Class 10 Social Science

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC History Chapter 9 Post Independent India Notes

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KSEEB Solutions For SSLC Class 10 History Chapter 9 Notes Effects Of The Partition Of India, Refugees Issues

On 15th August 1947, India gained independence but the partition of the country had created a lot of problems.
On one hand, the country was burnt on communal lines, and on the other hand, the integration of princely states into the Indian union was a tedious task.
The states of Kashmir, Junagarh and Hyderabad did not agree to join the federal structure easily.

  • Partition had also damaged the economic condition of India severely.
  • India had also the challenge of framing its own Constitution.
  • India had to protect its freedom from its enemies.
  • As gender and caste-based discrimination was natural in Indian society, there was a need to strengthen the social structure of India.
  • India is diverse in terms of religions and this diversity was used by the British to frame the ‘Divide and Rule’ policy.
  • When India was partitioned in 1947, north India had to face a lot of problems.
  • Soon after the partition, refugee crisis emerged as a major problem in front of India.
  • Around 6 million refugees arrived into India.
  • By 1951, most of the refugees who came from West Pakistan were settled down.
  • The crisis of East Pakistan (Bangladesh) continued for a longer time period.
  • The Bengal Vimochana Movement was finally successful in liberating Bangladesh.
  • The war resulted in the arrival of 10 lakh Bangladeshi refugees into India.
  • The Tibetans arrived in India as refugees during the time of Nehru.

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC History Chapter 9 Post Independent India Notes

SSLC History Notes On Post Independent India Problem Of Formation Of New Government, Integration Of States, Reorganization Of States

  • An Interim Government was formed after India attained independence.
  • Lord Mountbatten became the Governor General of India.
  • The Indian Constitution was adopted on 26th January 1950.
  • Dr. Rajendra Prasad became the first President of India.
  • The Constitution declared India as a Sovereign, Democratic Republic.
  • Later, by the 42nd Amendment to the Constitution, the terms ‘Secular’ and ‘Socialist’ were added.
  • The British had kept three options open for the independent princely states:
    1. Joining India.
    2. Joining Pakistan.
    3. Remaining independent.
  • India, through its ‘Instrument of Succession’, offered an opportunity for the princely states to join the federal structure of India.
  • After the independence of India, the demand for the formation of states on the basis of language intensified further.
  • After the death of Potti Shramulu, who died after 54 days of hunger strike demanding Vishal Andhra, the demand for language-based state reorganization was put.
  • In 1953, Andhra Pradesh was formed. In the same year, the ‘Reorganization of State Commission’ was also formed.
  • On 14th October 1947, Mysore state came into existence.
  • Now, there are 29 states and 7 union territories in India.

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC Geography Chapter 8 Indian Mineral and Power Resources Notes

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KSEEB Solutions for SSLC Class 10 Geography Chapter 8 Notes

Minerals

  • Mineral is a natural inorganic substance that possesses a definite chemical composition and physical properties.
  • The process of extracting minerals from the Earth is called mining.
  • Iron ore is a ferrous metallic mineral. It is an important raw material for the iron and steel industry.
  • India is endowed with large reserves of iron ore. It is found in many
  • Manganese is the most important ferro-alloy metal.
  • It is used for the manufacture of steel.
  • India is one of the leading producer and exporter of manganese ore in the world.
  • Bauxite is the main source of aluminium.
  • Mica is an important non-metallic mineral. It can be easily split into very thin, transparent sheets and is heat resistant.

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC Geography Chapter 8 Indian Mineral And Power Resources Notes

Class 10 Geography Chapter 8 Indian Mineral and Power Resources

Power Resources

  • The resources, which are necessary for the generation of energy, are called power resources.
  • Conventional power resources include coal, petroleum, natural gas etc. Most of these are exhaustible.
  • Non-conventional power resources include alternative sources of energy such as solar, wind, tidal, geo-thermal power, and biogas.
  • Coal is a fuel substance of plant origin. It is composed largely of carbon.
  • Petroleum is mineral oil, which is composed of hydrocarbons. It is an important fuel as well as raw material for many industries.
  •  Electricity generated from the force of falling water is called ‘hydro-electricity’.
  • The first hydro-electricity power plant in India was installed at Darjeeling in West Bengal (1897).
  • However, the real generation of hydel power was started with the hydel power stations at Shivanasamudram on Kaveri river (1902).
  • The energy generated from the atomic minerals is called ‘nuclear power’.
  • In India, non-conventional power resources are found in abundance. They are renewable, pollution free and eco- friendly.
  • This is one of the problems of India these days. There is a great demand for energy. However, the production of energy is not sufficient.

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC Geography Chapter 7 Indian Land Resources Notes

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KSEEB Notes for SSLC Class 10 Geography Chapter 7 Land Use Pattern Of India

  • The distribution of land for different uses such as forestry, cultivation, pastures etc. is called land use or land utilization. In India, the land use pattern can be classified into seven categories;
  1. Net area sown
  2. Forest area
  3. Land not available for cultivation
  4. Fallow land
  5. Cultivable waste
  6. Permanent pasture and other grazing land.
  7. Land under miscellaneous uses.
  • Net area sown includes land that can be used to cultivate crops. This category is very important in an agricultural country like India. Forest area is only 22.8% of the total reported area in India.
  • Land used for non-agricultural purposes like human settlements, roads, railways, canals, mountains, sandy waste etc., come under land not available for cultivation category.
  • Fallow land refers to the land, which is not used for cultivation.
  • Cultivable wasteland includes the land which is not taken up for cultivation due to certain soil deficiencies.
  • Permanent pastures and other grazing land accounts for only 3.4% of the total reporting area in India.
  • Land under miscellaneous uses includes gardens, orchards and plantations.

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC Geography Chapter 7 Indian Land Resources Notes

Indian Land Resources SSLC Geography Notes Agriculture

  • Tilling of the soil for raising food crops and raw materials needed by human beings is called agriculture.
  • The economic progress of the country depends on the progress of agriculture.
  • On account of geographical and socio-economic factors eight types of farming are practiced in India.
  •  Subsistence Farming is further divided into shifting and sedentary farming.
  •  Intensive Farming
  • Commercial Farming
  •  Mixed Farming
  • Plantation Farming
  •  Dry Farming
  • Humid Farming
  •  Irrigation Farming
  • Indian Land Resources | 245
  • Subsistence farming is a type of farming in which the production of crops is consumed almost by the farmer and his family, leaving only a small portion for sale.
  • A method of farming in which a large amount of capital and labour are applied per unit of land is called ‘intensive farming’.
  • A system of farming in which crops are grown for the market is called commercial farming.
  • Agriculture involving the cultivation of crops and livestock rearing is called mixed farming.
  • Plantation farming refers to the cultivation of single crop on large estates for the market.
  • A method of farming carried on in areas, which receive scanty rainfall, and where irrigation is either absent or limited is called dry farming.
  • Humid farming refers to the cultivation of crops in areas, which receives sufficient rainfall; crops are grown without the help of irrigation.
  • Irrigation farming is a method of farming under which crops are grown with the help of irrigation.
  • In India, there are three cropping seasons: – The Kharif, the Rabi and Zaid Crop Season.
  • The Kharif Crop Season – The sowing takes place in June-July, when the South-West Monsoon starts and the crops are harvested in September- October.
  • The Rabi Crop Season – The sowing takes place in October-November when the North-East Monsoon begins and is harvested in February-March.
  • The Zaid Crop Season – The crops are grown in between the Kharif and the Rabi crops are known as zaid crops.
  • The cropping pattern of a region refers to the proportion of an area under different crops at a given time.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 7 Indian Land Resources Major Crops Of India

  • A wide variety of crops are grown in different parts of India. They can be classified as food crops, commercial crops, oil seeds and plantation crops.
  • The crops, which are grown to provide food for people, are called food crops, for example: Rice, wheat, jowar pulses etc.
  • Rice is the most important food crop of India.
  • Wheat is the second important food crop and major Rabi crop of India.
  • Commercial crops: A crop that is grown for sale is called commercial crop. i.e. sugarcane, cotton, tobacco, oil seeds etc.,
  • Sugarcane is the most important commercial crop of India.
  • Tobacco is one of the important cash crop of India.
  • The crops, which provide raw materials for textiles industry, are called fibre crops. Cotton and jute are the most important fibre
  • crops of India.
  • The crops, which are used to produce stimulating drinks, are called ‘beverage crops’. Coffee and tea are the most important
  • beverage crops of India.
  • The intensive cultivation of fruit, vegetables, flower, medicinal and aromatic plants is called horticulture.
  • Floriculture : It is the cultivation of flowers for commercial purpose. India is known for the art of growing flowers since time immemorial.

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes History

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes Political Science

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes Sociology

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes Geography

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes Economics

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes Business Studies

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC Geography Chapter 6 Indian Water Resources Notes

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Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 Indian Water Resources Summary Major Rivers of India

  • India is endowed with substantial water resources. It has many rivers,gets sufficient rainfall, and has extensive surface water resource.
  • It also has vast reserves of groundwater.

Water resource can be divided into surface water and groundwater Irrigation:

  • Types and Distribution…… 237 resources.
  • The river systems of India can be divided into two groups:
  • The rivers of North India.
  • The rivers of Peninsular India.
  • The River Indus or Sindhu rises near Mt. Kailash (Tibet) and joins the Arabian Sea near Karachi.
  • The total length of the river Indus is 2897 kms of which 709 kms lies in India.
  • The Ganga River is the largest river of India. Its total length is 2525 km.
  • It rises in the Gangotri glacier and drains into the Bay of Bengal.
  • The Brahmaputra rises near Lake Manasarovar (Tibet) and its total length is 2589 kms.
  • It joins Ganga in Bangladesh before draining into the Bay of Bengal.
  • Many rivers flow across South India and are known as ‘Peninsular rivers’.
  • They are grouped into East flowing and West flowing rivers.
  • The Mahanadi rises in ‘Sihawa’ range, flows towards the east (851 km) and joins the Bay of Bengal.
  • The Godavari is the largest river in South India, which rises in ‘Triambaka’, flows towards the east (1465 km) and joins the Bay of Bengal.
  • River Krishna rises near Mahabaleswara then it flows towards the south-east (1400 km) and joins the Bay of Bengal.
  • The Narmada and Tapi are the important west flowing rivers of South India.
  • River Narmada rises in Amarkantak hills and flows westward (1312 km) through a narrow gorge called ‘Marble Gorge’ and joins the Arabian Sea.
  • The Tapi rises near ‘Multai’, flows westward (724 km) and joins the Arabian Sea.

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC Geography Chapter 6 Indian Water Resources Notes

KSEEB Solutions For SSLC Class 10 Geography Chapter 6 Notes Conservation of Forests, Wildlife Sanctuaries, National Parks, Biosphere Reserves

  • The prevention of destruction, over-exploitation of forests and its management is called conservation of forests.
  • Wildlife sanctuary (WLS) refers to a place meant for providing protection to wildlife. It is an area where killing or
  • capturing of any species of animals is prohibited except under orders of the competent authority.
  • There are about 523 wildlife sanctuaries in India.
  • An extensive area, which is specially protected to preserve its natural beauty, wildlife and forests for public recreation and scientific interests is called ‘National Park’.
  • There are 99 National Parks in India.
  • The Biosphere Reserves are a special category of protected area of land or coastal environments. Here people are
  • an integral component of the system. In India, there are 18 Biosphere Reserves have been identified.

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes History

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes Political Science

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes Sociology

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes Geography

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes Economics

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes Business Studies

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC Geography Chapter 11 Indian Natural Disasters Notes

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KSEEB Solutions For SSLC Class 10 Geography Chapter 11 Notes

The natural hazards, which create widespread destruction, are known as natural disasters.

Disasters may be natural or man-made.

  • India is a vast country and has been facing various natural disasters.
  • There are two types of cyclones namely tropical cyclones and temperate cyclones.
  • Tropical cyclones are more common in India.
  • In India, most of the tropical cyclones develop in the Bay of Bengal.
  • Flood refers to the inundation of land by river water. It is recurring disaster in India.
  • The sliding of landmass along steep slopes of hills or mountains is called landslides.
  • Sea waves strike the coasts with great force. This constant process leads to erosion of coasts.
  • An earthquake is a violent vibration in the Earth’s crust. It is one of the worst natural hazards, which often results in disaster.

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC Geography Chapter 11 Indian Natural Disasters Notes

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes History

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes Political Science

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes Sociology

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes Geography

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes Economics

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes Business Studies

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC Geography Chapter 5 Indian Forest Resources Notes

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KSEEB Solutions for SSLC Class 10 Geography Chapter 5 Meaning And Importance Of Forests And Their Distribution

A large area of land covered with trees and undergrowth is called forests.

India is a vast country and its forests are classified into six main types:

  1. The Tropical Evergreen Forests
  2. The Tropical Deciduous Forests
  3. Scrub Forests and Grassland
  4. Desert Vegetation
  5. Mountain Forests
  6. Mangrove Forests
  • The Tropical Evergreen Forests are found in areas of heavy annual rainfall exceeding 250 cm.
  • The Tropical Deciduous Forests are found in areas with an annual rainfall of 100-200 cm.
  • Scrub Forests and Grassland are found in areas having 60 to 100 cm of rainfall.
  • Desert Vegetation is found in areas with annual rainfall of 10-50 cm.
  • The trees and plants which grow on the slopes of the mountain are called ‘Mountain Forests’.
  • Mangrove Forests are found in wet marshy areas, in river deltas and along the sea coast washed by tides.
  • The total forest area of India was about 7.74 lakh km². It accounted for about 23.6% of the total geographical area
    of the country.
  • This is much below the 33.3%, recommended by the National Forest Policy Resolution of 1952.
  • Nearly 60% of the forest area of the country is in the Himalayas and peninsular hills and 20% is in the Northern Plains.

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC Geography Chapter 5 Indian Forest Resources Notes

Indian Forest Resources SSLC Geography Conservation of Forests, Wildlife Sanctuaries, National Parks, Biosphere Reserves

  • The prevention of destruction, and over-exploitation of forests and its management is called conservation of forests. Wildlife sanctuary (WLS) refers to a place meant for providing
  • protection to wildlife. It is an area where killing or capturing of any species of animals is prohibited except under orders of the competent authority.
  • There are about 523 wildlife sanctuaries in India.
  • An extensive area, which is specially protected to preserve its natural beauty, wildlife and forests for public recreation and scientific interests is called ‘National Park’.
  • There are 99 National Parks in India.
  • The Biosphere Reserves are a special category of protected area of land or coastal environments. Here people are an integral component of the system.
  • In India, there are 18 Biosphere Reserves have been identified.

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes History

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes Political Science

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes Sociology

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes Geography

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes Economics

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes Business Studies

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC Geography Chapter 12  Indian Population Notes

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KSEEB Class 10 SSLC Geography Chapter 12  Indian Population Notes

The total number of people living in a particular area is called “population”.

India is the second populous country in the world, next to China.

  • As per 2011 census, the total population of India was 121.01 crore At the beginning of the last century, during 1901 – 1921, population growth was slow.
  • The period from 1921 to 1951 was considered as a period of moderate growth.
  • The growth rate of population was very high from 1951 – 1991.
  • However, the growth rate started declining from 1981 onwards. It declined from 24.7% in 1981 to 17.64% in 2011

Many factors are responsible for the growth of population in India :

  • High birth rate
  •  Low death rate
  • The most important impacts of population growth are: – Unemployment, shortage of food and malnutrition, low standard of living, environmental pollution etc.
  • The Government of India has taken some measures to check the growth of population.
  • The distribution of population in India is uneven. This is due to varied geographical and cultural factors.
  • The number of people per sq km is called density of population. According to 2011 census, the average density of population in India is 382 per km².
  • Based on population density, India can be divided into three zones: 1) Areas of high density 2) Areas of medium density and 3) Areas of low density.
  • Factors affecting on distribution of population :
  • Physical features
  •  Climate
  •  Soils
  • Resources
  • Industries and commerce

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC Geography Chapter 12 Indian Population Notes

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes History

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes Political Science

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes Sociology

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes Geography

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes Economics

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes Business Studies