and safe home. Goals should be protected from heat and cold.

Sheep and goat are given grains, gram chaff, oil cakes, and mineral mixtures along with grass, foliage, herbs, etc.

Detailed Notes On Useful Microorganisms In KSEEB Biology 

Diseases in sheep and goat

Sheep and goat suffer from bacterial and viral diseases. Regular immunisation and proper sanitation help in the prevention of diseases.

Draught Animals

Animals which arc used to carry loads and doing labour in fields such as carting, tilling and ploughing are called draught animals. Animals are being used as a means of transportation since ancient times. We have all seen bullock carts, horse carts and camel carts. Elephants, mules, donkeys and horses also help in carrying load and transporting goods from one place to another.

Bullocks are used extensively by farmers in ploughing and irrigating, hi desert areas, the main form of transportation of human beings and goods is the camel. The camel is hence known as the ship of the desert.

Apiculture

The rearing of bees for honey is called apiculture. The scientific name for honeybee is Apis. In the process of rearing the bees, special wooden boxes are placed in the orchards. At the doors of these boxes, there are pores from which the bees can move in or out. The boxes are used as a hive by the bees and arc called apiaries. Generally, there are thousands of bees in one hive along with one queen bee. Most of the bees are workers or drones. These bees collect nectar from flowers which they turn into honey. Honey is rich in carbohydrates, and is thus, very good for health. Beeswax, also produced from apiculture, is used in the manufacturing of candles, cosmetics items, etc.

Pisciculture

Raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures such as fish ponds, usually for food or business is called fish farming or pisciculture. It is the principal form of aquaculture. The fish may be reared in small and large rivers, lakes, canals, etc. Hatcheries are developed wherein fish seeds or fish eggs are pul. Later, when they grow and are nursed, the young fishes are finally harvested. Culturing fish can be done in various processes and classifying them can be done based on the way they are grown in the ponds.

• Monoculture is a type where a single type of fish is grown in a particular water body.
• Polyculture involves growing more than one type of fishes in a single water body.
• Integrated fish culture is an entirely different type where fishes are grown with agricultural crops/animals.

Pisciculture is done in various types of ponds based on stages of growth of fish. The types of ponds include—breeding ponds, hatchery ponds, nursery ponds, rearing ponds and stocking ponds.

Simplified Notes For KSEEB Class 8 Useful Microorganisms 

Sericulture

Sericulture refers to the process of the breeding and management of silkworms for the production of silk. In the process of sericulture, the eggs of the silkworms are kept together in trays. They are kept there until the eggs hatch. The small larvae called silkworms have a short life cycle, divided into four stages.

Eggs

The time when a female silk moth lays eggs is the beginning stage of the life cycle of silkworm, and they hatch to form worms. To speed up the time of hatching the eggs, they are incubated.

Larva

After about 20 days, the larvae or caterpillars start hatching from these eggs. After hatching, these larvae that come out are known as silkworms or caterpillars. These silkworms eat voraciously.

Pupa

These silkworms feed on fresh mulberry leaves and grow in size. They secrete fine filaments from two glands on their heads, which is made up of protein that hardens to form silk fibres when exposed to air. The silkworm deposits filaments in a number of concentric layers around its body, through the movements of the head, forming a structure, called the cocoon.

Adult

Inside the cocoon, the silkworm enters the next stage of its life called the pupa and then into a moth. It then breaks open the cocoon emerging as an adult and again lays eggs and the cycle continues again. To extract silk from silkworms, the cocoons are put in water to extract the soft silk threads. These threads are then purified and spun into yarns.

USEFUL PLANTS

Plants are the primary producers, all other living organisms directly or indirectly depend on them for food. They fulfill almost all our basic needs for food and also release life sustaining oxygen in atmosphere. We get different products from plants as discussed here:

Food Crops

A food crop is any cultivated plant that is harvested to be consumed by both human beings and animals. They are grown with the primary intention of being consumed and thus, require special care throughout the cultivation period. The plants which are grown to produce crops are known as the crop plants. Main crops include cereals, pulses, etc.

Such crops are a part of our food along with the oils and beverages that are produced through them. The production of food is not limited to cereals and pulses but also extends to vegetables and fruits. Some of the food crops grown in India are discussed here.

Cereals And Pulses

The cereals like corn, wheat and paddy provide us starch, fibre and minerals. They also give us proteins.

Oilseeds

The seeds which are the source of oils are called oilseeds. Important oilseeds are mustard, groundnut, sesame (til j, soya bean, sunflower, and so on. The oil cake is the residue left after the extraction of oil.

Vegetables

The vegetables are soft, seasonal and herbaceous plants. They give us nutrients, and are rich in minerals, vitamins, proteins, and carbohydrates.

Cash Crops

Cash crops are the ones which are produced in order to further sell the produce rather than consumption. These are exported to foreign countries. These crops are grown on large estates called plantations.

KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Biology Chapter 9 Useful Microorganisms Notes

Spices

India produces a wide range of spices and spice products, such as pepper, cardamom, cinnamon,ginger, turmeric, chilli, coriander, cumin, clove, saffron,garlic, mustard, and so on.

Rubber

Rubber plantation in India started in 1895 on the hills of Kerala. Rubber is produced from the latex of different plants but majorly, the rubber plant is used to produce it.

Fibre-yielding crops

Fibre-yielding crops are the ones which produce- fibres and are used for manufacturing fibre goods. These crops include jute, hemp, cotton, milkweed, etc.

Medicinal plants

India produces numerous medicinal and herbal plants such as amla, brahmi, ashok, calihari, neem, makoi, sandalwood, tulsi, Aloe vera, and many more.

Keywords

Germs: Microorganisms which cause diseases
Antibiotics: The chemicals carry antibodies to fight against diseases
Vaccines: The injections with antigens to fight against diseases
Animal husbandry: Rearing of animals on a large scale at or in a farm and taking care of their shelter, food, breeding and health
Apiculture: Rearing of bees for production of honey
Sericulture: The process of breeding, rearing and management of silkworms for the production of silk
Pisciculture: Raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures, usually for food or business
Food crop: Any cultivated plant that is harvested to be consumed by both human beings and animals

Summary

•  Bacteria turns the lactose present in the milk and converts it into lactic acid. This acid helps in turning milk into curd.
•  Cash crops are the ones which are produced in order to further sell the produce rather than consumption.
•  All the domesticated animals which are useful in producing various products are called livestock.
•  Poultry is the rearing of birds like fowl (cock and hen), goose, turkey and duck for their meat and eggs.
•  Draught animals are used to carry loads and are used for carting, tilling, ploughing, etc.
•  Rearing of honeybees for commercial purposes and to obtain honey is called apiculture.
•  Rearing of silkworm to obtain silk is called sericulture.
•  A food crop is any cultivated plant that is harvested to be consumed by both human beings and animals.