Class 8 Social Science

KSEEB Solutions Class 8 Economics Chapter 2 Meaning And Types Of Economy Points To Remember

Economy refers to the nature of the organization of economic activities in society. Economies are also classified based on ownership of resources. The resources may be in private ownership or collective ownership. Economies are also classified on the basis of the administrative divisions. J. Brown defines economy as “a system by which people get a living”. Unfair and illegal means such as robbery, and smuggling may earn income for oneself but are socially harmful, hence not considered as gainful economic activity.

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An economy consists of individuals, economic institutions, and government and their interactions. Planning Commission was set up to plan for the socioeconomic development of India in 1950, but it was replaced by NITI Ayog in 2 015. communism was adopted by Russians in 1917 but was replaced by capitalism in 1989. Earlier, the barter system was followed but today money plays a vital role in economic transactions. We have institutions like the RBI, SEBI, World Bank, IMF, WTO, SAARC, ADB, etc., that govern the activities of individuals as well as countries.

1. RBI: Reserve Bank of India.
2. SEBI: Securities and Exchange Board of India.
3. IMF: International Monetary Fund.
4. WTO: World Trade Organization.
5. SAARC: South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation.
6. ADB: Asian Development Bank.

Economic systems are classified into capitalism, socialism, and mixed economies based on ownership of means of production and the extent of government intervention and regulation of economic activities. In a capitalist system, the means of production are owned by the individuals who are free to use them in any way that benefits them. Hence, it is also called a free enterprise economy. When productive resources are owned and controlled by the government to promote the overall interest of society, it is called a socialist system.

Socialism was a prominent idealism after the Second World War and was embraced by countries like Russia, China, and many eastern European countries. But the wave of liberalization since the 1990s has made almost all these countries allow the private sector to participate extensively in economic activities. A mixed economy combines the good features of both capitalism and socialism. It has a combination of elements of both free enterprise and the capitalist economy as well as a government-controlled socialist economy.

India is a classic example of a mixed economy with both public and private sectors operating within the planning and regulatory framework of the government. Industrial policies of 1948 and 1956 formulated by the Indian government made provision for the coexistence of the public and private sectors, with a larger role for the public sector.

The Planning Commission was set up in 1950 to prepare plans for the all-round development of the country and its people. The Planning Commission has so far prepared and implemented twelve five-year plans and many annual plans In 2015, the Planning Commission has been replaced by the NITI (National Institution for Transforming IndiaAyog.

The public sector was given a dominant role so that it could control the commanding heights of the economy.

Class 8 Economics Meaning And Types Of Economy KSEEB Notes 

Meaning And Types Of Economy Exercises

Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. Economy refers to the nature of the organization of economic activities.
2. NITI Ayog was set up in 2015.
3. Free enterprise is a basic feature of a Capitalist economy.
4. A good example of a capitalist economy is the USA.
5. Co-existence of public and private sectors is seen in Mixed Economy.

Answer the following after discussing them in groups:

Question 1. What is an economy?
Answer: Economy refers to the nature of the organization of economic activities in society.

Question 2. Mention the features of the capitalist economic system.
Answer:

Private property
Freedom of enterprise
Competiti on, markets and prices
Absence of government interference

Question 3. What is planning?
Answer: Planning refers to the deliberate actions of the government to systematically allocate and utilize available resources to achieve predetermined goals in the interest of all.

Question 4. How are economies classified on the basis of the level of development?
Answer:
On the basis of the level of development, economies can be classified into two categories:

Developed economy and
Developing economy

Question 5. How does the government regulate the activities of the private sector in a mixed economy?
Answer: Government regulates the activities of the private sector through various policies such as licensing policy, taxation policy, price policy, monetary policy, and fiscal policy.

Question 6. What is disinvestment?
Answer: The government is selling its shares in public sector industries, which is called disinvestment.

Question 7. Why is India considered a developing economy?
Answer: The national and per capita income in these countries is low. They have backward agricultural and industrial sectors with low savings, investment, and capital formation. They have a low standard of living, poor health and sanitation, high infant mortality, high birth and death rates, and poor infrastructure.

Meaning And Types Of Economy Additional Questions And Answers

Choose the correct alternative and Write the complete answer along with its alphabet in the sheet provided:

Question 1. The main aim of an economy is

1. Satisfaction of human wants
2. Utilization of natural resources
3. Achieving economic development
4. Earning huge amounts of money.

Answer: 1. Satisfaction with human wants

Question 2. The economist who defines economy as “a system by which people get a living” is

1. Adam Smith
2. Lionel Robbins
3. A. J. Brown
4. A. C. Pigou

Answer: 3. A.J. Brown

Question 3. Planning Commission was set up in India in the year

1. 1950
2. 1952
3. 1972
4. 1917

Answer: 1. 1950

KSEEB Economics Chapter 2 Class 8 Multiple Choice Questions 

Question 4. NITI Ayog was set up in India in the year in the year

1. 2015
2. 2017
3. 2016
4. 2014

Answer: 1. 2015

Question 5. The Economic system in which production is owned by the individuals and are free to use in any way that benefits them is

1. Socialist
2. Secularist
3. Capitalist
4. Mixed

Answer: 3. Capitalist

Question 6. A country that has a capitalist economic system is

1. India
2. China
3. Russia
4. USA

Answer: 4. USA

Question 7. Privatization has become a key policy of the government since

1. 1950
2. 1991
3. 1952
4. 1971

Answer: 2. 1991

Question 8. The government is selling its shares in public sector industries, which is called

1. Investment
2. Disinvestment
3. Shares
4. Debenture

Answer: 2. Disinvestment

Question 9. Communism was adopted by Russians in the year

1. 1950
2. 1917
3. 1952
4. 1971

Answer: 2. 1917

Meaning And Types Of Economy Answer the following questions:

Question 1. Which are the three types of Economic systems?
Answer: Capitalist, Socialist, and Communist are the three types of Economic systems.

Question 2. What is Socialist Economy?
Answer: When productive resources are owned and controlled by the government to promote the overall interest of society, it is called a socialist system.

Question 3. What is a Mixed Economy?
Answer: A mixed economy combines the good features of both capitalism and socialism.

Question 4. Which are Unfair and illegal human activities?
Answer: Unfair and illegal means such as robbery, and smuggling may earn income for oneself but is socially harmful, hence not considered as gainful economic activity.

Class 8 Economics Chapter 2 guide On Meaning And Types Of Economy KSEEB 

Question 5. What are the features of the Economy?
Answer:
The features of the Economy are:

An economy consists of individuals, economic institutions, and government and their interactions.
The economy is a dynamic entity that is continuously changing.
Production, consumption, and investment are crucial activities of an economy.
Depending on the type of economy, economic activities keep on changing.
Individuals are both producers and consumers.
The modem economic system is complex.
There are many institutions to regulate the activities of individuals.

Question 6. Why was the Planning Commission of India set up?
Answer: The economy is a dynamic entity that is continuously changing. Planning Commission was set up to plan for the socioeconomic development of India in 1950, but it was replaced by NITI Ayog in 2015.

Question 7. How is the economic system classified?
Answer: Economic systems are classified into capitalism, socialism, and mixed economies based on ownership of means of production and the extent of government intervention and regulation of economic activities.

Question 8. Why is the capitalist economic system called a free enterprise economy?
Answer: In a capitalist system, the means of production are owned by the individuals who are free to use them in any way that benefits them.

Question 9. What are the features of a socialist economy?
Answer:
Collective ownership of means of production and wealth:

Social welfare objective.
Central Planning.
Reduction in Inequalities.
No class conflict.

Question 10. What are the features of a mixed economy?
Answer:
The features of a mixed economy are:

Co-existence of public and private sectors.
Individual Freedom.
Economic Planning.
Price Mechanism.

Question 11. What are the characteristics of developed countries?
Answer:
The characteristics of developed countries are:

Higher national and per capita income.
Gigli rate of capital formation.
lightly trained human resources.
Better civic facilities, good health, and sanitation facilities.
Low birth rate, low death rate, and low infant mortality.
Well-developed industrial and social infrastructure.
High standard of living.

Question 12. What are the characteristics of underdeveloped countries?
Answer:
The characteristics of underdeveloped countries are:

The national and per capita income is low.
Backward agricultural and industrial sectors.
Low standard of living.
Poor health and sanitation.
High infant mortality.
High birth and death rates and poor infrastructure.

Question 13. What are the broad objectives of Indian plans?
Answer:
The broad objectives of Indian plans are:

Economic growth.
Modernization.
Self-reliance.
Social justice.
Elimination of Poverty.
Creation of conditions of near full employment.
Satisfaction of basic needs like food, clothing, shelter, education health, etc.

KSEEB Class 8 Meaning and Types of Economy Study Materials 

Question 14. Explain the role of the public sector in the development of the Indian economy.
Answer:
The role of the public sector in the development of the Indian economy:

It increased the pace of economic growth and reduced disparities in income and wealth.
It has prominently contributed to:
Development of infrastructure.
Establishment of basic and heavy industries.
Disperse industries in several backward regions and
promote trading and marketing activities, including international trade.

Question 15. What are the key objectives of public sector promotion?
Answer: Achievement of rapid economic development, reduction of the concentration of economic power, balanced regional development, employment generation, import substitution, and export- promotion and resource mobilization were the key objectives of public sector promotion.

Question 16. The public sector did not show better financial performance or profitability. Why?
Answer: The public sector did not show better financial performance or profitability because of many critical problems like defective pricing policy; excessive political interference; delays in decision-making; over-staffing; lack of accountability; and under-utilization of capacity.

KSEEB Solutions Class 8 Economics Chapter 1 Introduction To Economics Points To Remember

While the people using goods and services are called the ‘consumers’. The people engaged in the production of the goods and services are called the ‘producers’. These goods and services are made available to us at our place through transporters, traders, and shopkeepers, who are called the ‘distributors’. Economics may be described as the study of these economic activities of individuals or as a science that deals with the production, distribution, and use of goods and services.

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The classification of wants as more important or less is called ‘prioritizing’. “Economics is defined as the social science that examines how people choose to use limited or scarce resources in attempting to satisfy their unlimited wants.”“Economics is the study of wealth” – Adam Smith (1776) (Father of Economics) “Economics is the study of people in the ordinary business of life.” – Alfred Marshall (1890) The word “economics” comes from the Greek words “Oikos,” meaning “household,” and ‘ ‘nomos meaning “management”. Economics refers to the art of “household management” that involves using the available means to satisfy the basic needs of the family as well as to prosper. The organization of economic activities is called ‘economy’.

The study of Economics is not only enlightening but also profitable. – A. C. Pigou. Wants are the basis for all economic activities. The varied activities which we perform in order to earn money and wealth, for the satisfaction of our wants, are called economic activities. Production activities are those that produce goods and services. For example, agriculture, animal husbandry, fishing, mining, forest development, different kinds of industries, transport, communication, etc.

Goods and services are produced for consumption. Man satisfies his wants by buying goods and services. All these activities are known as consumption activities. Since Economics is a study of human economic activities, it is a very vast subject. Therefore, in order to study the different activities, it is divided into two broad branches called ‘Micro’ and ‘Macroeconomics. The word micro means very small and microeconomics implies a study of economics at a very small level. The word macro means ‘total’ or ‘large’.

It is said, “Micro Economics is like studying a single tree in the forest while, Macro Economics studies the whole forest; Micro Economics provides a worm’s eye view of the economy but Macro Economics provides a bird’s eye view of the economy”. Basic Economic Problems are What to produce? Flow to produce? For whom to produce?

Introduction To Economics Exercises

Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The word ‘Economics’ originates from the Greek root words “Oikos,” and “nomos,”
2. The basic economic problems of every individual are scarcity and choice.
3. The activities that generate income are Economic activities.
4. Micro Economics is the study of Small units.
5. Macro Economics is the study of large units.

Answer the following in a sentence each:

Question 1. What is Economics?
Answer: “Economics is defined as the social science that examines how people choose to use limited or scarce resources in attempting to satisfy their unlimited wants.”

Question 2. Define scarcity.
Answer: Scarcity means something lesser than demand

Question 3. List the different economic activities.
Answer:

Production
Consumption
Exchange
Distribution

Class 8 Economics Introduction To Economics KSEEB Notes 

Question 4. When you buy a pen, which branch of Economics analyses your decision?
Answer: Microeconomics

Question 5. Define Micro Economics
Answer: The word micro means very small and microeconomics implies the study of economics at a very small level. Microeconomics is the study of decision-making to use resources by the smallest components of society, namely individuals, households, and business firms.

Answer the following in three or four sentences each:

Question 1. What are economic activities?
Answer: The varied activities which we perform in order to earn money and wealth, for the satisfaction of our wants, are called economic activities.

Question 2. Why do we need to study Economics?
Answer: Recognize the scarcity of resources against unlimited wants. Prioritizing the use of resources and identifying more important and less importation. Economize (save) on the use of resources. Search for more efficient ways of using the resources. Engage in economic activity to support a family as well as the country. Contribute to the government’s revenue and assist it in the discharge of its developmental and welfare programs. Understand socio-economic problems of the country like poverty, unemployment, inflation, etc., and try to provide solutions to the same; and Suggest better policies for the development of the country.

Question 3. Differentiate between micro and macroeconomics.
Answer: The word macro means ‘total’ or ‘large’. Macroeconomics studies the decisions taken by the government. The problem of unemployment, economic growth, development, etc. is covered under the study of Macro Economics. The word micro means ‘ small ’. Microeconomics implies a study of economics at a very small level. Microeconomics studies individual buying and selling.

Question 4. What are the basic economic problems?
Answer:
The basic economic problems are:

What to produce?
How to produce?
For whom to produce?

Question 5. What major economic decisions are taken by the government?
Answer: The major economic decisions taken by the government are collections of taxes, expenditure on public amenities and welfare activities, regulation of inflation, promotion of economic growth, etc. which affect the whole economy and fall in the purview of Macro Economics.

Introduction To Economics Additional Questions And Answers

Choose the correct alternative and Write the complete answer along with its alphabet in the sheet provided:

Question 1.“Economics is the study of wealth” this is stated by

1. AdamSmith
2. Alfred Marshall
3. Lionel Robbins
4. Paul A. Samuelson

Answer: 1. Adam Smith

Question 2. The Father of economics is

1. Adam Smith
2. Alfred Marshall
3. Lionel Robbins
4. Paul A. Samuelson

Answer: 1. AdamSmith

Question 3. “Economics is the study of people in the ordinary business of life.” is stated by

1. Alfred Marshall
2. Adam Smith
3. Lionel Robbins
4. Paul A. Samuelson

Answer: 1. Alfred Marshall

KSEEB Economics Chapter 1 Class 8 Multiple Choice Questions 

Question 4. The study of Economics is not only enlightening but also profitable is stated by

1. A. C. Pigou
2. Adam Smith
3. Lionel Robbins
4. Paul A. Samuelson

Answer: 1. A. C. Pigou

Question 5. Which one among the following is NOT a factor of production?

1. Land
2. Labour
3. Capital
4. Banking

Answer: 4. Banking

Question 6. The word macro means

1. Specific
2. Total
3. Small
4. Hidden

Answer: 2. Total

Introduction To Economics Answer the following:

Question 1. What are Production activities?
Answer: Production activities are those that produce goods and services. For example, agriculture, animal husbandry, fishing, mining, forest development, different kinds of industries, transport, communication, etc.

Question 2. What are Consumption activities?
Answer: Goods and services are produced for consumption. Man satisfies his wants by buying goods and services. All these activities are known as consumption activities.

Question 3. What is Exchange?
Answer: Exchange is a marketing system to supply the produced goods to the consumers.

Question 4. Which are the activities of Exchange?
Answer: Activities of collection of goods, transportation, selling, and buying take place are the activities of Exchange.

Question 5. Which are the branches of economics?
Answer: Micro and Macroeconomics are the branches of economics.

Question 6. What is a firm?
Answer: A production or business unit is called a firm.

Question 7. Who are the distributors?
Answer: The goods and services are made available to us at our place through transporters, traders, and shopkeepers, who are called the ‘distributors.

Question 8. What is government?
Answer: The ‘government’ is responsible for maintaining law and order and providing some common basic facilities like good roads, electricity, and internal and external security. The government imposes ‘taxes’ for the goods and services it provides.

Question 9. What is economics according to Lionel Robbins?
Answer: “Economics is the science which studies human behavior as a relationship between given ends and scarce means which have alternative uses.” -Lionel Robbins.

KSEEB Solutions Class 8 History Chapter 11 The Making Of The National Movement: 1870s-1947 Textbook Questions

Question 1 Why were people dissatisfied with the British rule in the 1870s and 1880s?

Answer.

1.  The colonial government passed certain laws like Arms Act and Vernacular Press Act. The Arms Act disallowed the Indians to keep any arms. The Press Act was passed to refrain people from criticising the government policies.
2.  The llbert Bill laid down that Europeans could be tried by the Indian judges. The British in India opposed it and the Bill was not passed. The Indians realised that the British did not treat Indians equally.
   In general, the Indians thought that the Britsh were unfair and there was extreme discontentment with the colonial government.

Question 2 Who did the Indian National Congress wish to speak for?

Answer.
The Indian National Congress wished to speak for the Indians. It demanded greater representation for the Indians in the colonial government. More Indians should become part of the Legislative Councils. Also, it proposed that Indians should be allowed to hold higher administrative posts. It demanded that the Civil Services Examination should be conducted in India as well.

Question 3 What economic impact did the First World War have on India?

Answer.

1.  The War increased the expenditure of the government which led to imposition of higher taxes on the people.
2. The War created a demand for war supplies. As a result, there was a sharp increase in the prices of the commodities in the markets.
3. The War created an urgent need for certain goods. This resulted in expansion of some local industries because the demand for goods was high.

Question 4 What did the Muslim League resolution of I940 ask for?

Answer. The Muslim League passed a resolution in 1940 demanding “independent states” in the eastern and north-western provinces. However, it did not mention the division of the country or the formation of the new state of Pakistan.

Question 5 Who were the Moderates? How did they propose to struggle against British rule?

Answer. The Moderates were early Congress leaders who believed that British were just They wanted to maintain friendly relations with the British. Their demands were limited such as increased party passion in administration and social reform. They would write proposals and send memorandums to British officials. They spread awareness among the people about the loss of wealth from India and the poor conditions of the masses.

Question 6 How was the politics of the Radicals within the Congress different from that of the Moderates?

Answer. Following were the differences between the politics of Aggressive Nationalists and Moderates:

1. The Moderates wanted limited self-government within British rule and the Aggressive
   Nationalists demanded complete independence.
2. The Moderates wanted to send petitions and appeals to the government besides passing
   resolutions. On the other hand, the Aggressive Nationalists wanted to launch mass protests. !demonstrations and strikes.
3. The Moderates believed in the British sense of justice and fair play. The Aggressive Nationalists
   thought that the British were not concerned about the welfare of the people.

Question 7 Discuss the various forms that the Non-Cooperation Movement took in different parts of India. How did the people understand Gandhiji?

Answer. The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched on a huge scale. Numerous Indians refused to work for the government and boycotted foreign goods. The Patidar peasants of Kheda in Gujarat launched
protests against the high revenue demands. Several liquor shops were picketed in parts of Andhra and Tamil Nadu. Many peasants and tribals broke rules in protest. They organised forest satyagraha in many villages. Many people looked up to Gandhiji to lead their struggle against the British.

Question 8 Why did Gandhiji choose to break the salt law?

Answer. In 1930, Gandhiji decided to break salt laws and organised a long march from Sabarmati to Dandi. A number of people joined him in his protest According to the salt laws, only the government could manufacture and sell salt, and the taxes on salt were very high. The nationalist Indians felt that salt was an essential food item and should not be taxed. Gandhiji and his followers protested by making their own salt.

Class 8 History The Making Of The National Movement KSEEB Notes 

Question 9 Discuss those developments of the 1937-47 period that led to the creation of Pakistan.

Answer. In the 1930s, the Muslim League began to drift away from the Congress. It took advantage of the communal tension and widened its social base. The Congress refused to accept that it did not represent the interest of Indian Muslims. In the provincial elections of 1937, the League wanted to form a joint government in the United Provinces. The Congress did not accept this demand.

In 1940, Muhammad All Jinnah passed a resolution demanding ‘independent states in the Muslim-majority provinces. When most of the Congress leaders were in jail during the Quit India Movement, the League carried out its propaganda. In the provincial elections of 1946, the Muslim League performed very well in the reserved constituencies for the minorities.

When the Cabinet Mission was sent to India, both the League and Congress rejected its recommendations. The Muslim League continued to demand a separate state for the Muslims. The League declared 16th August 1946 as the Direct Action Day to strengthen its demand for Pakistan. Riots broke out in several parts of the county Lord Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of India, finally decided that India would be divided. The new state of Pakistan was thus formed on 14th August 1947.

The Making of the National Movement: 1870s-1947 Text Questions

Question 1 From the beginning the Congress sought to speak for, and in the name of, all the Indian people. Why did it choose to do so?

Answer. The Indian National Congress stood for the principle of unity in India since its formation. It sought support from all the classes, groups, and communities in India. The Congress could enlist the support of many people through such a vision and the freedom struggle remained strong and widespread.

Question 2 What problems regarding the early Congress does this comment highlight?

Answer. The early leaders of the Congress were rich and well-to-do Indians unaware of the problems of the masses. They resorted to ’soft’ means of appeals and resolutions. They believed that the British would mostly agree with their demands. When the British did not concede, it showed the failure of the policies of the Moderates.
The Making of the National Movement: 1870s-1947

Question 3 Find out which countries fought the First World War.

Answer. The First World War was fought between the Allied and the Central Powers. Britain, France, and Russia were the chief Allies, who fought against Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey. The Central Powers lost the War and the Allies were victorious.

Question 4 Find out about the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. What is Jallianwala Bagh? What atrocities were committed there? How were they committed?

Answer. On 10th April 1919, two Congress leaders, Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlevv and Dr. Satya Pal were arrested in Punjab. On 13th April 1919, a peaceful meeting was held at Jallianwala Bagh (a public park) in Amritsar to protest against the arrest of those leaders. While the meeting was going on peacefully, General Dyer entered the park with his troops. He blocked the exit ends of the park and ordered the troops to fire openly. The firing continued for I0 minutes. Hundreds of people were killed or wounded. The massacre aroused public anger and numerous people came out in revolt. As a result, Michael O’ Dwyer, the Lieutenant Governor of Punjab, imposed martial law in the province.

Question 5  How did people view Mahatma Gandhi? Why do you think they felt that lie was opposed to zamindars but not to the government? Why do you think they were in favor of Gandhiji?

Answer. Mahatma Gandhi was viewed by the general public as a noble and an extraordinary person. He was held equal in power to a god or a deity. His ideas and decisions were held supreme. He must have opposed the zamindars because of their unjust treatment of the farmers. He led the struggle to stop the illegal eviction of peasants. The common people, therefore, supported and respected him a lot.

The Making of the National Movement: 1870s-1947 Additional Questions (Solved)

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What was the Arms Act of 1878?

Answer. The Arms Act of 1878 disallowed Indians from possessing and using any type of arms.

Question 2 What was the Vernacular Press Act?

Answer. The Vernacular Press Act was passed to control free speech and the media. The government could seize the property of any press or newspaper office if it was found to publish anything ‘objectionable’.

Question 3 Who introduced the Albert Bill and why?

Answer. The Albert Bill was introduced by Lord Ripon to put the Indian judges on par with the British judges.

Question 4 Who founded the Indian National Congress and when?

Answer. A retired British official, A.O. Hume, played an instrumental role in establishing the Indian National Congress. It was founded in 1885.

Question 5 Who was the President of the first session of the Congress?

Answer. Womesh Chandra Banerjee was the first President of the Indian National Congress. 72 delegates took part in the session.

Question 6 Name some Moderate leaders.

Answer. Dadabhai Naoroji, Ferozeshah Mehta, Surendra Nath Banerjee, Gopal Krishna Gokhle, and Moan Mohan MaJviya were some of the Moderates.

Question 7 What was the slogan given by Bal Gangadhar Tilak?

Answer. Bal Gangadhar Tilak gave the slogan, “Freedom is my birthright and I shall have it

KSEEB Class 8 History Chapter 11 Questions And Answers 

Question 8 Name a few nationalist leaders of the Congress.

Answer. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Lala Lajpat Rai were some national st leaders of the Congress.

Question 9 When and why did the Partition of Bengal take place?

Answer. Lord Curzon decided to divide Bengal in  $05. He declared that the division was necessary for proper administration, but he actually wanted to prevent Indians from uniting against the British.

Question 10 When was the All-India Muslim League founded?

Answer. The All-India Muslim League was founded in 1906.

Question 11 When did the Congress split took place and when was it reunited?

Answer. The Congress split at Surat in 1907. It was reunited in December 1916.

Question 12 When and why was Lucknow Pact signed?

Answer. The Lucknow Pact was signed in 1916 between the Congress and the Muslim League.

Question 13 How did the British Government reduce its financial loss during the First World War?

Answer. The Brtish Government increased taxes on individual incomes and trade profits to reduce its financial losses in the War.

Question 14 When did the Russian Revolution take place and how did it inspire the Indians?

Answer. The Russian Revolution took place in 1917. It inspired the Indians when they got to know about the peasants’ movements and workers’ strikes.

Question 15 Why did Mahatma Gandhi go to Ahmedabad in 1918?

Answer. Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad in 1918 to support the satyagraha protest of the cotton-mill workers.

Question 16 What did Mahatma Gandhi decide in 1919?

Answer. Mahatma Gandhi decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act in 1919.

Question l7 What was the Rowlatt Act?

Answer. The Rowlatt Act was passed in 1919 which gave the power to the British to arrest anyone without providing a fair trial.

Question 18 When did Jallianwala Bagh massacre take place? Who was responsible for it?

Answer. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place on 13th April 1919 in Amritsar. General Dyer ordered his soldiers to open fire at the people.

Question 19 Why was the Non-Cooperation Movement withdrawn?

Answer. In February 1922, some people set fire to a police station at Chauri Chaura in U.P. It led to the killing of many people, and therefore, the Non-Cooperation Movement was withdrawn.

Question 20 When did the Indian National Congress demand Purna Swaraj?

Answer. The Indian National Congress demanded complete independence in 1929 at its Lahore Session.

Question 21 What was the Dandi March?

Answer. Mahatma Gandhi and his followers marched for about 240 miles from Sabarmati to the coastal town of Dandi to defy salt laws. It is known as the Dandi March.

Question 22 When did Quit India Movement begin?

Answer. The Quit India Movement began in 1942 in the middle of the Second World War.

Question 23 What was the Cabinet Mission Plan?

Answer. In March 1946, the British Cabinet appointed a three-member committee to decide the future of free India. It proposed that India should remain united with limited autonomy n the Muslim-majority areas.

Question 24 Why did the Muslim League observe Direct Action Day?

Answer. After the failure of the Cabinet Mission, the Muslim League launched an agitation for demanding a separate state of Pakistan. Hence, it decided to observe 16th August 1946 as Direct Action Day.

The Making of the National Movement: 1870s-1947 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 Write a note on the Swadeshi and Boycott Movement.

Answer. The Swadeshi and Boycott Movement started in 1905 in Bengal after the province was divided, Soon, it spread to other parts of the country. Important leaders of this movement were Surendra Nath Banerjee, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Public meetings were held at many places. People took other to use locally-made goods and to boycott foreign-made goods. Shop- j keepers were asked not to sell foreign goods, -foreign cloth was burnt in many parts of the country, Nat realise newspapers also propagated to boycott foreign goods. The Swadeshi Movement led to the rise of nationalist sentiment among the masses of the country.

The Making Of The National Movement KSEEB Class 8 Textbook Solutions 

Question 2 Write the main objectives and ideas of the nationalist leaders in the Congress.

Answer. The following were the main objectives of the Aggressive Nationalists:

1.  Attainment of complete independence: The primary objective of the nationalist leaders was to attain complete freedom. This demand was put forward by Bal Gangadhar Tilak He said, “Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it” He believed that polity and administration should be based on Indian traditions and culture.
2. End of Indian Relations with England: The other objective of the nationalist leaders was to end relations between India and England. Bipin Chandra Pal said, “We don’t want to keep any relations with the British. We want to have our own government in India.”

Question 3 Write the main objectives of the Muslim League.

Answer. The following were the main objectives of the Muslim League:

1. To protect the interests of Indian Muslims,
2. To remain loyal towards the British Government so that British could favor them,
3. To divert Indian Muslims from supporting Indian National Congress,
4. To establish separate electorates for Muslims, and
5. To demand a separate state of Pakistan for Muslims.

Question 4 Describe the Lucknow Pact.

Answer. The First World War started in Europe in I9I4 c.E. The British fought against the Islamic state of Turkey in this war. The Sultan of Turkey was the religious leader or Caliph of all the Muslims in the world. The Muslims all over the world were unhappy at the ill-treatment of the Caliph by the Western powers. The Muslim League, therefore, decided to join hands with the Congress. In return, the Congress agreed to the League’s demand for separate electorates. This was concluded in the Lucknow Pact in 1916. The national movement acquired immense strength as both the communities united against the British.

Question 5 What was the impact of the English language on the spirit of nationalism?

Answer. The Indians studied English as it had become the official language of administration. Now Indians from different states were able to talk to one another through the medium of English. The English language thus helped in bringing different people together. Also, Western education taught Indians about the ideas of equality, democracy, and self-rule. They began to unite against the British for attaining freedom.

Question 6 Write a note on the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Answer. Mahatma Gandhi started the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930 to attain freedom from the British. He broke the salt laws at a place called Dandi in Gujarat Encouraged by this incident, people of all coastal areas started violating the salt laws. A pact was signed between Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin in 1931. All those who had violated the law were freed. Mahatma Gandhi went to England to participate in the Second Round Table Conference, but they did not agree upon anything. After his return from England. Mahatma Gandhi re-launched the agitation. He was arrested by the British. The Congress was declared illegal by the Government and hundreds of leaders were sent to jail. The police committed several atrocities on the people to suppress the movement.

Question 7 Write a note on the Quit India Movement.

Answer. The Congress passed the Quit India Resolution on 8th August 1942 in Mumbai. The next day, all the prominent members of the Congress were arrested. People reacted through several strikes and demonstrations. They attacked the public buildings and offices. Gandhiji gave the famous slogan, “Do or die”, which inspired the entire nation. The British Government resorted to severe means for crushing the movement. Hundreds were jailed, tortured, or killed, but the movement kept growing.

Question 8 Describe the life of Mahatma Gandhi before 1915.

Answer. Mahatma Gandhi was born on 2nd October. 1869 at Porbandar in Gujarat. His mother was Putli Bai. Mahatma Gandhi received his early education in India and went to England for higher education. He became a barrister and came back to India in 1891. He then went to South Africa in 1893. He saw there that the Indians were mistreated b/ the ‘whites’. He launched a non-violent campaign in support of giving equal rights to the Indians. Many Indians living there joined his struggle with a lot of enthusiasm.

Question 9 Write a note on the Rowlatt Act.

Answer. A large number of Indians protested against the Government of India Act of 1919. To control the situation, the British passed the Rowlatt Act The Rowlatt Act laid down that any person could be arrested without issuing a warrant. A person could be charged without appealing or receiving a proper trial in the court. As a result, the Congress launched a nationwide agrapha under the leadership of Gandhiji to protest against such unjust laws.

Question 10 Write a brief note on the Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy.

Answer. The tragedy of Jallianwala Bagh occurred on 13th April 1919 on the day of Baisakhi. The people of Amritsar were attending a peaceful meeting in Jallianwala Bagh to protest against the arrest of their leaders. General Dyer, without giving any warning, ordered his troops to open fire on the peaceful and disarmed protestors. Thousands of people lost their lives in the massacre. This angered the Indian masses and many of them joined the national movement.

Question 11 Explain briefly how the Muslim League demanded a separate nation.

Answer. In the 1930s, the Muslim League began to drift away from the Congress and arid its objectives. The Muslim League won very few seats in the provincial elections of 1937. The Congress refused the
League’s demand of forming a joint government. The Muslim League propagated that the Congress was not concerned about the welfare of the Muslims. The Congress repeatedly rejected this view as it had many Muslim members. In 1940, the Muslim League passed a resolution demanding ‘independent states in the Muslim majority a-eas. When the Congress leaders were jailed in early 1940s, Jinnah took to popularise his ideas. In the provincial elections of 1946, the Muslim League won many seats reserved for the minorities which strengthened their demand for a separate nation. When the Cabinet Mission proposed a united state, the League opposed it and riots broke out in many parts. The Congress had to then accept the Muslim League’s demand for a separate state for the Muslims.

Question 12 Describe the Cabinet Mission Plan in brief.

Answer. In 1946, the British Government constituted a three-member committee to decide about the transfer of power to India, it was headed by Lard Pethick-Lawrence. The Cabinet Mission proposed that India should remain united with partial autonomy given to eastern and north-western provinces, where there was a Muslim majority. Both the Congress and the Muslim League refused to accept the proposals made by The Cabinet Mission. However, an interim government was formed by the Indian leaders in late 1946 which was supported both by the Congress as well as the Muslim League.

The Making of the National Movement: 1870s-1947 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1 Describe the causes of rise in national awakening among the Indians in late I9th century.

Answer. National consciousness was aroused among the Indians in the second half of the 19th century. For the first time, the Indians saw themselves as a part of one country and they began to unite themselves. The causes of this national awakening are as follows:

1. Impact of the revolt of 1857: The Indians strongly revolted against the British in 1857, but the movement failed. As a result, the British committed many atrocities on the Indian population. This united many Indians to resist the Britsh supremacy.
2. Administrative unity: The legal and administrative reforms introduced by the British gave a sense of unity to the Indians. People from different areas identified with each other.
3. Socio-Religious reform movements: Many socio-religious movements began in the 19th and 20th centuries in different parts of the country. The social reformers, such as Raja Rammohun Roy and Svvami Dayanand, criticised the prevailing ills in the society. This led to a rise in the spirit of nationalism among the Indians.
4. Spread of Western education: The introduction of Western ideas and philosophy made Indians aware of the ideas of liberty and equality. The Indians studied about various political movements taking place around the world. This encouraged the Indians to unite themselves and make political demands.
5. Economic exploitation of the Indians: The British took raw materials from India at low rates and sold finished goods in India at very high prices. This economic policy discouraged Indian industries to a large extent High taxes imposed upon the farmers led to their exploitation. The small-scale industries in India suffered a serious setback and Indians lost their wealth to the British.
6. Unequal treatment of the Indians: The British did not treat the Indians equally. They were extremely unfair to the Indians serving the British. The Indians appointed in British administration were not given equal wages and chances of promotion. The Indians got annoyed with such unequal treatment by the British.
7. Growth in mass media: Men newspaper-s in English and local languages published about the actual conditions in India. The writings of Indian writers like Rabindranath Tagore. Barkin Chandra Chatterjee and Keshav Chandra Sen became popular. The spread of Indian writings among more and more people led to the awakening of national consciousness among the people.
8. Means of transport and communication: The introduction of the railways, post, and telegraph services in India proved to be beneficial. People from different regions could travel quickly and communicate easily with each other. This certainly helped in rise of nationalism.

Important Questions For KSEEB Class 8 History Chapter 11 

Question 2 What were the demands and programs initiated by the Indian National Congress in its early phase? How did the British react to their demands?

Answer. Main demands of Indian National Congress: Following were the main demands of the Indian National Congress:

1. Indians should be given the right to elect their representatives in the Central and Provincial Legislative Councils.
2. Indians should be allowed to hold higher posts in administration.
3. Educational opportunities should be increased for all the Indians.
4. The press and media should be made free of any restrictions.
5. The legislative bodies should be made independent from the control of the executive.
6. The Indian Civil Services Examination (or ICS) should be conducted in India along with Britain.
7. The Government should spend less on defense and army expenditures. The rate of taxation should be reduced. Farmers should be provided with irrigation facilities and other agricultural means.
   Congress leadership in the early phase: In the early phase of the Congress (1885-1905), it was dominated by the Moderate leaders. They did not use any radical or violent means. They put forth their demands before the government through speeches, motions, and resolutions. They believed that the government would listen and accept most of their demands.
   Reaction of the British Government: The British did not react favorably to the demands made by the Congress. It wanted to keep the Congress under its control. The British did not want the Congress to unite the Hindus and Muslims. Therefore, it did not accept most of the demands made by the Congress.

Question 3 Describe the Non-Cooperation Movement started by Mahatma Gandhi.

Answer. Mahatma Gandhi launched the Non-Cooperation Movement against the British Government in 1920. The movement aimed at establishing Hindu-Muslim unity besides resisting the injustice of the British rule. In the due course of the movement, the Indians gave up their government jobs and titles. They refused to buy or sell any foreign goods. Gandhiji popularised the use of charkha to make khadi products in India. The movement gained momentum and spread to many parts of the country. Gandhiji returned his title of Kesa’-e-Hind. Hundreds of Indian students left their schools and colleges. Teachers, lawyers, and accountants ceased to work for the British. Many people took to using khadi instead of foreign-made textiles. Hundreds of farmers joined the agitation and protested against the government policies. The movement was, however, withdrawn by Gandhiji in 1922 when a violent incident took place inside a police station at Chauri Chaura in Uttar Pradesh.
The movement was called off, but it remained significant The Congress became more popular after this movement and leaders like Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das grew prominent. It symbolised the unity of Hindus and Muslims as people from both the communities participated. Many women also took part in the struggle and it was an important milestone in the history of the national movement.

Question 4 Briefly explain the progress of the national movement from 1920 to 1947

Answer. This period in the national movement was the most important and meaningful phase in Indian history. In early 1920s, most of the Indians took part in the Non-Cooperation Movement. The movement was withdrawn, but it left a strong impact on the minds of the Indians. Afterward, the Congress tried to negotiate its demands with the British, but they largely failed.
In 1920s, Bhagat Singh and his associates grew very popular. They believed in use of force to resist and put an end to British rule. Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev, and Chandrasekhar Azad were hanged or killed by the British but they left a major impact on Indian revolutionaries through their writings and attacks on the British.
The famous Dandi March was led by Gandhiji in 1930 to defy the salt law’s of the British. The Civil Disobedience Movement was then launched when there were widespread agitations, protests, fasts, and demonstrations. The British then declared Congress as illegal and most of the leaders were imprisoned. The movement finally ended in 1934.
In late 1930s, the Muslim League, under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, began to drift away from the Congress and demanded autonomy for Muslim-majority areas. The Congress made many attempts to pacify the League members, but all their efforts failed.
In 1942, the Congress began the Quit India Movement Britain was involved in the Second World War at this time, and the Indians thought that t was the best time to overthrow British rule in India. The Congress demanded complete freedom from the British. Strikes and protests were held across the country. The movement was withdrawn -.’/hen the British agreed to concede to some of the Indian demands.
By 1946, the British had decided that they would leave India. They had to form a proper plan to transfer the power to the locals. The Muslim League strongly put forth the division of the country. Riots broke out in various parts, after which tie Congress agreed to the partition of the country. Hence, India became free on 15th August 1947 but it was divided and tom by conflict.

Question 5 Discuss the role of Mahatma Gandhi in the national movement.

Answer. Mahatma Gandhi was a barrister by profession. He had led a successful movement against the injustice of the ‘whites’ in South Africa. He returned to India in 1915 and then traveled across the country. He joined the Indian National Congress and led the National Movement from then onward. Gandhiji was admired by many for his simple lifestyle and humble nature. He adopted the use of non-violence and satyagraha (the path of truth) to lead the national struggle for independence. He criticised the use of violence or weapons for attaining any objectives. He often went to jail or conducted fasts- unto death to make the British agree to his demands.
Gandhiji was a mass leader who was followed by a large number of Indians. He made efforts to popularise the Indian charkha and encouraged the use of khadi in India. Gandhiji made several efforts to uplift the women and people belonging to the lower castes. He encouraged the underprivileged to receive an education and live respectable lives. He had several Harijans or lower castes in his ashram at Sabarmati. Women often joined him in his marches and protests. His contribution to the Civil Disobedience Movement is known to all. The National Movement would never have been so widespread if Gandhiji had not made so many efforts.
At the time of the Quit India Movement, his slogan “Do or Die” inspired millions to join the freedom struggle and oppose the British. Gandhiji was a leader who inspired many by his ideas and struggles. His policy of non-violence proved to be extremely successful and effective. Hence, Gandhiji can be truly called the ‘Father of the Nation’.

The Making of the National Movement: 1870s-1947 Hots Corner

Question 1 How did the Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy give a new turn to the national movement in India?

Answer. Many people were killed in the massacre at Jallianwala Bagh on 13th April 1919. This massacre gave a new life to the freedom struggle. Hundreds of people were angered when they saw that the British indiscriminately killed innocent Indians. As a result, common masses were inspired to join the freedom movement. Many students, farmers, and workers were inspired to take an active part in the national movement.

Question 2 Why do you think there was a split in the Congress in 1907?

Answer. In early 1900s, a strong faction emerged in the Congress which disagreed with the ways and ideas of the Moderates. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Bipin Chandra Pal led the Aggressive Nationalists. The venue of the Congress session was changed from Nagpur to Surat in 1907 by the Moderates because Tilak was very popular in Nagpur. The Moderates wanted to make Rash Behari Ghose as the President, but the Aggressive Nationalists wanted Tilak in his place. Both the groups refused to agree with each other and the Congress split into two groups in 1907.

KSEEB History Chapter 11 Class 8 Multiple Choice Questions 

Question 3 When and why did the Partition of Bengal take place? What was its impact on the Indian national movement?

Answer. The Partition of Bengal was initiated by Lord Curzon in 1905. His actual motive behind the partition was to weaken the national movement by dividing Hindus and Muslims. In anger, hundreds of people launched strikes and organised processions against the Government. There was a rise in the nationalist spirit among the common people. More and more Indians Joined the freedom struggle against the British. After Bengal was divided, the Swadeshi and Boycott Movements began which encouraged local industries and displeased the British.

The Making of the National Movement: 1870s-1947 Miscellaneous Questions

A.Multiple Choice Questions

Tick the correct option from the choices provided:

Question 1 The Indian National Congress was formed in________

(a)1857
(b)1885
(c)1887
(d)1890

Answer.(b)1885

Question 2 Who was the founder of the Indian National Congress?

(a) Lord Curzon
(b) AO. Hume
(c) Dadabhai Naoroji
(d) Surendra Nath Banerjee

Answer. (b)AO. Hume

Question 3  In____________, Bengal was divided by Lord Curzon.

(a)1911
(b)1907
(c)1905
(d)1902

Answer. (c)1905

Question 4 __________Movement started due to Partition of Bengal.

(a) Non-Cooperation
(b) Civil Disobedience
(c) Quit India
(d) Swadeshi and Boycott

Answer. (d)Swadeshi and Boycott

Question 5 In______, Mahatma Gandhi came back to India from South Africa.

(a) 1905
(b) 1910
(c) 1915
(d) 1918

Answer. (c)1915

Question 6 The Rowlatt Act was passed in______

(a) 1915
(b) 1919
(c) 1927
(d) 193

Answer.(b) 1919

Question 7 The_______Movement coincided with the Non-Cooperation movement.

(a)Swadeshi and Boycott
(b)Quit India
(c)Khilafat
(d)Civil Disobedience

Answer.(c) Khilafat

Question 8 Gandhiji started the______ Movement n 1920.

(a)Non-Cooperation
(b)Rowlatt Satyagraha
(c)Quit India
(d)Civil Disobedience

Answer.(a)Non-Cooperation

Class 8 History Chapter 11 Guide On The Making Of The National Movement KSEEB 

Question 9 The Congress passed a resolution demanding Purna Swaraj in 1929

(a)Bombay
(b)Calcutta
(c)Lahore
(d)Kanpur

Answer.(c)Lahore

Question 10 The Congress celebrated the Independence Day in I929 on _

(a)15th August
(b)26th January
(c)17th August
(d) 19th March

Answer. (b)26th January

Question 11 Gandhiji marched to_____ and broke the salt laws.

(a)Vadodara
(b)Surat
(c)Dandi
(d)Ahmedabad

Answer. (c)Dandi

The Making of the National Movement: 1870s-1947 B.True or False

State whether the following statements are true or false:

1. The Civil Disobedience Movement ended in 1934.
   
   Answer. True
2. The Quit India Movement began in 1941.
   
   Answer. False
3. Subhas Chandra Bose led the Quit India Movement.
   
   Answer False
4. The Arms Act was passed in 1878.
   
   Answer True
5. The Liberty Bill proposed giving equal status to the Indian and British judges.
   Answer. True
6. A.O. Hume was the first President of the Indian National Congress.
   
   Answer. False
7. Lala Lajpat Rai gave the slogan, “Freedom is my birthright and I shall have it.”
   
   Answer. False
8. The Muslim League was founded in 1906.
   Answer. True

The Making of the National Movement: 1870s-1947 C.Picture Interpretation

Observe the given picture carefully and answer the following questions:

1. Why are people demonstrating?
2. Write a short note on the Swadeshi Movement.

Answer.

1. This picture shows thousands of people demonstrating against the British Government in the Swadeshi Movement
2.  The Partition of Bengal was announced in 1905. This enraged many Indians against the British rulers. The Swadeshi Movement was started to discourage Indians from using foreign-made goods and use local products.
   The movement grew rapidly and helped in the rise of national consciousness in India.

KSEEB Solutions Class 8 Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture Textbook Questions (Solved)

Question 1. Answer the Following Questions:

(a) What is Agriculture?

Answer. The word ‘agriculture’ is derived from two Latin words ‘agn’ and ‘cultura’. ‘Agn’ means soil and ‘cultura’ means cultivation or tilling of soil. Agriculture thus refers to the cultivation of soil for growing crops and rearing of livestocks.

(b) Name the factors influencing agriculture.

Answer. The factors which influence agriculture are:

(a) Relief

(b) Soil conditions

(c) Temperature

(d) Rainfall

(c) What is shifting cultivation? What are its disadvantages?

Answer. Shifting cultivation is mainly practised in the thickly forested areas. In this cultivation, a plot of land is cleared by felling trees and burning them. The ashes of these trees are mixed with the soil and crops are grown. Maize, Yarn, Potatoes and Cassava are the main crops grown in this type of cultivation. When the soil loses its fertility, the land is abandoned and the cultivator moves toanewplot.Mainareasofthiscultivationare:
Amazon basin, North-East India, parts of Southern Asia and tropical Africa. This cultivation is also known as ‘Slash and burn’ cultivation.

Disadvantages:

(a) It is not eco-friendly.

(c) It causes deforestation.

(b) It is very destructive.

(d) It can be a cause of soil erosion.

(d) What is plantation agriculture?

Answer. It is a special type of commercial farming which requires large amount of labour, technical efficiency, very large estates and capital. In this type of agriculture, a simple crop of tea, rubber, coffee, sugarcane, cashew, banana or cotton is grown. The produce may be processed on the farm itself or in nearby factories. A well-developed transport network is also required. Tropical regions of the world are major plantation areas. Rubber in Malayasia, coffee in Brazil, tea in India and Sri Lanka are some examples.

(e) Name the fibre crops and name the climatic conditions required for their growth.

Answer. Jute and Cotton are the major fibre crops.

Cotton requires high temperature, light rainfall, two hundred and ten frost free days and bright sunshine for its growth. Black and alluvial soils are best for its cultivation. Jute is also known as the ‘Golden Fibre’. High temperature, heavy rainfall and humid climate is required for its growth.

Question.2. Tick the Correct Answerwer:

(a) Horticulture meAnswer:    

(a) Growing of fruits and vegetables

(b) Primitive Farming

(c) Growing of wheat

Answer.(a) Growing of fruits and vegetables

(b) Golden fibre refers to:    

(a) Tea

(b) Cotton

(c) jute

Answer.(c) Jute

 (c) Leading producer of coffee:

(a) Brazil

(b) India

(c)Russia

Answer.(a) Brazil

Question.3. Give Reasons:

(a) In India, agriculture is a primary activity.

Answer.
Agriculture is a primary activity in India. More than 75% of India’s population is living in villages and two-thirds of India’s population is still dependent on agriculture. Agriculture provides raw material to many industries. It is the base of Indian economy. It has an important role in GDP.

(b) Different crops are grown in different regions.

Answer.
Different crops require different types of soil and climatic conditions for growth. These requirements cannot be met at one place for all types of crops. For example: cotton is grown in black soil while alluvial soil is good for rice. Different regions have black and alluvial soil. Some crops like tea and jute require heavy rainfall, while cotton requires light rainfall. These climatic conditions are not  possible in same area. So, different crops are grown in different regions.

Class 8 Geography Agriculture KSEEB Notes 

Question.4. Distinguish between the following:

(a)Primary activities and Tertiary activities.

(b) Subsistence farming and Intensive farming.

Agriculture Additional Questions (Solved)

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 . What was grown by the farmer?

Answer. Farmer was grow ing wheat

Question 2. What was he adding to the soil and why?

Answer. He was adding manure to the soil to make it more fertile.

Question 3. Name three types of economic activities.

Answer.
(a)Primary activity;
(b) Secondary activity;
(c) Tertiary activity.

Question 4. What is Primary activity?

Answer. All activities related to extracting natural resources and producing them to suit human needs are called primary- activities, i.e., agriculture, fishing and gathering food.

Question 5. What are Secondary activities?

Answer. Those activities which are connected with the processing of natural resources are called secondary activities, i.e., manufacturing of steel, baking of bread, etc.

Question 6. What are Tertiary activities?

Answer. Activities which help in the extraction and production of primary and secondary activities are called tertiary activities, i.e., trasport, trade, banking, etc.

Question 7. What is arable land?

Answer. Arable land refers to a land which is fit for the cultivation of crops.

Question 8. In which areas nomadic herding is practised ?

Answer. The arid and semi-arid areas of Central Asia, regions of Sahara and some parts of India practice nomadic herding.

Question 9. What is commercial farming?

Answer. Commercial farming deals with growing crops and rearing animals for selling them in the market.

Question 10. Which grains are also known as coarse grains?

Answer. Millets are also known as coarse grains.

Question 11. From which continent did maize originate? Who is the largest producer of maize?

Answer. Maize originated from the U.SA U.S. A. is the largest producer of maize.

Question 12. For what product does India stand second in the world?

Answer. India stands second in the world in the production of rice, jute and jowar.

Question 13. Name some oil seeds.

Answer. Some oil seeds are mustard, groundnut, soyabean, rapseed, sunflower, linseed, castor seed and niger seed.

Question 14. When does the Kharif season begin?

Answer. The Kharif season begins with the onset of the Monsoon.

Question 15. Why is India called an agricultural country?

Answer. Agriculture is a primary activity. About two-th rd of India’s population is employed in agriculture for its livelihood. India is, therefore, called an agricultural country.

Question 16. Name some important Robi crops.

Answer. Wheat, barley, peas, gram.

Question 17. Name some important Kharif crops.

Answer. Paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, pulses, cotton, jute groundnut.

Question 18. What is zaid cropping season?

Answer. It is a short season during the summer months between the robi and kharif seasons.

Question 19. What is Green Revolution?

Answer. It is an agricultural strategy used for increasing the yield of crops.

Question 20. Where does cotton grow?

Answer. In tropical and sub-tropical areas.

Question 21. What type of soil is required for wheat?

Answer. Well-drained fertile soil.

Question 22. What type of plant is rice?

Answer. Rice is a tropical plant

Question 23. What is the main base of the Indian Economy?

Answer. Agriculture is the main base of the Indian Economy.

Question 24. What is ‘Slash and Burn’ agriculture?

Answer. It is a type of agriculture where a piece of land is burnt or cleared for farming.

Question 25. What do you mean by agricultural development?

Answer. It refers to efforts made for increasing farm production to meet the growing demand of increasing population.

Question 26. Name three types of cotton on the basis of staple length.

Answer. Short staple, medium staple and long staple.

Question 27. Name three factors required for farming.

Answer. Three factors required for farming are land, water and seeds.

KSEEB Class 8 Geography Chapter 4 Questions And Answers 

Question 28. Name three physical controls of agriculture.

Answer.

• Relief and soil
•  Climate
• Temperature and rainfall

Question 29. What factors determine the classification of types of agriculture?

Answer.

•  Agricultural practices
• Size of farms, tools and techniqnues used
•  Livestock

Question 30. Name three types of traditional agriculture.

Answer.

•  Nomadic herding
•  Shifting cultivation
• Intensive agriculture

Question 31. Name three means of Shifting cultivation.

Answer.

•  Forests of tropical Africa
•  South-East Asia
•  North-East India

Question 32. Name five areas where commercial farming is practised.

Answer.

(a) Canada and U.S.A .
(b) Ukraine
(c) Argentina
(d) Australia
(e) India

Question 33. What is the average size of farm in the U.S.A.?

Answer. The average size of farm in U.SA. is about 250 hectares.

Question 34. How does a farmer work in the U.S.A.?

Answer. The farmer in U.SA. w’orks like a businessman and not like a farmer.

Question 35. Why is agriculture called a system?

Answer. Seeas, fertilisers, machinery and labour are inputs for some operations. These provide crops, wool, dairy Droducts to make it a system.

Question 36. Name three types of commercial farming.

Answer.

(a) Commercial grain farming.
(b) Mixed farming,
(c) Plantation agriculture.

Question 37. Why is a single crop grown in the grasslands of North America?

Answer. Due to restriction of severe winters.

Question 38. Name four areas of mixed farming.

Answer.     
(a) Argentina
(b)S.E. Australia
(c) New Zealand
(d) South Africa.

Question 39. Name some plantation crops.

Answer. Tea, coffee, sugarcane, cashew and rubber.

Question 40. Name three areas where agriculture is concentrated due to favourable factors.

Answer.

(a) India
(b)China
(c) Prairies of U.S.A.

Question 41. Name two types of subsistence farming.

Answer.

(a) Intensive
(b) Primitive.

Question 42. Name two factors favouring subsistence farming.

Answer.

(a) Sunn/weather
(b) Fertile soils.

Question 43. Name two types of farms in U.S.A.

Answer.

(a) Mixed farms
(b) Specialised farms.

Question 44. Classify tea on the basis of its preparation.

Answer. Black tea, green tea and brick tea.

Question 45. Name two varieties of coffee.

Answer. Coffee Arabica and Coffee Robusta.

Question 46. What is Plantation agriculture?

Answer. Bush or tree farming.

Question 47. How much rain is required by the millet crop?

Answer. 30 to 60 cm.

Question.48. How much time is required by jute to mature?

Answer. 8 to 10 months.

Question 49. Which are the beverage crops?

Answer. Tea and Coffee.

Agriculture Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What do you mean by farm system?

Answer.
Farming or agriculture is like a system. Seeds, fertilisers, machinery and labour are its inputs. Ploughing, sowing, irrigation, weeding and harvesting are the operations involved in it The outputs from the system include crops, wool, dairy and poultry- products.

Question 2. What are the physical conditions required for the cultivation of rice?

Answer. The conditions required for the cultivation of rice are:

(a)Temperature: It requires 16°C to 20°C for the early growing stage.

(b)Rainfall: 150-300 cm. rainfall is required.

(c)Soil: Alluvial soil with clayey sub-soil.

Agriculture KSEEB Class 8 Textbook Solutions 

Question 3. Why is agriculture called the mainstream of the Indian Economy?

Answer.

India’s main occupation is agriculture. Two-thirds of India’s population is engaged in agriculture. It is the main stream of the Indian economy. Agriculture provides food to the teeming millions in India. It provides raw material to agro-based industries. Agriculture along with forests and fisheries form 5% of our total national income. Our industrial structure is being built on the broad foundation of Indian agriculture. It is also a great earner of foreign exchange.

Question 4. Name three important wheat producing states of India.

Answer.

Wheat and rice are the two main food crops of India. India is second largest producer of wheat in the world. It is mainly grown in Uttar Pradesh Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Bihar.

Question 5. What type of labour is required for tea cultivation?

Answer. Tea is a plantation agriculture. It is a labour intensive crop, therefore sufficient, cheap and skilled labour is required for its cultivation.

Question 6. Which are the intensely cultivated areas in India?

Answer. The alluvial tracts of Northern India extending from Punjab to West Bengal and Assam and the Coastal Plains from Gujarat in the West to Odisha in the East are intensely cultivated.

Question 7. Name the different varieties of crops in India.

Answer.
(a) Cereals
(b) Pulses and Oilseeds
(c) Fibre crops
(d)Beverage crops
(c) Cash crops.

Question 8. What are the main features of agricultural development in India?

(a)India is a vast country. More than 70% of its population is dependent upon agriculture for its livelihood.

(b)The major foodgrains produced in India a*e rice and wheat

(c)Most of the farms are not more than one hectare of land.

(d)India is self-sufficient in the production offoodgrairs.

(e)In India, half of the total cultivable land is irrigated.

Question 9. Discuss the different types of fibres.

Vegetable fibres are obtained from seeds, barks, leaves and fruit cases. Animal fibres are produced from insects such as silkworm and animals such as camels, sheep, goats, yaks, Hamas, rabbits, guanacos, alpacas, vicunas and reindeers. Mineral fibres such as glass is made from silica sand. Synthetic fibres are derived from chemical treatment of natural cellulose, which is made from wood pulp.

Question. 10. What do you know about commercial agriculture?

Answer.
In this type of agriculture, the main aim is to produce the c-x>p for sale in the market. It can be intensive or extensive agriculture. The farmers try to keep the cost of production low. The framework is done by machines. This type of agriculture is practised in the prair es of North America, Pampas of South America, Steppes of Russia, Western Europe and in some parts of India
Question. 11. What has been the impact of mechanisation on agriculture?

Answer.
The earlier farmers used simple tools. Gradually ox-driven ploughs were introduced. But now in modern times, the techniques have been charged. Now, in developed countries, all farm operations have been mechanised. It has reduced the number of people engaged in agricultural work Many people can now work in industries and services.

Question. 12. State three features of nomadic herding. In which part of India and by what tribes was it practised?
Answer.
(a) The herdsmen move from place to place w’ith their animals and fodder.

(b)Sheep, camel, yak, goats are reared.

(c)These provide milk, meat and wool hides.

In India, Gjjars and Sakarwals (in Kashmir) practise nomadic herding.

Question. 13. What are the uses of crops?

Answer.

(a) These meet the food requirement of the population.

(b)These are basis of agro-basea industries.

(c)These are fibre crops.

(d)These are used as fodder for animals.

Question. 14. Name four countries where rice is grown.

Answer. China (leader in production) India, Japan and Sri Lanka.

Important Questions For KSEEB Class 8 Geography Chapter 4 

Question. 15. Name five wheat producing countries.

Answer. Canada, U.S.A., Russia, Argentina and Australia.

Agriculture Long Answer Type Questions

Question. I. Describe the geographical conditions, soil and the distribution of the following crops:

(a)Wheat
(b) Rice
(c) Cotton
(d)Jute
(e) Tea
(f) Coffee.

Answer.
(a) Wheat: It is one of the oldest cereal crops cultivated in the world. It is one of the three largest produced crop in the world, other two being rice and maize (com). The wheat plant grows to a height between 0.5 and 1.5 metres.

(a)Geographical Conditions: Wheat is grown in temperate regions with rainfall ranging between 30 cm to 80 cm. Different climatic conditions and sowing seasons across the world have led to harvesting of wheat in every month of the year in one or the other part of the world.

(b)Soil: Wheat cultivation is mainly carried on in fertile soil or loamy soil.

(c)Distribution: In the world, America, Russia and China are the major producers of wheat China is the world’s largest producer. India France. Ukraine, Canada are Argentina are the other leading producers.

In India it is grown in Punjab, Haryana Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Bihar.

(b)Rice: Rice is the seed of paddy plant. It is a major fooa crop of the world. There are many varieties of rice, cultivated in different sols and under different climatic conditions. It is one of the crops for which a lot of human labour is required. All operations including the preparation of seedling beds, ploughing, planting, weeding, harvesting and separation of grain are done by human labour

(a)Geographical Conditions: Paddy requires high temperature of over 20°C to germinate, bloom and mature. Rainfall of 100 cm to 150 cm is required. Paddy is grown in deltas, flood-plains and coastal-plains, and some terraced fields in the mountainous areas as well.

(b)Soil: Rice grows best in clayey alluvial soil, which can hold water.

(c)Distribution: Paddy is cultivated mainly in India, China, Japan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Thailand and Myanmar. In India, paddy is cultivated most widely in Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Andhra Pradesh. Other producers are .Assam, Tamil Nadu, Odisha and Punjab.

(c)Cotton: It has been cultivated in India for the last 5,000 years.

(a)Geographical Conditions: Cotton requires cloud-free sunny days and uniformly high temperature. It grows best in areas where the temperature is between 30°C to 40″C. Cotton plants require rainfall of 60 to 100 cm.

(b)Soil: Alluvial and black soils are best suited for cotton plants.

(c)Distribution: The leading cotton producers are China, the U.S.A., Russia, India, Pakistan and Brazil. In India, cotton is produced to a large extent in Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana

(d)Jute: Jute fibre is obtained from the bark of the jute plant. The jute plant originated in the Indian subcontinent. It is a major fibre crop grown intensively in the South-Eastern Asia. Bangladesh is the world leader in the international jute market.

(a)Geographical Conditions: It requires warm and humid climate. Jute plant requires temperature of more than 25°C and rainfall of over 150 cm per year.

(b)Soil: It grows best in well-drained sandy loam.

 (c)Distribution: India, Bangladesh and China produce 85 per cent of the world’s production. Jute is also produced on a small scale in Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand and Brazil. In India, jute is cultivated on the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta in West Bengal and Assam. Some of the minor producers of jute are Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Tripura and Meghalaya.

(e)Tea: Tea is another beverage crop, popular for its stress bursting quality. It is the largest consumed beverage in the world.

(a)Geographical Conditions: Tea plants require moderate temperature up to 25°C and rainfall about 200 cm per year. Climatic requirements restrict the commercial cultivation of tea to rainy tropical and humid sub-tropical regions.

(b)Soil: Tea requires well-drained alluvial soil.

(c)Distribution: Apart from India, other major tea producers are Sri Lanka, China, Japan and Indonesia. More than three-fourth of world production of tea is contributed by these four countries. In India, tea is produced in Assam, West Bengal, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Assam alone accounts for half of the amount of tea produced in the country.

(f) Coffee: One-third of the world population drinks coffee, the second largest beverage after tea. There are two types of coffee plants. Coffee Arabica or Mocha and Coffee Robusta. Robusta is the main variety produced in the world.

(a) Geographical Conditions: The coffee plant requires warm climate and moderate rainfall. Both strong sunshine and snow-fell are harmful to the plant. During its growth, coffee plant requires rainfall of 100 cm to 150 cm and temperatures between 15°C and 25 °C. Irrigation is required where the annual rainfall is less than 100 cm.

(b) Soil: Coffee requires well-drained loamy soil.

(c) Distribution: The important coffee producers are Brazil, Columbia and Cote d’Ivoire. These three countries meet more than half the world’s demand for coffee. In India, coffee is largely grown on the eastern sheltered slopes of Western Ghats in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.

KSEEB Geography Chapter 4 Class 8 Multiple Choice Questions 

Question.2. Describe the different types of Farming.

Answer.
(a) Shifting Agriculture: This farming method is practiced by primitive people liv ing in dense forests. The land is prepared by felling trees and burning them. People move from one area to another when the soil loses its fertility.

(b)Subsistence Farming: In this method, feme’s use primitive tools to cultivate their lands. Farmers in these regions produce agricultural goods, which are sufficient enough to satisfy- their own needs.

(c) Commercial Farming: When farmers use modem tools and equipments such as tractors, threshers, winnowers, etc, and produce crops mainly to sell them in the market t is called commercial farming.

(d) Extensive Farming: This method is practised in countries where the population is sparse and availability of land is more. Farmers use machines to a great extent as the size of land holdings is large.

(e) Intensive Farming: In this method of farming, the same piece of land is used throughout the year continuously. The soil is also very fertile. Farmers use more labourers, seeds that can yield more, better manures and ensure regular water supply.

(f) Irrigation Farming: It is the type of farming, which mainly depends on irrigation through canals, wells and tanks. Farmers cultivate their lards throughout the year.

Some of the important river valleys of the world where this method is followed are, the Ganga valley and the Indus valley in India, the Nile valley in Egypt, the Xi Jiang valley in China, the Missouri and San Joaquin valley in the United States of America.

(b) Rainfed Farming: In those regions where the rainfall is not only seasonal but also scanty, farmers use different measures to cultivate their lands and use the scarce amount of rain water efficiently. This is known as rainfed farming.

(g) Mono-crop Farming: When the farmers specialise in the production of a single crop or if the soil and other natural factors allow farmers to cultivate only one crop that farming is known as one-crop or mono-crop farming.

(h) Double and Multi-crop Farming: When two or more crops are cultivated in a plot of land, it is known as double or multi-crop farming. In this method, farmers apply scientific methods-use seeds that can give high yield and apply manures in an appropriate manner. and invention of farm equipments brought remari<able changes in the development of agriculture in the world. There has been a progressve growth in agr culture during the twentieth century as well.

(c)With high yielding varieties of seeds and application of fertilisers, pesticides, insecticides and weedicides, agricultural production has increased worldwide.

(d)Now genetically modified crops to get higher yield with less Droblems of pests and weeds have also been developed by some countries.

Question.4. Describe the various steps taken by the Government of India to improve agriculture.

Answer. The Indian Government took several steps to improve the agricultural conditions in the world:

(a)Modem methods of cultivation were introduced in the country.

(b)The government provided better infrastructure facilities such as irrigation, electricity and transportation.

(c)Land reforms were introduced. Under this, the government took lands of big landow ners away and redistributed to landless labourers.

(d)Most of the farmers in India have small farms. Even this land is fragmented over the years with the growing population. As a result, a large number of people tend to stay in farming. The government has encouraged consolidation of land holdings to promote use of farm machines.

(e)Agricultural equipments such as tractors, threshers and harvesters, high yielding varieties of seeds, fertilisers, pesticides and electricity-‘ were made available to farmers at less than the actual price. This led to tremendous increase in the production of crops especially food grains.

Question.5. Distinguish between:

(a)Subsistence farming and Commercial farming

(b) Intensive farming and Extensive farming.

Agriculture Hots Corner

Question 1. Where are the following plantation crops grown?

(i) Tea
(ii) Rubber
(iii) Coffee.

Answer.
(i) Tea in India
(ii) Rubber in Malayasia
(iii) Coffee in Brazil.

Question.2. Name the major crops grown in the U.S.A..

Answer. Com, soyabean, wheat, cotton, and sugarbeet

Question 3. Why are land holdings small in subsistence farming?

Answer. Due to right of inheritance.

Question.4. Which are the two agricultural seasons in India?

Answer. The two agricultural seasons in India are Khorif and Rabi.

Question.5. Who is the largest producer of rice in the world?

Answer. China is the largest producer of rice. India is cr second place.

Class 8 Geography Chapter 4 Agriculture Guide KSEEB 

Question.6. How much population of India is still engaged in agricultural activities?

Answer. Two-thirds of India’s population.

Question 7. Describe the main features of an agricultura farm in India.

Answer. The following are the main features of a farm located in Adalibad village in Ghazipur district of Uttar Pardesh in India:

(a) The size of farm is about 1.5 hectares.

(b) The farm includes the residence of the owner.

(c)The farmer uses a well and pump set for mgation.

(d)Rice is the main crop.

(e)Government officials provide advice to the farmer.

(f)Different crops are grown in different plots.

(g)The farmer sells milk in co-operative store.

(h) Mobile labourers are employed.

(i)The farmer has a few cows, buffaloes, buls, hens, roosters and chickens.

(j)Moneylenders, banks, societies give loan,

(k) The farmer sells his produce in the market

Question.8. What are the main features of agricultural farms in the U.S.A.?

Answer. In the U.SA two types of farms functioned (i) Specialised farms (ii) Mixed farms.

(a)Specialised farms: A specialised farm concentrates on a particular type of livestock or crop. About 95 per cert of farms in the U.SA are specialised farms. Mostly cereal grains such as com, wheat, sorghum, rice, barley, oats and rye are grown in specialised farms. These farms also produce crops such as cotton, groundnut sugarcane, tobacco, vegetables and foiits. Nearly half of the specialised farms in the U.SA are livestock farms. These livestock farms rear meat animals, raise milk cows, chickens and turkeys.

(b)Mixed farms: These farms raise a variety of crops. In these farms, farmers produce a variety of crops and rear livestock The United States is the world’s leader in international agricultural goods Market.

Agriculture Map Based Question

Question. I. Study the map given below and Answer the following Question:

(a)Name three countries having large arable land. Give one reason.

(b)Name three continents having low arable land. Give reasons.

Answer.

(i) India China and the U.SA have large araole land. This is due to the presence of large alluvial plains,
(ii) South America, Australia and Africa have low arable land. This is due to dense forests, hilly areas and deserts.

Question.2. Show the distribution of rice on the map of India

Question.3. Show the distribution of wheat on the map of India. 

Question.4. Show the distribution of cotton, jute and rubber on the map of India. Answer

Question 5. Show the distribution of tea and coffee on the map of India.

Agriculture Miscellaneous Questions Multiple Choice Questions

Tick the correct option from the choices provided:

 Question 1 Agriculture is an activity of the type:

(a) Primary
(b) Secondary
(c) Tertiary
(d) Quartemary

Answer . (a) Primary

Question 2 Which of the following is not a primary activity?

(a) Agriculture
(b) Fishing
(c) Forestry
(d)Manufacturing

Answer. (d)Manufacturing

Question 3 What percentage of people of the world are engaged in agriculture?
(a)0
(b)5
(c)50
(d) 55

Answer. (c) 50

Solutions For Agriculture KSEEB Class 8 Geography 

Question 4 Which of the following is a tertiary activity?

(a)Transport
(b)Agriculture
(c)Manufacturing
(d) Fishing

Answer .(a) Transport

Question 5 Breeding of fish is called:

(a)Sericulture
(b)Viticulture
(c)Pisiculture
(d) Horticulture

Answer . (c) Pisiculture

Question 6 What is growing of grapes?

(a) Sericulture
(b) Pisiculture
(c) Viticulture
(d) Horticulture

Answer .(c) Viticulture

Question 7. Which country is the leading producer of rice?

(a) India
(b) China
(c) Japan
(d) Sri Lanka

Answer. (b) China

Question 8. Which country is the largest producer of wheat?

(a) India
(b) Pakistan
(c) Canada
(d) U.SA.

Answer. (d) U.SA

Question 9. Which country is the leading producer of coffee?

(a) Brazil
(b) Columbia
(c) India
(d) Sri Lanka

Answer. (a) Brazil

Question 10. Which country is the leading producer of tea?

(a) India
(b) China
(c) Japan
(d) Sri Lanka

Answer. (a) India

Agriculture One Word-Sentence Answer

Answer the following Questions in one word-sentence:

(a)Which is the most suitable soil for wheat cultivation?

Answer. Loamy soil.

(b)Mention two crops grown under intensive agriculture.

Answer. Rice and wheat

 (c)Which crops are grown on large plantations in plantation agriculture?

Answer. Rubber, tea and coffee.

(d)Which crop is staple diet of about one-half of the world population?

Answer. Rice.

(e)How many frost free days are required for cotton?

Answer. 210 days.

(f)Which cultivation is also called ‘Slash and Burn’ agriculture?

Answer. Shifting cultivation.

(g)How much percentage of world population is engaged in agriculture?

Answer. 50%

(h) Which place accounts for half the amount of tea produced in India?

Answer. Assam.

(i) Which country is the world leader in jute production?

Answer. Bangladesh.

(j) What is golden- fibre ?

Answer. Jute.

Agriculture Picture Interpretation

Look at the following picture and Answer the Questions that follow:

 What kind of agricultural practices are shown by the following pictures:
(a)

(b)

Answer.

(a) Subsistence farming

(b) Slash and burn agriculture

Chapter Wise KSEEB Class 8 Social Science Notes Pdf free download was designed by expert teachers from latest edition of KSEEB books to get good marks in board exams. KSEEB Class 8 Social Science Notes contains History, Geography and Civics notes of all chapters are part of Revision Notes for grade 8 Social Science. Here we have given notes Class VIII Social Science.

Part A – Our PASTS – III (History)

• Chapter 1 How, When and Where
• Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory The Company Establishes Power
• Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside
• Chapter 4 Tribals Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age
• chapter 5 When People Rebel 1857 And After
• Chapter 6 Colonialism and the City: The Story of an Imperial Capital
• Chapter 7 Weavers, Iron Smelters and Factory Owners
• Chapter 8 Civilising the “Native” Educating the Nation
• Chapter 9 Women, Caste and Reform
• Chapter 10 The Changing World of Visual Arts
• Chapter 11 The Making of the National Movement 1870s -1947
• Chapter 12 India After Independence

Part B – Resources and Development (Geography)

• Chapter 1 Resources
• Chapter 2 Land,Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and A wildlife Resources
• Chapter 3 Mineral and Power Resources
• Chapter 4 Agriculture
• Chapter 5 Industries
• Chapter 6 Human Resources

Part C: Social and Political Life -III (Civics)

• Chapter 1 The Indian Constitution
• Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism
• Chapter 3 Why Do We Need a Parliament ?
• Chapter 4 Understanding Laws
• Chapter 5 Judiciary
• Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System
• Chapter 7 Understanding Marignalisation
• Chapter 8 Confronting Marginalisation
• Chapter 9 Public Facilities
• Chapter 10 Law and Social Justice

KSEEB Solutions Class 8 Civics Chapter 5 Judiciary Textbook Questions

Question 1.  You read that one of the main functions of the judiciary is ‘upholding the law and enforcing Fundamental Rights’. Why do you think an independent judiciary is necessary to carry out this important function?

Answer. Judiciary is an important organ of the government Its main function is to apply the existing laws to the individual cases and to administer justice. Protection of the fundamental rights of the people is not possible without the courts of law. But the Judiciary in a democratic and civilized state must be independent Independence of Judiciary means that it should be efficient, honest and impartial in giving its judgement It should be free from any outside control of the executive or the legislature. The Judge should be free to decide cases according to law in a bold and fearless manner. Individual rights can be safeguarded when judges are neither jnder the control of legislature nor under the control of the executive. The life and liberty of each individual will not be safe, where judiciary is subordinated to the executive. In the absence of independent judiciary, individual liberty is in danger. Moreover, the only way to fight against executive high-handedness and interference is through an independent judiciary- Indian Constitution has provided independence to Judiciary. The Courts are not under the government and do not act on their behalf.

Question 2. Re-read the list of Fundamental Rights provided in Chapter I. How do you think the Right to Constitutional Remedies connects to the idea of judicial review?

Answer. Indian Constitution provides six Fundamental Rights to the citizens. Right to Constitutional Remedies makes the Supreme Court the ultimate guardian of the fundamental rights and liberties of the people. Rights of the people have no meaning if they are not backed and upheld by the Judiciary. It is both the jurisdiction as well as the responsibility of the Supreme Court to issue orders, directions and Writs of Habeas Corpus, etc., for the enforcement of fundamental rights. In fact, Right to Constitutional Remedies connects to the idea of Judicial Review. The Supreme Court can declare any law null and void if that law violates the Fundamental Rights. For example, in Golak Nath’s case, 1967, the Supreme Court declared that the Parliament has no power to amend the Constitution. The Supreme Court also struck down Section 4 of the 42nd Amendment Act because Section 4 gave Primacy to Directive Principles of State Policy-‘ over Fundamental Rights.

Question 3. In the following illustration, fill in each tier with the judgements given by the various courts in the Sudha Goel case. Check your responses with others in class

Answer. Supreme Court: The Supreme Court found Laxman and his mother guilty, but acquitted the brother- in-law Subash due to lack of evidence. Laxman and his mother were sent to jail for life.
High Court: In November 1983, three accused went to the High Court to appeal against the judgement of trial court The High Court decided that Sudha had died due to an accidental fire caused by the Kerosene stove. Hence, the High Court acquitted Laxman, Shakuntala and Subash Chandra. Trial or Lower Court: On the basis of evidence, the Trial Court convicted Laxman and his mother Shakuntla and his brother-in-law Subash Chardra and sentenced all three of them to death.

Question 4. Keeping the Sudha Goel case in mind, tick the sentences that are true and correct the ones that are false:
(a)The accused took the case to the High Court because they were unhappy with the decision of the Trial Court.
(b)They went to the High Court after the Supreme Court had given its decision.
(c)If they do not like the Supreme Court verdict, the accused can go back again to the Trial Court.

Answer.

(a) True.
(b)False. They went to the Supreme Court after the High Court had given its decision.
(c)False. If they do not like the Supreme Court verdict the accused can make petition to the President

Question 5. Why do you think the introduction of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in the 1980s is a significant j step in ensuring access to justice for all?

Answer. In simple words, the term ‘Public Interest Litigation’ means that the person arid association other ; than the sufferer have the right to seek justice on their behalf. Now, this concept that a person j can seek justice only for himself has undergone a huge change. The poor and oppressed people j of India don’t possess means to seek judicial relief. It is only a public minded citizen or politically aware organisation that can move to the Supreme Court. In fact, the introduction of Public Interest j Litigation is a significant step in ensuring access to justice for all. Through Public Interest Litigation j cases, the Supreme Court has emerged as the defender and champion of the rights and liberties of j the poor masses.

Question 6. Re-read excerpts from the judgement on the Olga Tellis vs Bombay Municipal Corporation case. Now, write in your own words what the judges meant when they said that the Right to Livelihood was part of the Right to Life.

Answer. The Judgement of the Olga Tellis vs Bombay Munic’pal Corporation established the Rights to Livelihood as part of the Right to Life. Right to Life is provided under Article 21 of the Constitution, Article 21 states that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law. But this is one aspect of the Right to Life. But another aspect of Right to Life is right to livelihood because no person can survive without the means of livelihood. Thus, right to livelihood is a part of Right to life. That is the conclusion that drawn from the judgement in the Olga Tellis vs Bombay Muncibal Corporation Case. The judgement in this case had tried to protect the livelihood of slum dwellers.

Question 7. Write a story around the theme, ‘Justice delayed is justice denied’.

Answer. Justice is the very foundation of the state. Without the judicial system, there can be no state worth the name. The judiciary is rightly called “the shield of innocence” and “the guardian of civil rights”. But for a good judiciary it is essential that justice should be impartial, speedy and cheap. But in India justice is not speedy. The position is the worst in civil cases. Unnecessary litigation, needless appeals, dilatory procedures, etc., have actually denied justice to people. Justice delayed is justice denied.
If justice is delayed and is not really done to the people, then the life and property of the people cannot be safe. In and a, it is very difficult to get a house vacated from the tenant. Generally, civil cases are decided in 15 to 30 years. The need is that justice should be quick and speedy.

Question 8. Make sentences with each of the glossary words given on the next page.

Answer.

• Acquit: In Sudha murder case, the High court acquitted Laxman, Shakuntla and Subash Chandra.
• To Appeal: In Sudha murder case, the three accused went to the High Court to appeal against the judgement of Trial Court.
• Compensation: Compensation is given to a person whose property is acquired for public purposes.
• Eviction: The eviction of a person from a pavement or slum will inevitably lead to the deprivation of the means of livelihood.
• Violation: In India, a citizen can be punished only for the violation of law.

Class 8 Civics Judiciary KSEEB Notes 

Question 9. The following is a poster made by the Right to Food campaign. Read this poster and list the duties of the government to uphold the Right to Food. How does the phrase ‘Hungry stomaches, overflowing godowns! We will not accept it!!” used in the poster relate to the photo essay on the Right to Food on page 61?

Answer . Every person has a right to life. But for survival, food is very essential.
Without food, (Roti) a person will die of hunger. The right to life includes right to food or right to livelihood. The government should perform the following duties to uphold the Right to Food:

1. The government should provide employment to the unemployed.
2. The government should give allowance to unemployed people.
3. The government should provide cheap or free food to the poor.

Judiciary Text Questions

Question l. Do you think that any ordinary citizen stands a chance against a politician in this kind of judicial system? Why not?

Answer. It is very difficult for an ordinary citizen to stand against a politician where the politician has the power to appoint and dismiss a Judge. Because under such conditions, Judge cannot act independently.

Question 2. List the two reasons why you believe an independent judiciary is essential to democracy.

Answer. The independence of Judiciary is essential to democracy as:

1. The freedom of the judiciary ensures that it is not under the control of the executive or the legislature.
2. It should be efficient and honest and the Judges should be free to decide cases according to ; law in a bold and fearless manner.

Question 3. Write two sentences of what you understand about the appellate system from the given case.

Answer. If a person believes that the judgement giver by the lower court is not just, then that person has a right to make an appeal to a higher court. =or example, appeal can be made to the High Court against the judgement of a Session Judge

Judiciary Additional Questions (Solved)

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Which is the apex court of India and where is it situated?

Answer. The Supreme Court is the apex court of India. It is situated in New Delhi.

Question 2. Who appoints the Judges of the Supreme Court?

Answer. Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President on the advice of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

Question 3. Who appoints the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court?

Answer. The President of India appoints the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

Question 4. Mention the qualifications to be a judge of the Supreme Court

Answer.

1. A person must be a citizen of India.
2. He must have been a Judge of one or more High Courts for five successive
3. years or must have been an advocate of one or more High Courts for ten successive years.Question 5. Who was the first woman judge of the Supreme Court?

Answer. Ms. Meera Sahib Fatima Bibi was the first woman judge of the Supreme Court

Question 6. Mention the salary of the judges of the Supreme Court.

Answer. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is entitled a monthly salary of? 1,00,000 per month while the other judges of the Supreme Court are given  90,000 per month.

Question 7. What is the tenure of judges of the Supreme Court?

Answer. Judges of the Supreme Court hold oTice till they complete the age of 65 years.

Question 8. How can the judges of the Supreme Court be removed?

Answer. The judges of the Supreme Court can be removed by only impeachment.

Question 9. Can the salary of judges of the Supreme Court be reduced during their tenure?

Answer. The salary of judges can only be reduced during the financial emergency.

Question 10. Who can remove the judges of the Supreme Court?

Answer. The Judges of the Supreme Court can be removed by the President after an address by each House of the Parliament has been presented to the President for such removal on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity.

Question 11. Can the cases of Fundamental Rights be directly taken to the Supreme Court?

Answer. Yes, the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction regarding the Fundamental Rights.

Question 12. What do you understand by Dispute Resolution?

Answer. The Judical system provides a mechanism for resolving misunderstandings between citizens, between citizens and the government, between the centre arid states arid between two states.

Question l3. What do you understand by Independent Judiciary?

Answer. Independence of Judiciary means that it should be efficient, honest and not under the control of the j executive or the legislature. The judges should be free to decide cases according to law in a bold j and fearless manner.

Question 14. When was the Supreme Court of India established? Where is the Supreme Court situated?

Answer. The Supreme Court of India was established on 26v’ January, 1950 and it is situated at New Delhi.

Question 15. What is Judicial Review power?

Answer. It means that the court is the guardian of the constitution and can declare any law and executive order to be unconstitutional if it is violative of the constitutional provisions.

KSEEB Class 8 Civics Chapter 5 Questions And Answers 

Question 16. What do you mean by court of record?

Answer. It means that the decisions taken by the Supreme Court became a law for the lower court.

Question 17. Can any Judge of the Supreme Court resume his legal practice after his retirement?

Answer. No, judges of the Supreme Court can not resume their legal practice after retirement

Question 18. Mention any two writs which the Supreme Court can issue for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights?

Answer.

1. The writ of Habeas Corpus.
2. The writ of Mandamus.

Judiciary Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Mention four functions of the Supreme Court of India.

Answer.

1. The Supreme Court decides election disputes of the President and Vice-President
2. The Supreme Court exercises advisory functions.
3. The Supreme Court is the court of record.
4. The Supreme Court has original and appellate jurisdiction.

Question 2. Enumerate the miscellaneous powers of the Supreme Court.

Answer.

1. The Supreme Court has the power to inspect and supervise the working of the subordinate courts.
2. Election petition of the Presidential anc Vice-Presidential elections are filed directly in the Supreme Court.
3. The Supreme Court has the power to hear cases relating to Income Tax Act, Custom Act, etc.

Question 3. The Supreme Court has guaranteed the Fundamental Rights to the citizens. Discuss.

Answer. The Constitution makes the Supreme Court the ultimate guardian of the Fundamental Rights of the citizen. It has the power to issue orders, directives and writs of Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo Warranto and Certiorari, or any of them for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights. Thus, the Supreme Court has guaranteed the Fundamental Rights to the citizens.

Question 4. The Supreme Court is the highest court of appeals. Discuss.

Answer. The Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction on the decisions of the High Courts and those of other tribunals. The Supreme Court can grant special permission to appeal from any judgement or order in any cause or matter passed or made by any court or Tribunal in the territory of India. Thus, the Supreme Court is the highest Court of appeal.

Question 5. It is necessary to safeguard independence of Judiciary. Give reason.

Answer. Independence of Judiciary is essential to maintain the impartiality of Judges. The judges can perform their duties fearlessly only in the atmosphere of independence. Only independent judiciary can provide fair and speedy (ustice. It is an independent judiciary alone, which can secure the Fundamental Rights of the citizens guaranteed by the Cons:itution.

Question 6. The President can remove a judge. Discuss.

Answer . A Judge can be removed from office by the President after an address by each House of the Parliament supported by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that House present and voting, has been presented to the President in the same session for such removal on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity.

Question 7. What steps have been taken to make independent Judiciary in India?

Answer.

1. In India, methods of the appointment of the Judges is deviced in such a way that only able persons can become the Judges.
2. The Judges of the Supreme Court and High courts are given a very good salary.
3. The Judges are kept it service for a long period.
4. Legal qualifications have been decided to become the Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts.
5. Judiciary has been given vast powers in India.

Judiciary KSEEB Class 8 Textbook Solutions 

Judiciary Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Describe the composition of the High Court.

Answer. There is a Chief Justice and some other Judges in a High Court but their number is not fixed. The President decides the number from time to time. The Chief Justice and other Judges of the High Court are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court But before giving recommendations, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court should consult two senior-most judges of the Sjpreme Court The Supreme Court said, “Merit should be the predominant factor while making any recommendation for appointment as Judges.” If the High Court has surplus work or its work has been increased temporarily, the President can appoint additional Judges on ad hoc basis for a period of two years. If a Judge abstains for a long time or is incapable of performing his, the President can dismiss him.

Question 2. Discuss the composition, appointment and qualifications of the Judges of Supreme Court.

Answer . The Supreme Court established under the Indian Constitution is the highest Judicial authority in the country. All the Courts even those functioning n the States of India, are subject to the authority and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. The Courts in India administer both the Federal laws as well as the State laws. Hence, judiciary in India is unified.

1. Composition of the Supreme Court At the time of the commencement of the Constitution, the Supreme Court consisted of eight judges, including the Chief Justice. But Article 124empovvered the parliament to determine and raise the number of Judges. In April, 1986 the number of judges was increased from 17 to 25. In January, 2009 the number of judges was increased from 25 to 30. Thus, at present the Supreme Court consists of Chief Justice and 30 other Judges. At present Justice H. L. Dattu s the Chie Justice of India.
   Appointment of the Judges: The Chief Justice of India is appointed by the President in consultation with such Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts as he may deem fit In the appointment of the other Judges of the Supreme Court the Chief Justice of India must be consulted by the President
2. Qualifications for appointment of Judges: A candidate for appointment as a Judge of the Supreme Court must fulfill the following qualifications:
   (a)He should be a citizen of India.
   (b)He must have been a Judge of one or more High Courts for five successive years or must have been an advocate of one or more High Courts for ten successive years.
   (c)He should be a distinguished jurist in the opinion of the President

Question 3. Explain briefly the Original Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.

Answer . The Indian Supreme Court had very wide and vast powers. The Supreme Court has an extensive jurisdiction-both Original and Appellate.
Original Jurisdiction: Original Jurisdiction means cases that start in the Supreme Court and regarding which the Supreme Court has exclusive jurisdiction. The Supreme Court, in its original jurisdiction, entertains suits in the following cases:

1. Centre-State Disputes:
   (a)Disputes between the Government of India and one or more States.
   (b)Disputes between the Government of India and any one state or states on one side and one or more other states on the other.
2. Inter-State Disputes: Disputes between two or more States.
3. Interpretation of the Constitution: All cases where interpretation of the Constitution is involved can be directly filed in the Supreme Court.
4. Disputes Relating to Fundamental Rights: Cases relating to violation or denying the Fundamental Rights can directly be brought before the Supreme Court
5. To Decide Election Disputes of the President and Vice-President: The Supreme Court is also empowered to decide election dispute relating to the President or the Vice-President of India and in this regard the Supreme Court’s decision is final and binding.

Question 4. Describe the Jurisdiction of a High Court.

Answer.

1. Original Jurisdiction: Some cases can directly be brought to a High Court They are cases relating to Fundamental Rights, wills, divorce, marriages, contempt of court, etc. Election disputes can also be heard by the High Court.
2. Appellate Jurisdiction: The High Court can hear appeals against the decisions of the District Courts. Appeals against all the decisions of the subordinate courts in civil, revenue and criminal cases can be brought to the High Court.
3. Administrative Powers: The High Court supervises the working of the subordinate courts. It can make rules and regulations for their work and inspect their records. It can transfer cases from one court to another. All appointments, transfers and promotions of District Judges are made by the Governor in consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court of the State.

Question 5. Discuss Appellate Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.

Answer. The Appellate Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court can be divided into three main parts-Constitutional, Civil and Criminal.

1. Appeal in Constitutional Cases: The Constitution provides that an appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court from any judgement, decree or final order of a High Court in India whether in a civil, criminal or other proceeding, if the High Court certifies that the case involves a substantial question of law that needs the interpretation of the Constitution.
2. Appeals in Civil Cases: Regarding appeals in civil cases, the 30th Amendment provides for the right to appeal in the Supreme Court. Cn any judgement a High Court involves a substantial question of law of general importance and if in the opinion of the High Court the said question needs to be decided by the Supreme Court.
3. Appeal in Criminal Cases: Regarding criminal cases, the Constitution provides that an appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court from any judgement, final order or sentence in a criminal proceeding of a High Court if:
   (a)the High Court has an appeal reve’sed an order of acquittal of an accused person and sentenced him to death; or
   (b)the High Court has withdrawn ^or trial before itself any case Pom any court subordinate to its authority and has in such trial convicted the accused person and sentenced him to death; or
   (c)the High Court certified that the case is fit for appeal to the Supreme Court

Judiciary Hots Corner

Question 1.  Discuss how far the Judiciary of India is independent.

Answer . Indian Judiciary is independent and efficient to work in accordance with democratic principles.
Indian Judiciary is independent in many ways, for instance:

1. Judicial admin stration is independent of the federal and state administration.
2. The judiciary has been given vast powers in India. The judiciary is ffee to give a decision against the government.
3. No government official or private individual can interfere in the working of the judiciary.
4. To save the Constitution of India against arbitrary interpretations by the other organs of the government, the Supreme Court is made free to interpret the Constitution.
5. To maintain the dignity of the Indian Judicial system the judiciary in India is made free to institute the ‘contempt of court’ proceeding against that person who shows disrespect to the court.
6. The Supreme and High Courts of India can declare a law, passed by legislature, null and void if it violates fundamental rights and provisions of the Constitution.
7. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court gets ? 1,00,000 whereas other judges get ?90,000. Judges get pension after retirement.
8.  Judges of the Supreme Court enjoy security of service. They can be removed only through the method of impeachment
9. Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Chief Justice. Moreover, the qualifications of the Judges are mentioned in the Constitution.

Important Questions For KSEEB Class 8 Civics Chapter 5 

Judiciary Miscellaneous Questions

Multiple Choice Questions

Tick the correct option from the choices provided:

Question 1. Supreme Court consists of one Chief Justice and:

(a) 13 other Judges
(b) 25 other Judges
(c)20 other Judges
(d) 30 other Judges

Answer. (d) 30 other Judges

Question 2. The Judges of the Supreme Court of India retire at the age:

(a) 62 years
(b) 65 years
(c) 60 years
(d) 50 years

Answer. (b) 65 years

Question 3. The number of Judges of the Supreme Court is fixed by:

(a) Parliament
(b) Prime Minister
(c) President
(d) Cabinet

Answer. (a) Parliament

Question 4. The salary of the Chief Justice of India is:

(a) ₹ 26,000
(b) ₹1,00.000
(c) ₹ 28,000
(d) ₹ 30.000

Answer. (b) ₹ 1,00,000

Question 5.Whom does Supreme Court advise?

(a)Cabinet
(b)Prime Minister
(c)President
(d)Parliament

Answer. (C)President

Question6 Which one of the following is the Guardian of the Indian Constitution?

(a)Parliament
(b)(b)Supreme Court
(c)President
(d)Cabinet
(c)Supreme Court

Answer. (c)Supreme Court

Question 7 The Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the:

(a)Chief Justice of India
(b)People
(d)Prime Minister
(d)President

Answer. (d)President

Question 8. The power of Judicial Review is vested with: (a

(a)Parliament
(b)High Court
(c)The Supreme Court
(d)Both with Supreme Court and High Court

Answer. (d) Both with Sipreme Court and High Court In

Question 9. India, the power of Judicial Review is:
(a)Extra Constitutional
(b)Unconstitutional
(c)Constitutional
(d)Non of these

Answer. (c) Constitutional

Question 10. Which one of the following does not fall within the Appellate Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court? (a)

(a)Constitutional Cases
(b) Civil Cases
(c) Advisory Cases
(d) Criminal Cases

Answer. (c) Advisor/ Cases

Judiciary B. Fill in the Blanks

Fill the blanks with appropriate terms in the following sentences:

1. The Judge of the Supreme Court retires at the age of____ years.
2. The Judge of the High Court retires at the age of____ _years.
3. The Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts are appointed by the____ .
4. The Judges of the Supreme Court can be removed from the offices by the process of____Answer.1. 65
   2. 62
   3. President
   4.Impeachment

Judiciary C. True or False

State whether the following statements are true or false:

1. Supreme Court is situated at Mumbai.
2. In India, Supreme Court enjoys the power of Judicial Review.
3. Separation of Powers is essential for Independent Judiciary.
4. Each state is divided into districts that are presided over by District Judge.
5. Each state has a Supreme Court.
6. Indian Judiciary is integrated.

Answer.

1. False
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. False
6. True.

Judiciary D. Picture Interpretation

Look at the following picture and answer the questions that follow:

1. What does the picture represent?

Answer. It shows the Indian Supreme Court.

2. Where is it located?

Answer. It is located in New Delhi.

3. Why do wo need it?

Answer. We need the Supreme Court as rt is the apex court of India. All cases resolved in the High Court can appeal to the Supreme Court

KSEEB Solutions Class 8 History Chapter 4 Ancient Civilizations Of The World Points To Remember

• The Egyptian, Mesopotamian, and Chinese civilizations are the contemporary to Indus Valley Civilization.
• Huge pyramids, sculptures, temples, and inscriptions tell us a lot about Egyptian culture and history.
• The Egyptians had mastered the art of writing which was a symbolic language and consists of small drawings and lias been called hieroglyphics (sacred writings).
• The Greeks called the buildings constructed to protect dead bodies as ‘Pyramids’.
• The kings of Egypt were called ‘Pharaohs’. ‘Pharaoh’ means ‘person who lives in a palatial house.
• The peasants, who had accepted the rule of powerful Osiris, now accepted the rule of Pharaohs too.
• The Jews who came wandering through the deserts in search of shelter were also hated by the people of Egypt.
• Alexander’s military generals declared himself the King of Egypt and established the dynasty of the Ptolemies.
• The last Egyptian queen, Cleopatra, tried her best to save her country.
• The land which inspires awe and fascination is called the ‘Land between the rivers’ or ‘Mesopotamia’ by the Greeks.
• The two rivers, Euphrates and Tigris, had made this West Asian barren land very fertile.
• The northern part of Babylonia was called Akhad and the southern part was Sumer. The northern part of Mesopotamia was known as Assyria.
• The Sumerians, who used to worship their gods on top of the hills, after coming to the plains, built artificial hills and established their places of worship there. These were called Ziggurat.
• Today the law codes of Hammurabi have been kept in ‘The Louvre’ museum of Paris.
• Hammurabi’s law enforced the logic of ‘An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth’.
• Nebuchadnezzar was the greatest king among them
• Having Ho River which led to the establishment of the Chinese civilization was known as ‘China’s Sorrow’.
• The Shang dynasty was overpowered by the neighboring Chau dynasty. The Chau dynasty continued the good traditions of the Shang culture and ruled till QuestionQuestion0 B.C.E.
• Emperor Qin Shihuangti ordered that the walls of the northern Chinese states be connected. This enabled the northern walls to ward offthe attacks of invaders from the north.
• The ancient Chinese used to bury their dead along with porcelain pots, animals and the objects loved most during their lives.
• The Chinese tradition of writing began with pictures and got transformed into an ideographic script. Writers used to write on silk and bamboo slips.

Read and Learn More KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science

Ancient Civilizations Of The World Exercises

Complete the following sentences by using suitable words in the blanks:

1. Hieroglyphics are called symbolic language.
2. The kings who ruled Egypt are called Pharaohs
3. The Greeks referred to Mesopotamia as ‘Land between the rivers’
4. The most famous king of the Amorites is Hammurabi.

Class 8 History Ancient Civilizations Of The World KSEEB Notes 

Ancient Civilizations Of The World Answer in brief the following questions:

Question 1. How are ‘mummies’ preserved?
Answer: The dead body would be smeared with various chemicals and wrapped with a thin cloth. The entire body was in this way preserved. The body protected thus was called a ‘mummy’. It would be kept in a specially designed coffin. The grave was considered the true ‘place’ for an Egyptian. Hence all around the dead body, items needed for daily use and small dolls of a cook and barber would be kept to fulfill all future needs.

Question 2. Write a paragraph on the Pyramids.
Answer: Tall towers were built on the graves using huge blocks of stone in order to protect the eternal sleep of the dead. Kings and wealthy people vied with each other to build taller and taller towers. The Greeks called these structures ‘Pyramids’.

Question 3. How was ‘Hwang Ho River’ China’s sorrow?
Answer: The River Hwang Ho which led to the establishment of the Chinese civilization was known as ‘China’s Sorrow’. After the floods, this river changed its course in an unpredictable manner and inundated houses and agricultural lands. It would render all the canals useless. This was the reason the people of that area referred to it as the ‘Symbol of Sorrow’.

Ancient Civilizations Of The World Additional Questions And Answers

Choose the correct alternative and Write the complete answer along with its alphabet in the sheet provided:

Question 1. God of Life and Death was
1) Osiris
2) Yama
3) Asura
4)Sphinx
Answer: 1) Osiris

Question 2. The tall towers were called as ‘Pyramids’ by the
1) Romans
2)Greeks
3)Egyptians
4)Africans
Answer: Question) Greeks

Question 3.‘Pharaoh’ means a person who lives in a
1) Palace
2) Pyramid
3) Ziggurat
4) Palatial house
Answer: 4) Palatial house

Question 4. The Persian Emperor who occupied Egypt in the 6th Century was
1)Cambyses
2) Alexander
3) Augustus Caesar
4) Julius Caesar
Answer: 1) Cambyses

KSEEB History Chapter 4 Class 8 Multiple Choice Questions 

Question 5. Mesopotamia is an area that lies in a valley between two
1)Mountains
2)Rivers
3)Hills
4)Seas
Answer: 2) Rivers

Question 6. The land which inspires awe and fascination is called the ‘Land between the rivers’ or ‘Mesopotamia’ by
1)Romans
2)Greeks
3)Egyptians
4)Africans
Answer: 2) Greeks

Question 7.The first ones to evolve a system of writing in Mesopotamia was
1) Sumerians
2) Babylonians
3) Assyrians
4) Persians
Answer: 1) Sumerians

Question 8. The northern part of Babylonia was called
1)Akhad
2)Sumer
3)Assyria
4)Egypt
Answer: 1)Akhad

Question 9. The southern part of Babylonia was
1)Akhad
2) Sumer
3) Assyria
4) Egypt
Answer: 2) Sumer

Question 10. The northern part of Mesopotamia was
known as
1)Akhad
2) Sumer
3) Assyria
4) Egypt
Answer: 3) Assyria

Question 11. Some scholars opine that the gardens were created by the queen
1) Sammu-Ramat
2)Amitis
3) Cleopatra
4) Euphra
Answer: 1) Sammu-Ramat

Question 1. The desert God was
1) Osiris
 2)Yama
3) Asura
4) Sphinx
Answer : 3) Asura

Question 13. The river which is referred as the ‘Symbol of Sorrow’ in China is
1) Hwang Ho
2) Sinkiang
3)YangSikiang
4) Ho Hwang Ho
Answer: 1) Hwang Ho

Question 14. The first ruling family of the Chinese civilization was
1) Shang dynasty
2) Chau dynasty
3) Shang dynasty
4) Chou dynasty
Answer: 1) Shang dynasty

Complete the following sentences by using suitable words in the blanks:

1. Egypt was ruled over by an Arabian shepherd tribe called Hyksos
2. The last Egyptian queen was Cleopatra
3. The system of writing, which was developed by Egyptians were Cun eiform
4. The king who created the hanging gardens of Babylonia was Nebuchadnezzar
5. The Jews called Ziggurat as Towers of Babel
6. The rock edicts of Hammurabi have been kept in The Louvre museum of Paris
7. The most famous king of the Amorites was Hammurabi
8. The river helped in the establishment of the Chinese civilization was known as ‘China’s Sorrow’.
9. The Great Wall of China was constructed by Qin Shihuangti

Class 8 History Chapter 4 Guide On Ancient Civilizations Of The World KSEEB 

Ancient Civilizations Of The World Answer The Following Questions In A Sentence Each

Question 1. What is Mummy?
Answer: The entire body of dead was preserved using some chemical. The body protected was called a‘mummy’.

Question 2. What is Ziggurat?
Answer: Nebuchadnezzar got the gardens built in order to console his wife who was missing the beautiful environment of hills, trees and flowers of her motherland was called a ziggurat.

Question 3. Why was Hwang Ho River called the ‘Symbol of Sorrow’?
Answer: After the Hwang Ho River changed its course in an unpredictable manner and inundated houses and agricultural lands. It would render all the canals useless. This was the reason the people of that area referred to it as the ‘Symbol of Sorrow’.

Ancient Civilizations Of The World Answer In Brief The Following Questions

Question 1. Which are the contemporary civilizations of the Indus Valley Civilization?
Answer: The Egyptian civilization. Mesopotamian civilization and Chinese civilization are the contemporary civilizations of the Indus Valley Civilization

Question 2. Which are the sources we have to know about the Egyptian Civilization?
Answer: I-Iuge pyramids, sculptures, temples, and the inscriptions in these temples tell us a lot about Egyptian culture and history

Question 3. What are the contributions of Egyptians to the present world?
Answer: The Egyptians were expert farmers. They knew a lot about irrigation. They had built temples. They invented the calendar which has helped us to measure time. More than anything else, they had mastered the art of writing. It was a symbolic language. It consists of small drawings and has been called hieroglyphics (sacred writings).

Question 4. How was agriculture developed in the Nile Valley?
Answer: Every rainy season, the Nile River would transform the Nile valley into a huge lake. After the valley dried up in summer, a fertile layer of clay soil would form the grazing field and neighboring agricultural lands. The work that would need the labor of hundreds of people was being done by the kind river all alone. This fertile land provided food for the population of the first town in the area. Not all agricultural regions where in the valley. Hence through small canals and wells, they were responsible for the development of a complex system of irrigation throughout the land.

Question 5. How were the dead bodies preserv ed in Egypt?
Answer: The dead body w’ould be smeared with vaiious chemicals and wrapped with a thin cloth. The entire body was in this way preserved. The body protected thus was called a ‘mummy’. It would be kept in a specially designed coffin. The grave was considered the true ‘place’ for an Egyptian. Hence all around the dead body, items needed for daily use and small dolls of a cook and barlier would be kept to fulfill all future needs.

KSEEB Class 8 Ancient Civilizations Of The World Study Materials 

Question 6. The Arabian shepherd tribe did not become popular in Egypt. Why?
Answer: Egypt was ruled over by an Arabian shepherd tribe called Hyksos which attacked it and after defeating it, ruled for Question00 years. They looted the wealth of the natives, and hence did not become popular.

Question 7. How did the Egy pt become a province of Rome?
Answer: The last Egyptian queen, Cleopatra, tried her best to save her country. It was said that the Romans feared her beauty more than her troops. Twice she was successful in her attack upon the hearts of the her Roman conquerors. However, in Question0 B.C.E., Caesar’s successor, his son-in-law, Augustus, did not succumb to her beauty like his father-in-law, but defeated her army, though he spared her life. When he planned to cany her away along with the other spoils of the battle, Cleopatra consumed poison and ended her life. From then onwards, Egypt became a province of Rome.

Question 8. Explain the Hanging Gardens of Babylonia.
Answer: The legendary Hanging Gardens were created on the banks of the river Euphrates around 7th Century B.C.E. This was one of the seven wonders of the Old World. But it is surprising to note that the Babylonian cuneiform records which make a mention of the city, its palaces and its walls, are totally silent about the Hanging Gardens. Most of scholars are of the view that King Nebuchadnezzar II was the one who created the gardens. Nebuchadnezzar’s wife Amitis was from Mead. It is said that Nebuchadnezzar got the gardens built in order to console his wife who was missing the beautiful environment of hills, trees and flowers of her motherland.

Question 9.AnswerWhy did Nebuchadnezzar create hanging gardens of Babylonia?
Answer: Nebuchadnezzar’s wife Amitis was from Mead. It is said that Nebuchadnezzar got the gardens built in order to console his wife who was missing the beautiful environment ofhills, trees and flowers of her motherland.

Question 10. Explain Hammurabi’s code of law.
Answer: Hammurabi’s law enforced the logic of‘An eye for an eye and a tooth for atooth’. Hammurabi’s Law Codes areone among the most ancient of the codes available to us. They were probably written to protect the rights of all sections of Babylonian society, especially women and slaves.

Question 11.AnswerNebuchadnezzar was the greatest king among Egyptian king. Justify.
Answer: Nebuchadnezzar encouraged the study of science.He got the gardens built in order to console his wife who was missing the beautiful environment of hills, trees and flowers of her motherland

Question 12.AnswerWhy did the Egyptian civilization decline?
Answer: The Chaldeans came under the attack of the Persians in the 6th Century B.C.E. Two hundred years later, Alexander transformed this place of the Semitic peoples into a Greek province. After the rulers of the Romans and Turks who followed Alexander, this civilization declined and turned into a wilderness.

Question 13. Write a short note on the Shang kings.
Answer: The first ruling family of the Chinese civilization was the Shang dynasty. It ruled in the period between the 18th century B.C.E and the 12th century B.C.E Under the rule of this dynasty, the people had developed a wonderful culture by the 14th century B.C.E. The Shang dynasty was overpowered by the neighboring Chau dynasty.

Question 14.AnswerWhy was the Great Wall of China constructed?
Answer: The Chinese Empire consisted of many small provinces. Seven big states were created bringing these smaller provinces under them. Every state that was created thus, constructed a wall along its boundary for protection. Emperor Qin Shihuangti ordered that the walls of the northern Chinese states be connected. This enabled the northern walls to ward off the attacks of invaders from the north. The construction of the great wall began in the 7th century B.C.E. and continued till the 16th century. The worn-out parts were repaired and strengthened. When the work was completed it stretched to more than 5000 kilometers. It is one of the seven wonders of the world.

KSEEB Solutions Class 8 History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory The Company Establishes Power Text Book Questions

Question 1 Match the following:

1. Diwani
   “Tiger of Mysore” faujdari adolot.
   Ran Channamma sipah’
2. Tipu Sultan
   right to collect land revenue sepoy
   criminal court
   led an anti-British movement in Kitoor

Answer

1. Diwani
   “Tiger of Mysore” foujdari adalot Ran Channamma sipah
2. Right to collect land revenue Tipu Sultan criminal court led an anti-British movement in Kitoor sepoy

Question 2. Fill in the blanks:

(a)The British conquest of Bengal began with the Battle of ____________
(b)Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan were the rulers of__________
(c)Dalhousie implemented the Doctrine of__________
(d)Maratha kingdoms were located mainly in the_____________ part of India.

Answer. (a) Plassey    (b) Mysore      (c) Lapse     (d) Western

Question 3. State whether true or false:

(a)The Mughal Empire became stronger in the eighteenth century.
(b)The English East India Company was the only European Company that traded with India.
(c)Maharaja Ranjit Singh was the ruler of Punjab.
(d)The British did not introduce administrative changes in the territories they conquered.

Answer. (a) False     (b) False      (c) True        (d) False

Question 4. What attracted European trading companies to India?

Answer. The European trading companies were looking for new lands from where they could buy goods at a very low price, and carry them back to Europe to sell at high prices. Moreover, the fine qualities of silk and cotton produced in India had a huge market in Europe. Clove, cardamom, pepper and cinnamon too were in great demand. Therefore, European trading companies were attracted towards India.

Question 5. What were the areas of conflict between the Bengal Nawabs and the East India Company?

Answer

1.The officials of the Company, who traded privately, refused to pay taxes to the Mughal Emperor. It caused enormous loss of revenue to the Bengal province.
2.The Company started to fortify its settlements. The Nawab of Bengal was against these fortifications which led to conflict between them.
3.The Nawab refused to grant concessions to the Company. He denied the Company any rights to mint their own coins. He demanded large tributes against the Company’s right to trade and ordered it to stop any fortification.
4.Bengal was deprived of a huge amount of revenue by the British who undermined the authority of the Nawab. It was refusing to pay taxes, writing disrespectful letters and trying to humiliate the Nawab and his officials. It also led to a conflict between the both.

Class 8 History From Trade To Territory KSEEB Notes 

Question 6.How did the assumption of Diwani benefit the East India Company?

Answer

1. The East India Company got Diwani rights of Bengal in 1765. It allowed the Company to use the vast revenue resources of Bengal for its advantage.
2. From the early 18th century, the Company’s trade with India expanded. But, it was forced to buy most of the Indian goods with gold and silver imported from Britain. It was so because they had no goods to sell in India But, the revenue of Bengal increased the finance of the Company.
3. Revenue of Bengal could be used to purchase cotton and silk textiles in India, maintain the Company troops and meet the cost of building the Company’s fort and offices at Calcutta.
4. The Company started to strengthen its position in India with the Diwani hghts and within a short span of time, it conquered the whole of India.

Question 7. Explain the system of “subsidiary alliance”.

Answer  The subsidiary alliance system was started by Lord Wellesley in 1798 C.E He wanted to expand the British Empire in India and make the Company very powerful. It was possible only if all the native rulers and nawabs were made powerless. He took advantage of the subsidiary alliance system and brought many native rulers under’ British control.
Terms of the subsidiary alliances: Subsidiary alliances were made between the Company and the native rulers. The Company promised to give military help to the rulers who entered into subsidiary alliance with it in case of any internal or external trouble. In lieu of it, the local ruler had to accept the following terms:

1. He had tn accept the supremacy of the Company. He was not allowed to fight a war or enter
   into any treaty with other rulers without the permission of the Company.
2. He had to keep a battalion of English army in his state for his safety and had to pay for its expenses to the British.
3. He had to keep an English Resident at his court.

Question 8. In what way was the administration of the Company different from that of Indian rulers?

Answer  The administration of the Company was different from that of Indian rulers in the following ways:

1. The whole of the British Empire w>as divided into three Presidencies—Bengal, Madras and Bombay. Each of these was ruled by a Governor and the top-most authority of administration was the Governor-General.
2. New system of justice was introduced in 1772. Every’ district was to have two courts—a criminal court and a civil court Civil courts were presided over by European district collectors. The criminal courts were still under aqazi. and a muff, but they were under the supervision of the collectors.
3. A Supreme Court was established under the Regulating Act of 1773. A court of appeal was also set up in Calcutta.
4. A district was under the supervision of a collector Whose main job was to collect revenue, taxes and to maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges.
   All the above features reflect British administration and they were different from those of Indian rulers.

Question 9. Describe the changes that occurred in the composition of the Company’s army.

Answer  In the early 19th century, the British introduced a uniform military culture. Soldiers were given training in the European style of warfare. Drill and discipline were also introduced to regulate their Ives. In the 18th century, the East India Company recruited peasants into their armies. This was known as the sepoy army.

From Trade to Territory: The Company Establishes Power Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question l. Who was the last powerful Mughal ruler? When did he die?

Answer  Aurangzeb was the last powerful Mughal ruler. He died in 1707 C.E.

Question 2. Why could Delhi no longer function as an effective center?

Answer  As the Mughal Empire weakened and powerful regional kingdoms emerged in different parts of the country, Delhi could no longer function as an effective center.

Question 3. When did the new power, i.e., the British emerge on the political horizon of India?

Answer  By the second half of the 18th century, the British emerged on the political horizon of India.

Question 4. How did the East India Company get the right to trade in the East?
Answer. In 1600 CE., the East India Company got a Charter from Queen Elizabeth I, the ruler of England granting it the sole right to trade with the case:.

Question 5. Who discovered the sea route to India and when?

Answer  Vascoda Gama, a Portuguese explorer, discovered the sea route to India in 1498 CE.

Question 6. Which things were in great demand in Europe?

Answer The fine quality of cotton and silk, pepper, clove, cardamom and cinnamon produced in India were There was competition among the European companies to purchase goods. It led to increase in the prices at which goods could be purchased.

Question 7. How did the prices of the goods purchased by the Europeans increase?7. How did the prices of the goods purchased by the Europeans increase?

Answer  Vascoda Gama, a Portuguese explorer, discovered the sea route to India in 1498 CE.

KSEEB Class 8 History Chapter 2 Questions And Answers 

Question 8. What led to intense conflict between the East India Company and local rulers?

Answer  The European companies not only wanted to fortify their settlements but also wanted to carry on profitable trade. It led to an intense conflict between the East India Company and the local rulers.

Question 9. Name the rulers of Bengal who emerged after the death of Aurangzeb.

Answer Murshid Quli Khan, Alivardi Khan and Siraj-ud-Daulah were some famous rulers who emerged after the death of Aurangzeb.

Question IO. When did Siraj-ud-Daulah become the Nawab of Bengal?

Answer  Siraj-ud-Daulah became the Nawab of Bengal in 1756 CE., after the death of Alivardi Khan.

Question 11. Give one cause of the Battle of Plassey.

Answer  The fortification of Calcutta by the British was the main reason of conflict which led to the Battle of Plassey.

Question 12. Why did Mir Jafar not take part in the Battle of Plassey?

Answer  Mir Jafar did not take part in the Battle of Plassey because Robert Clive managed to secure his support by promising to make him the Nawab after crushing Siraj-ud-Daulah.

Question 13. Why did Battle of Plassey become famous?

Answer The Battle of Plassey became famous because it was the first major victory of the Company in India.

Question 14. Why was Mir Qasim installed in place of Mir Jafar?

Answer  Mir Jafar protested against the free trade and policies of the English East India Company, which is why he was replaced by Mir Qasim.

Question 15. How did the Company annex Indian states from 1757 to 1857?

Answer The Company rarely launched a direct military attack on the Indian states. Instead, it used a number of diplomatic, political and economic methods to extend its influence and annex Indian states.

Question 16. Who were known as Residents?

Answer  Residents were political or commercial agents of the British whose responsibility was to serve and protect the interests of the Company.

Question 17. Who were Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan?

Answer Haider Ali was the ruler of Mysore who ruled from 1761 to 1782 CE. After his death, his son, Tipu Sultan became the new king and ruled till 1799 CE.

Question 18. What was the ‘subsidiary force’?

Answer Subsidiary force was that force of the British which ’was kept in the kingdom of that king who had accepted the subsidiary alliance. Its main job was to protect the Nawab from internal and external aggression and protect the interests of the Company.

Question 19. How were Maratha dreams of ruling Delhi shattered?

Answer The Marathas were defeated by Ahmad Shah Abdali in 1761 C.E. in the Th rd Battle oi Panipat. Their dreams of ruling Delhi were shattered.

Question 20. What was the policy of paramountcy?

Answer Lord Hastings started the policy of paramountcy. The Company claimed that its authority w’as supreme or paramount Hence, its power was greater than that of Indian states.

Question 21. Why did the British fight the Afghan Wars?

Answer  The British wanted to consolidate their position in Afghanistan as they feared that Russia could enter India through this route. Therefore, they fought the Afghan Wars during 1838 1842.

Question 22. Which kingdoms were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse?

Answer  Satara (1848), Sambalpur (1850), Udaipur (1852), Nagpur (1853) and Jhansi (1854) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse.

Question 23. What were the Presidencies?

Answer  The British territories in India were broadly divided into administrative units which were known as the Presidencies. There were three Presidencies—Bengal, Madras and Bombay.

Question 24. Who was the Peshwa?

Answer  The Peshwa was the chief leader of the Marathas. He was the military and administrative head of the Maratha Confederacy.

Question 25. When and which treaty was signed after the First Anglo-Maratha War?

Answer The First Anglo-Maratha War came to an end with the Treaty of Salbai in 1782.

Question 26. Who was Queen (Rani) Channamma?

Answer  Rani Channamma was the ruler of the small state of Kitoor in Karnataka.

From Trade to Territory The Company Establishes Power Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.What led to a fierce battle between the European trading companies?

Answer The European companies came to trade in India as Indian silk, cotton clothes, spices, etc., were in great demand in Europe. Competition among the European companies pushed up the prices at which goods could be purchased. It led to reduction of profit. There was one way to increase profit and that was by eliminating rival companies. It led to a fierce battle between the trading companies. They regularly sank each other’s ships, blocked routes and prevented rival ships from moving with supplies of goods. Trading posts were also protected with arms and fortifications.

Question 2. How did the Company try to manipulate existing privileges?

Answer The Company got a farman from the Mughal Emperor, Aurangzeb which granted the Company the right to trade free of duties. But, the Company wanted to get more concessions and it started to manipulate the existing privileges. The officials of the Company were carrying on private trade on the other side. They hardly paid any taxes to the government for their trade. It caused huge losses of revenue to Bengal. They even bribed the Mughal officials to get zam’rdan rights of three villages. In this way, the Company tried to manipulate existing privileges.

Question 3. Why did regional rulers refuse to grant concessions to the Company?

Answer  The regional rulers like Murshid Quli Khan, Alvardi Khan and Siraj-ud-Daulah were very powerful rulers of Bengal. They refused to grant concessions to the Company and demanded taxes for the Company’s right to trade, denied it any right mint coins and stop fortification of its settlement They accused the Company of deceit and claimed that the Company was causing huge losses of revenue to the Bengal Government. The Company was also accused of undermining the authority of the Nawab. The British were trying to humiliate the Nawab and his officials due to which regional rulers refused to grant concessions to the Company.

From Trade To Territory KSEEB Class 8 Textbook Solutions 

Question 4. What were the causes of conflict between Siraj-ud-Daulah and the British?

Answer  The following causes were responsible for the conflict between Siraj-ud-Daulah and the British

1. The Company was not paying taxes.
2. The Company officials were writing disrespectful letters to the Nawab.
3. The British started deploying forces in Calcutta and in spite of the refusal of the Nawab to allow them to keep their forces there, the British did not withdraw them.

Question 5. What was the significance of the Battle of Buxar in Indian history?

Answer The Battle of Buxar is more important than tie Battle of Plassey in the history of India. As a result of this battle, the British became a great political force in India. It paved, for them, the way for the conquest of more territories in India. The British consolidated their position in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. The Nawab of Awadh, Shuja-ud-Daulah and the Mughal emperor, Shah Alam II came completely under British control.

Question 6. What were the causes of the Battle of Buxar?

Answer  Following were the causes of the Battle of Buxar:

(1) The officials of the English Company were misusing the trade concessions allowed to them by the Nawab. It resulted in decline of income of the Nawab of Bengal.
(2) Mir Qasim strengthened his army. He established an arms and ammunition factor/ and shifted his treasury from Murshidabad to Munger. The British did not like these activities of Mir Qasim.
(3) Mir Qasim also allowed the Indian traders to trade without paying any tax like the British. It increased the animosity between the British and the Nawab.

Question 7. How did the Company through Residents start to interfere in the internal matters of Indian states?

Answer  After winning the Battle of Buxar in 1764, the Company began to appoint Residents in Indian states. Residents were commercial or political agents of the Company and their job was to protect the Company’s interest. The Company through residents started to interfere in the internal matters of Indian states. They interferred in the matters of succession to the throne and appointment of administrative posts.

Question 8. How did conflict start between Tipu Sultan and the British?

Answer  Mysore became very strong under Haider Al and his son, Tipu Sultan. Profitable trade of Malabar was controlled by Mysore where the Company purchased pepper and cardamom. But, in 1785 CE, export of pepper, sandalwood and cardamon, through the ports of Mysore, was stopped by Tipu Sultan. He also disallowed local merchants to trade with the Company. He established close relations with the French in India and began to modernise his army with their help. With this, conflicts started between Tipu Sultan and the British.

Question 9. How was Tipu Sultan defeated by the British?

Answer  Tipu Sultan stopped the British trade through the ports of Mysore and established close relations j with the French people. Fie also began to modernize his army with the help of French. The British i got annoyed with this. They saw Tipu Sultan as a dangerous ruler who had to be controlled or Scrushed. Four wars with Mysore were fought (two with Haider Ali and rest with Tipu Sultan) and j only in the last battle of Seringapatam in 1799 CE., the Company emerged victorious. Tipu Sultan  was killed while defending his capital. Mysore was kept under the former ruling dynasty.

From Trade to Territory The Company Establishes Power Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.Explain the causes of the Battle of Plassey. What is the historical importance of the battle?

Answer  The Battle of Plassey was fought between the British and Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal in 1757
Following were the main causes of this battle:
1.Fortification of Calcutta (now Kolkata): The British wanted to establish their rule in Bengal. In order to strengthen their position, they started the fortification of Calcutta. Nawab Siraj-ud- Daulah did not like a foreign power to fortify any part of his kingdom.
2.Misuse of concessions: Siraj-ud-Daulah ordered the British and the French to demolish their fortifications. The French obeyed the orders of the Nawab but the British refused to do so. The Nawab could not tolerate this. He invaded a British factory situated in Kasim Bazar. The British felt insulted.
Importance: The Battle of Plassey has great historical importance. The British influence in the rich kingdom of Bengal increased as a result of this battle. Now, the Company was in a position to maintain a powerful army and with the help of this force, the Company also succeeded in ending French power in India.

Question 2.Write down the causes of the Battle of Buxar. What is the importance of this battle in history?

Answer  The Battle of Buxar took place in 1764 CE between the British and the Nawab of Bengal (Mir Qasim), Shuja-ud-Daulah, Nawab of Awadh and the Mughal emperor, Shah Alam II. The British came out victorious in the battle.
Causes: Following were the main causes of the Battle of Buxar
1.Administrative reforms of Mir Qasim: Mir Qasim was an able ruler. He could not tolerate the loot and other irregularities of the officials of the Company. He made several improvements in his administration to increase the income of his state and check corruption. He also organised his army on the European lines. All this was against the interests of the British. They, therefore, declared war against Mir Qasim.
2.Misuse of trade concessions by the Company’s officers: The Company got permission from the Nawab of Bengal for tax-free trade. But, the officials of the Company started carrying their personal goods as well as the goods belonging to Indian traders without paying any tax. As such, the income of Mir Qasim was declining. Therefore, he tried to stop this practice.
3.Permission of tax-free trade to Indian traders: The Nawab tried to check the misuse of trade rights by the British. But when he failed to do so, he permitted the Indian traders to trade freely. The Company had to suffer a great loss of money due to it, so a war against the Nawab became imminent
Historical Importance: The Battle of Buxar had great historical importance. The position of the British was strengthened in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa as a result of this war. It became easy for the British to expand their empire in India.

Important Questions For KSEEB Class 8 History Chapter 2 

Question 3.Which methods were used by the British to establish and expand their empire?

Answer The British came to India as traders. But, they took advantage of the weaknesses of local rulers and established their empire. Gradually, their empire expanded in the whole of country. They used the following methods to establish and expand their rule in India:

1. The Policy of divide and rule: There was lack of political unity in India at the time of British arrival. India was divided into a number cf small states. Their rulers used to engage in battles with each other. The British took interest in their mutual conflicts and encouraged them to fight with each other. These mutual conf ids led to weakening of the strength of local rulers who afterwards sought British protection. The British took advantage of this situation and established their rule over India.
2. Policy of subsidiary alliance: First of all, the British adopted the policy’ of subsidiary alliance to expand their empire. This policy- was very effectively used by Lord Wellesley. States of j Hyderabad, the Maratha Confederacy, Mysore, etc., were annexed into the British Empire i through this policy.
3. Doctrine of Lapse: The British also used the policy of Doctrine of Lapse to expand their empire, i According to this policy’, if any king died without having any male child, then his kingdom was i annexed into the British Empire. He was not even allowed to adopt a male heir. States of Jhansi, Satara, etc., were annexed following this policy.
4. Other tactics: The British also used wars, pensions and issue of mis governance to expand their empire. Awadh was annexed into the British Empire on the issue of misgovernance. Rulers ; of Surat, Karnataka, etc., were given pensions and their states were annexed into the British Empire.

From Trade to Territory The Company Establishes Power Hots Corner

Question l. Write a note on the Lapse policy of Lord Dalhousie.

Answer  According to this doctrine, succession to the protected state depended upon the will of the British. Lord Dalhousie decided that only the natural-bom son of a king can ascend the throne. It meant that if a native ruler died without leaving a son behind, the dependent state would pass into the hands of the Brtish. On the grounds of Doctrine of Lapse, Dalhousie annexed seven dependent kingdoms into the British empire which included Nagpur, Jhansi, Jaitpur and Satara.

Question 2. How was Awadh annexed by the British?

Answer  Awadh was a very’ prosperous state. Navvab Wajid Ali Shah of Awadh always remained loyal to the British. But, the British started to interfere in his kingdom. He was forced to keep the British army in his kingdom. After some time, whole of his army was removed and was replaced with the British army. The Nawab had to maintain and bear the expenses of the entire army. All the relieved soldiers of army of the Nawab became unemployed. In 1856, the Company accused the Nawab of misgovemance and removed him. His kingdom was then annexed into the British Empire.

Question 3. How did the British become the masters of Bengal?

Answer  The British fought two battles with the Nawab of Bengal to gain control over Bengal, i.e., the Battle of Plassey and the Battle of Buxar. The Battle of Plassey took place in 1757. Siraj-ud-Daulah was the Nawab of Bengal at that time. The British, through a conspiracy, won over the confidence of Mir Jafar, the army commander of the Nawao. He remained aloof on the battlefield and thus, Siraj-ud-Daulah was defeated. After this, Mir Jafar was appointed as the Nawab of Bengal. After some time, Mir Jafar was removed and Mir Qasim was made the Nawab, but the British also turned against him after some time. A battle between the British and Mir Qasim took place at Buxar. Mir Qasim was defeated and Bengal came under the control of the British.

From Trade to Territory The Company Establishes Power Miscellaneous Questions

A. Multiple Choice Questions 

Tick the correct option from the choices provided:

Question 1. What was a farman?

(a)A royal order issued by Aurangzeb
(b)A royal edict issued by the British
(c)A verdict of rule over Bengal
(d)None of these

Answer. (a) A royal order issued by Aurangzeb

Question 2. Which Nawab of Bengal died in 1756?

(a) Siraj-ud-Daulah
(b)Mir Qasim
(c)Mir Jafar
(d)Alivardi Khan

Answer. (d) Alivardi Khan

Question 3. Which Governor-General defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah in the Battle of Plassey?

(a) Robert Clive
(b)William Bentinck
(c)Warren Hastings
(d)Lord Wellesley

Answer. (a) Robert Clive

Question 4. Which Nawab of Bengal was defeated in the Battle of Buxar?

(a) Mir Jafar
(b)Siraj-ud-Daulah
(c)Mir Qasim
(d)Murshid Quli Khan

Answer. (c) Mir Qasim

KSEEB History Chapter 2 Class 8 Multiple Choice Questions 

Question 5. After which battle did the Company appoint Residents in Indian states?

(a) Battle of Plassey
(b)Battle of Buxar
(c)Battle of Awadh
(d)None of these

Answer. (b) Battle of Buxar

Question 6. Who granted the Diwani rights of Bengal to the British?

(a) Mir Qasim
(b) Murshid Quli Khan
(c) Mir Jafar
(d) Mughal Emperor

Answer. (d) Mughal Emperor

Question 7. Who was the son of Haider Ali?

(a) Tipu Sultan
(b)Mir Jafar
(c)Alivardi Khan
(d)Mir Qasim

Answer. (a) Tipu Sultan

Question 8. Which ruler of Mysore stopped the export of many things through the ports of his kingdom?

(a) Haider Ali
(b)Alivardi Khan
(c)Tipu Sultan
(d)Mir Jafar

Answer. (c) Tipu Sultan

Question 9. How many Mysore Wars were fought?

(a) Two
(b) Four

Answer.  (b) Four

Question 10. In which battle was Tipu Sultan defeated?

(a) Battle of Buxar
(b) Battle of Awadh
(c) Battle of Plassey
(d) Battle of Seringapatam

Answer. (d) Battle of Seringapatam

From Trade to Territory The Company Establishes Power B.Match the Following

Find and write the correct options from the given below columns:

Answer.   1.(e)    2.(b)      3. (a)      4.(c)    5.(d)

From Trade to Territory The Company Establishes Power C. Picture Interpretation

Look at the given picture and answer the following questions:

1.Name the person shown in the picture.
2.Write a short note on Robert Clive.

Answer
1. The person shown in the picture is Robert Clive who became the Governor-General of India twice.
2. Robert Clive came to Madras from England in 1743 at the age of 18. He led the Company’s army in the Battle of Plassey and won that battle. He became the Governor-General of India twice. He amassed a great fortune in India through gifts and personal trade. He left India in 1767 and in that year, his fortune was worth 4,01,102 pounds. Interestingly, he was asked to remove corruption from Company in his second tenure as the Governor-General. The British Parliament, under the suspicion of his huge wealth, cross-examined him in 1772. Although, he was not found guilty, he committed suicide n 1774.

Part A – Our PASTS – III (History)

• Chapter 1 How, When and Where
• Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory The Company Establishes Power
• Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside
• Chapter 4 Tribals Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age
• chapter 5 When People Rebel 1857 And After
• Chapter 6 Colonialism and the City: The Story of an Imperial Capital
• Chapter 7 Weavers, Iron Smelters and Factory Owners
• Chapter 8 Civilising the “Native” Educating the Nation
• Chapter 9 Women, Caste and Reform
• Chapter 10 The Changing World of Visual Arts
• Chapter 11 The Making of the National Movement 1870s -1947
• Chapter 12 India After Independence

Part B – Resources and Development (Geography)

• Chapter 1 Resources
• Chapter 2 Land,Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and A wildlife Resources
• Chapter 3 Mineral and Power Resources
• Chapter 4 Agriculture
• Chapter 5 Industries
• Chapter 6 Human Resources

Part C: Social and Political Life -III (Civics)

• Chapter 1 The Indian Constitution
• Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism
• Chapter 3 Why Do We Need a Parliament ?
• Chapter 4 Understanding Laws
• Chapter 5 Judiciary
• Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System
• Chapter 7 Understanding Marignalisation
• Chapter 8 Confronting Marginalisation
• Chapter 9 Public Facilities
• Chapter 10 Law and Social Justice

KSEEB Solutions Class 8 History Chapter 3 Ancient Civilizations Of India Points Of Remember

• Archaeologists have excavated a cellar in Burzahom in Kashmir.
• There is a site named Mehrgarh near the fertile plain of Bolan pass which leads to Iran.
• The people of Mehrgarh were the first ones to have learnt the cultivation of Barley and Wheat crops and the rearing of goat and sheep.
• Mohenjo-Daro, one of the cities, had a water tank. Scholars have called this as the bath tank.
• Fire alters have been discovered in other cities like Kalibangan and Lothal.
• Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, and Lothal had constructed systematic granaries.
• The lower town in the low-lying area of the city was the place of habitation of the people.
• Holes were created in the drains to enable timely cleaning of them.
• There is an unknown script on the seals. This reveals that there was no dearth of literate people. This enabled the engraving of scripts on thousands of seals.
• The people of Harappan culture had depended on agriculture and trade.
• They had domesticated the humped bull, cow, buffalo, sheep, goat, dog, and then, and were engaged in cattle-rearing, sheep-rearing, and poultry.
• The seals obtained at Mesopotamia establish the fact that the Indus Valley Civilization had trade relations with it.
• Historians feel the dried rivers as the reason, and others feel that changed course of rivers was the reason.
• Aryans belonged to the early Indo- European tribe of southern Russia Eural mountain slopes.
• The culture built by these people is understood based on the Vedas and is called as Vedic culture.
• Rig-Veda, Sama-Veda, Yajur-Veda and Atharva-Veda are the four Vedas.
• Vedas are mainly a compilation of nature worship, Yaga and process of yagas; and balck magic. These are also called as ‘Samhithe’.
• Rig-Veda has 1028 sukthas or prayer songs. They are grouped under 10 Mandalas.
• We get the picture of an emerging social system in the ‘Purushasukta’ that appears in the 10th Mandala of Reg-Veda (Probably during 1000 BCE).
• According to this the gods created Adipurusha whose mouth became Brahmanas; Shoulders became Kshatriyas; thighs became Vyshyas and Shudras were born from his Feet.
• ‘Sama-Veda’, ‘Yajur-Veda’, and ‘Atharva- Veda’ appeared as the continuation and contributory to it.
• The four divisions of Brahamana, Kshtriya, Vyshya, and Shudra that are found in the last part of Rig-Veda as part of ‘Purushasukta’, incorporating certain changes became more strong.
• There is a reference to metals like gold, copper, iron, lead, brass, and tin in Vedas.
• ‘Rudra’ and ‘Vishnu’ had gained a significant position during post-Rig-Vedic period.
• In ‘Upnishads’, new concepts like ‘Karma’ and ‘rebirth of the soul’ were created.

Read and Learn More KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science

Ancient Civilizations Of India Exercises Complete the following sentences:

1. The Fertile land that is near Bolan Pass Mehrgarh.
2. Harappa was found in the Indus Valley of Punjab.
3. Harappan people depended on agriculture Trade and commerce.
4.The Oldest Veda is Rigveda.
5. The priest who conducted yagnas was called Hothar as in Rig-Veda.

Ancient Civilizations Of India Answer Briefly

Question 1. Write on the special features of Harappa cities.
Answer

• There were two or more parts in the cities of Harappa.
• The western part which was called citadel was narrow and at an elevated place.
• The eastern part that was called the lower
  town was wide and at a lower level.
• Every part had a wall made of burnt bricks.
• The walls were very strong since the bricks around them, were placed in an interlocking manner.

Class 8 History Ancient Civilizations of India KSEEB Notes 

Question  2. Write a note on the great bath of Mohenjo- Daro.Answer

• Mohenjo-Daro, one of the cities, had a water tank.
  
• Scholars have called the water tank as the great bath.
  
• The bath tank is built of brick so as to prevent the seepage of water from the tank.
  
• The Bath tank has steps on either sides to go down and has rooms all around.
  
• The water was probably supplied to the tank by a well, and the used water was let out.
  
• Probably very important people used to take bath in this pool on special occasions

Question  3. How was the nature of town plan during Harappa civilization?
Answer

• The lower town was the place of habitation of the people.
• It was constructed in a very methodical manner.
• Systematically laid-out houses, roads, and drains can be seen here.
• The houses were either one or two-storied houses.
• The houses were built of bricks and had strong walls.
• There were rooms all around the courtyard inside.
• The main door faced the street and none of the windows opened onto the street.
• There were bathrooms in the houses.
• Some houses had wells which supplied water.
• The cities had a neatly laid-out underground sewage system.
• The drains were built of brick and covered with stone slabs.
• The gutter of each house was linked to the main drain outside and enabled the flow of dirty water from the house to the main drain.
• Holes were created in the drains to enable timely cleaning of them.

Question  4. Name the Vedas.
Answer Rig-Veda, Sama-Veda, Yajur-Veda, and Atharva- Veda are the four the Vedas.

Question  5. What Yajna and Yagas were important during the Vedic period?
Answer Rajasooya yaga, AshwamedhaYaga

Question  6. Name the professions of the post-Vedic period.
Answer There were professionals like makers of arrows and bows, rope makers, bamboo makers, ointment-making women, firewood makers, fire makers, horse tenders, cowherds, hunters, fishermen, smiths, businessmen, doctors, astrologers, and others.

Ancient Civilizations Of India Multiple Choice Questions

Question  1. Archaeologists have excavated a cellar in Burzahom of

1. Kashmir
2. Jammu
3. Himachal Pradesh
4. Punjab

Answer 1) Kashmirof Rig-Veda was

Question  2. Fire alters have been discovered in

1. Harappa and Lothal
2. Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa
3. Kalibangan and Lothal
4. Mohenjo-Daro and LothalA) a local rich tribe

Answer 3) Kalibangan and Lothal

Question  3. The granaries have been discovered in

1.  Kalibangan and Lothal
2. Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa
3. Kalibangan and Lothal
4. Mohenjo-Daro and Lothal

Answer 3)Kalibangan and Lothal

KSEEB History Chapter 3 Class 8 Multiple Choice Questions 

Question 4. The great bath of the Harappan Civilization is found at 

1. Mohenj o-Daro
2. Kalibangan
3. Lothal
4. Harappa

Answer 1) Mohenjo-Daro

Question 5. History and Culture of the Indi-an people is written by

1. Nehru
2. B .K. Ghosh
3. Gandbij
4. R K Varma

Answer:2) B.K. Ghosh

Question 6. The oldest Veda is

1. Rig-Veda
2. Sama-Veda
3. Yaj ur-Veda
4. Atharva-Veda

Answer: 1) Rig-Veda

Question 7. The instructions to hermits who were living in the forest is in

1. Brahmana
2. Aranyaka
3. Upanishad
4. Aranyakas

Answer: 4) Aranyakas

Question 8. The language used in Rig Veda belongs to

1. Indo-European family languages
2. hid o-African family languages
3. Indo-American family languages
4. Indo-Asian family languages

Answer: 1) Indo-European family languages

Question 9. The Varna that existed during the last stage of Rig Veda was

1. Brahmin
2.  Kshatriya
3. Vysya
4. Shudra

Answer: 4) Shudra

Question 10. The word panic used to refer to

1. a local rich tribe
2. practice of agriculture
3. practice of animal husbandry
4. a piece of cultivable land

Answer: 1) a local rich tribe

Question 11. In Rig-Veda, ‘Kshetra’ was referred to

1. a local rich tribe
2. practice of agriculture
3. practice of animal husbandry
4. a piece of cultivable land

Answer: 4) apiece of cultivable land

Question 12. The priest who conducted the Yagna was called as

1. Hothar
2. Kshatriya
3. Vysya
4. Shudra

Answer: 1) Hothar

Question 13. The 200 shlokas in Rig-Veda were written on

1. Air
2. Fire
3. Water
4. Mountains

Answer: 2) Fire

Class 8 History Chapter 3 Guide On Ancient Civilizations Of India KSEEB 

Question 14. ‘Black’ (Krishna) and White (Shukla) are in

1. Rig-Veda
2. Sama-Veda
3. Yajur-Veda
4. Atharva-Veda

Answer: 3)Yajur-Veda

Ancient Civilizations Of India Fill In The Blanks With the Suitable Answer

1. The first village that has come to our notice is Mehrgarh
2. Vedas are also called as Samhithe
3. Samhithe has a text called Brahmana
4. Rig-Veda has 1028 sukthas or prayer songs.
5. We get the picture of an emerging social system in the Purushasukta
6. The brass, an alloy was called as Ayas
7. 4 Yava’ is identified as Barley
8. The type of family that followed in Vedic period was Patriarchal
9. The head of the tribes was called Rajan or Raja
10. The soldier of Vedic period was called as Yodha

Ancient Civilizations Of India Answer The Following Questions In A Sentence Each

Question 1. Why Indus valley civilization is called the Harappan Civilization?
Answer Since the sites around this city resembled the sites discovered earlier, they were called the Harappan Civilization.

Question 2. What is Vedic culture?
Answer The culture built by these people is understood based on the Vedas and is called as Vedic culture.

Question 3. What is Sabha?
Answer The word” ‘Sabha’ and ‘Samithi’ were used to denote the assembly of common people around the King.

Question 4. What is Samithi?
Answer The words ‘Sabha’ and ‘Samithi’ were used to denote the assembly of common people around the King.

Question 5. Who is a‘Kashatra’? Shiva Publications, Bangalore
Answer The people who ruled over common people are called as ‘Kashatra’

KSEEB Class 8 Ancient Civilizations Of India Study Materials 

Question 6. Why are Yagnas organised?
Answer Yagnas were organised primarily for two reasons:

• To get good rains and harvest and
• To seek the help of Gods to defeat their enemies like dasyus

Ancient Civilizations Of India Answer The Following Questions In Brief

Question 1. The great bath of Mohenjo-daro and modern swimming pool are similar. Justify.

Answer The great bath of Mohenjo-daro is built of brick so as to prevent the seepage of water from the tank. The Bath tank has steps on either sides to go down, and has rooms all around. The water was probably supplied to the tank by a well, and the used water was let out.

Question 2. Town planning of Harappan civilization was better than present town planning. Justify.
Answer

• It was constructed in a very methodical manner.
• Systematically laid-out houses, roads and drains can be seen here.
• Almost every person lived in either one or two-storied house.
• The houses were built of bricks and had strong walls.
• There were rooms all around the courtyard inside.
• The main door faced the street.
• None of the windows opened onto the streets.
• There were bathrooms in the houses.
• Some houses had wells which supplied water.
• The cities had a neatly laid-out underground sewage system.
• The drains were built of brick and covered with stone slabs.
• The gutter of each house was linked to the main drain outside and enabled the flow of dirty water from the house to the main drain.
• Holes were created in the drains to enabl e timely cleaning of them.

Question 3. How was the life style of Burzahom’s people?
Answer

• Burzahom’s people used to dig shallow pits in the soil and live in them.
• There were steps leading to the pits.
• These were built in this manner in order to provide protection from the cold weather and wild animals.
• Earthen pots have been found inside and outside such pics.
• People cocked food either inside or outside in accordance to the weather condition.

Question 4. The people of Mehrgarh better civilized than Burzahom’s people. Justify.
Answer

• The people of Mehrgarh were the first ones to have learnt the cultivation of Barley and Wheat crops and the rearing of goat and sheep.
• The people of Mehrgarh lived in houses whereas Burzahom * s people used to dig shallow pits in the soil and live in them.
• Some houses had four or more rooms whereas there were steps leading to the pits in Burzahom.
• People and animals used to be buried together in Mehrgarh.
• Burzahom’s people cooked food either inside or outside in accordance to the weather condition.

Question 5. How was the first urbanization of India discovered?
Answer The ancient sites of Harappa were discovered by the engineers when the railway lines were being laid 150 years ago in the Sindhu valley region of Punjab.

Solutions For Ancient Civilizations Of India KSEEB Class 8 History 

Question 6. Differentiate between citadel and lower town.
Answer The western part is narrow and at an elevated place. Archaeologists are of the view that this was a citadel. The eastern part is wide and at a lower level. This area has been called the lower town. Every part had a wall made of burnt bricks. Since the bricks around them, were placed in an interlocking manner, the walls were very strong,

Question 7. Harapan had given much importance for hygiene. Justify.
Answer The cities had a neatly laid-out underground sewage system. The drains were built of brick and covered with stone slabs. The gutter of each house was linked to the main drain outside and enabled the flow of dirty water from the house to the main drain. Holes were created in the drains to enable timely cleaning of them

Question 8. How was the Town Life of Harappans?
Answer

• The precious stones and metals were also found.
• Most of the objects found were beads and seals.
• The layout of the town reveals the existence of administrative class.
• The people of this place may have used expensive metals, gems and jewelry.
• The beads were probably used by the common people.

Question 9. How did the Harappans develop agriculture and animal husbandry?
Answer The people of Harappan culture had depended on agriculture and trade. Wheat, Barley, pulses, and mustard were their main crops. They had learnt to grow cotton and weave cloth from it. They knew irrigation since many towns were situated on the banks of rivers. They had domesticated the humped bull, cow, buffalo, sheep, goat, dog, and hen, and were engaged in cattle-rearing, sheep-rearing, and poultry. Oxen were used to carry heavy loads

Question 10. List out the causes for the decline of harappan civilization?
Answer. The causes for the decline of harappan civilization are

• The dried rivers
• The changed course of rivers
• The destruction of forests
• Inundation by floods
• Migration to new areas in the east and south.

Question 11. Write the extension of geographical area of Rig-Veda period.
Answer The geography discussed in Rig-Veda extends from Afghanistan’s Hindukush mountain to doab of Ganga and Yamuna rivers (Doab is the area between two rivers – the western part of present Uttar Pradesh state) and from Kashmir to Sindh in the northern boundaries.

Question 12. How was the four varnas born according to Purushashukta?
Answer According to Purushasukta the gods created Adipurusha whose mouth became Brahmanas; Shoulders became Kshatriyas; thighs became Vyshyas and Shudras were bom from his Feet.

Question 13. How was the economic condition of Rig Vedic Period?
Answer

• Rig-Vedic people were basically into animal husbandry.
• Cultivated land was considered as part of wealth.
• There are details of the emergence of agriculture as a profession.
• In Rig-Veda the cultivable land is called as ‘Kshetra’ and cultivation is called as ‘Krushi’. Oxen were used to pull carts and ploughs.
• They were used to pull water by using rope and pulley the lifted water was flown into broader canals.
• Yava’ is identified as Barely.

Question 14. Differentiate between Yaj ur-Veda’s different types of text called ‘Black’ and White.
Answer Yajur-Veda has two different types of text called ‘Black’ (Krishna) and White (Shukla). In the black Yajur-Veda, there are explanations about the way of reciting mantras, and also has commentary and discussions on the same. The White Yajur-Veda has only ‘mantras’ but no explanations.