Class 10 Social Science

KSEEB Solutions for SSLC Class 10 History Chapter 2 Notes Anglo Maratha Wars And Subsidiary Alliance

• The Marathas and Mysore states were dominant in the southern and western parts of India. Therefore the hold of British was restricted to Bengal and Bombay regions only.
• The British waged continuous wars from the mid of 18th century to mid of 19th century to extend their empire in India.
• First Anglo-Maratha War took place from 1775 to 1782 between the Marathas and the British.
• The Maratha federation was unable to sustain in the war and the British entered ‘ Salbai Agreement’ and ended the war. Madhav Rao II was named as the peshwa.
• Lord Wellesley, the Governor General of India, introduced the Policy of Subsidiary Alliance in 1798 to bring Indian states under control.
• Hyderabad was the first state to enter the subsidiary alliance, followed by Mysore, Awadh, Tanjavore,Maratha,Poona, Birar, Gwalior and other states.
• The differences between the Maratha chieftains led to the Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803-1805). Lord Wellesley defeated the Marathas in the war.
• Although Lord Wellesley won the Second Anglo-Maratha War, yet his battle thirstiness increased financial burden on the Company and being criticized for his policies, he was forced to resign and return to London. Due to this, peace prevailed in the region.
• Third Anglo-Maratha War was fought between 1817 and 1818. The British suppressed various Maratha rulers cruelly and abolished the post of Peshwa, granting pension to Baji Rao II.
• The British installed Pratapa Simha as the ruler of Satara and named him as the traditional leader of the Marathas and suppressed the Maratha resistance.

Class 10 SSLC History Chapter 2 Notes The Consolidation of British Power (1818-1857): Anglo-Sikh Wars And The Doctrine Of Lapse

• The British completed their plan of ruling across the entire India from 1818 to 1857.
• A political turmoil aroused in Punjab after the death of Ranjit Singh in 1839 and the British attempted to invade Punjab by violating the Continuous Friendship Pact which they had performed with the erstwhile king.
• In December 1845, a war took place between the British and Punjab. Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims joined hands together to confront the British.
• They were defeated due to the treachery committed by a few leaders and were forced to sign a humiliating Lahore Agreement. With this, the British Resident became the actual ruler of Punjab.
• As Punjab became the dependent state of East India Company, the Sikhs opposed the attempts of the British to directly rule upon Punjab.
• This opposition was led by Chattar Singh Attariwala in Lahore and Moolraj in Multan.
• This time again, the people of Punjab were defeated and Lord Dalhousie merged the Punjab state with the British Empire.
• Dalhousie arrived in India as the Governor General in 1848.
• He attempted to integrate Indian princely states with the British Empire by adopting the Doctrine of Lapse.
• Satara, Nagpur, Sambalpur, Udaipur, Jhansi, Jaipur came under the Policy of Doctrine of Lapse.
• Severe implementation of this policy resulted into arousal of rebellion among the common people which finally transformed into the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857.

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC Sociology Chapter 2 Labour Notes Labour

Labour is an integral part of our economic life. It is essential to lead one’s life.

• Division of labour means work being done by the people depending on their interests, tastes, abilities, age, expertise, skills and gender.
• Division of labour leads to specialization.
• Specialization means achieving sufficient expertise, training and skill in any particular field.
• Division of labour has helped people to work in various fields and earn economic profit.
• Division of labour creates the economic strata and class system.

Any physical activity which leads to the gain of material benefit is called paid work.

• Indulging in activities without any definite purpose, but which gives mental satisfaction is called unpaid work.
• Inequality at work and in wages is called labour discrimination.
• In most of the countries, men are offered better jobs, higher responsibilities and remuneration while women get lesser responsibilities and remuneration.
• The Central Government has passed Equal Wages Act in 1976.
• In India, unemployment has become a serious problem.
• Shortage of qualified people, physical inability, overpopulation, mechanization, strikes and closures of factories are the main causes for unemployment.

KSEEB SSLC Sociology Chapter 2 Labour Important Points

Labour: An act performed to achieve a particular goal.

Division of Labour: Work being done by people depending on their interests, tastes, abilities, age, expertise, skills and gender.

Specialization: Achieving sufficient expertise, training and skills in any particular field.

Paid Work: Any physical activity which leads to the gain of material benefit.

Unpaid Work: Activities indulged in without any definite purpose, but which gives mental satisfaction.

Unemployment: Inability to get work in spite of proper age, ability and interest.

Vocational Education: Educational training that provides practical experience in a particular occupational field, as agriculture, home economics or industry.

Unemployed: People who are willing to work but are denied an opportunity to do so.

Entrepreneur: A person who sets up a business or businesses, taking on financial risks in the hope of profit.

KSEEB Solutions for SSLC Class 10 History Chapter 8 Life of Gandhiji, Gandhiji’s Beginning Struggles In India, And The Achievements Of Gandhiji’s Inner Life

• The period between 1920 and 1947 is known as the Gandian Era.
• Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (popularly called Bapu) was born on 2nd October, 1869 in Porbandar of present day Gujarat’s Kathiawar district.
• Gandhiji lived in South Africa for twenty long years.
• He opposed the Apartheid Policy which discriminated between the dark-skinned and pale-skinned people and invented a new tool of protest called ‘Satyagraha’. Gokhale was the political guru of Mahatma Gandhi.
• He established the Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad to give institutional shape to his struggles.
• In 1917, Gandhiji launched the Champaran Movement in support of Indigo farmers.
• In 1918, he started a movement in support of the mill workers of Ahmedabad.
• In the same year, a protest was held in Kheda village of Gujarat to oppose land taxes.
• He employed ‘Passive Resistance’, ‘Non-Violence’ and ‘Satyagraha’ as his major strategies in his struggles.
• The word ‘Satyagraha’ means ‘the assertion of truth’. Gandhiji firmly believed that one should face violence with Ahimsa and Satyagraha.
• Gandhiji said that Hindus and Muslims are two eyes of India.

SSLC History Notes On Era of Gandhi and National Movement Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, Khilafat Movement, Non-Cooperation Movement

• The British started controlling the nationalists by implementing the Rowlatt Act in 1919.
• Gandhiji formed an association named ‘Satyagraha Sabha’ to oppose the provisions of the Act of 1919.
• Gandhiji had called for one day hartal due to which various leaders were arrested in Punjab.
• To protest these arrests, people peacefully gathered in Jallianwala Bagh on 13th April 1919, the Baisakhi festival day.
• General Dyer fired at the peacefully assembled crowd there and killed almost 380 protestors.
• This became the reason for the launch of the Non-Cooperation Movement Gandhiji.
• The Sultans of Turkey were also the religious leaders of Turkey and were known as ‘Caliphs’.
• During the First World War, the British harassed the Caliph and this was protested by the Muslims worldwide.
• In India, Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali started the Khilafat Movement in support of Turkey in 1919.
• Gandhiji extended support to this movement.
• The Congress passed a resolution to conduct Non-cooperation Movement in a special national convention held in Calcutta on 4th September 1920.
• It aimed at creating awareness among common Indians regarding the misrule of the British.
• As an impact of the Non-Cooperation Movement, the freedom movement of India became a people’s movement.
• On 5th February 1922, a group of almost 3000 farmers assembled in front of the police station to protest against a
• British officer who had beaten the Congress workers when they were protesting in front of an arrack shop.
• The police started shooting from inside the police station.
• Agitated by this, the Indians torched the police station and all the 22 policemen were charred to death. Similar incidents occurred in other places also.
• As a result of this, Gandhiji withdrew the Non-Cooperation Movement on 12th February, 1922.
• This decision of Gandhiji led to a political vacuum.
• Swaraj Party was founded by Motilal Nehru and C. R. Dass.

KSEEB Solutions For SSLC Class 10 Sociology Chapter 1 Notes Social Stratification

The human takes birth in different places and grows up to become different from others due to the influence of the atmosphere, system, facilities and opportunities.

• The human society which was created by these differences led to a stratification based on those differences.
• Social stratification means the practice of classifying people on the basis of income, education, caste, colour, gender, occupation and intelligence.
• Diversity is the main feature of human society.
• In India, the human society is divided into different castes and communities.
• The caste system has been in existence in India for thousands of years.
• This system determines whether any person belongs to the upper caste or to the lower caste (shudras).
• Shudras and untouchables were deprived of the right to food, employment and even the right to life.
• Stratification can be seen in all societies. For example, the blacks in America or Africa were not permitted to attend the schools of the whites.
• In India, untouchables were not allowed to take water from public wells or lakes.
• Prejudice is the opinion formed by a person about another person or community even before he gets to know them. This kind of opinion may be positive or negative.
• Social inequality leads to social conflicts.

Social Stratification: The practice of classifying people on the basis of income, education, caste, colour, gender, occupation, intelligence etc.

Occupation: Means of livelihood.

Segregation: The act of separating, especially when applied to separate people by race.

Prejudice: The opinion formed by a person about another person or community even before he gets to know them.

Stigma: A mark of the disgrace of infamy.

Social Stratification SSLC Sociology Untouchability A Social Evil

• Untouchability is an inhuman practice of human society. Mahatma Gandhi called it a ‘stigma’ on the Hindu society.
• The practice of untouchability is dying down as a result of the gradual increase in literacy.
• Jyotiba Phule, Swami Vivekananda, Mahatma Gandhi, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and others made a great contribution to eradicate untouchability.
• At present, the Indian Constitution guarantees the provision of all facilities to people of all classes and castes.
• Section 17 of the Constitution prohibits the practice of untouchability. The Untouchability Crime Act’ was implemented in 1955.
• People belonging to backward castes, especially the scheduled castes or scheduled tribes have been provided reservation in educational, political, economic and employment opportunities.

• At present, India has been striving to provide equal opportunities to all its citizens.

Untouchability: The practice of discrimination based on a person’s birth in a particular caste.

Segregation: The act of separating, especially when applied to separate people by race.

Untouchables: A section of people of society considered out castes and socially discarded.

Scheduled Castes: Those castes who have been socially backward and economically weaker since ages and have also been subjected to social discrimination.

Universal suffrage: The right of almost all adults to vote in political elections.

SSLC Class 10 History Chapter 10 Notes First World War, Russian Revolution, the Rise of Dictators

• Prior to 1914, the powerful countries of Europe- England, Germany,
• France, Italy, the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Russia were in continuous war in context to establishing control upon colonies.
• These issues were upsetting the power balance between the European countries. As a result of all this, various alliances of different countries were formed.
• The First World War divided the countries into 2 groups- A Triple Entente of England, France and Russia, and a Triple Alliance of Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary. Later, Italy
  joined the opposite camp.
• The immediate cause of the First World War which took place between 1914 and 1918 was the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand, the Prince of Austria.
• Germany had to face defeat in this war.
• The Triple Entente forced Germany to sign the insulting Treaty of Versailles in 1919.
• The League of Nations came into existence in 1919 to avoid any future war.
• USA remained neutral in the beginning of the war, but it joined the group of England and France, which changed the entire scenario.
• The Russian Revolution took place in November 1917, and along with this, it entered into an alliance with Germany and withdrew from the war.
• Russia was ruled by the Tsars in the 19th century. People were fed up with the administration of the Tsars.
• When Japan defeated Russia in 1905, this made the people agitate more and they resisted against the Tsars.
• Vladimir Ilich Lenin guided the revolution of the farmers and the workers and when this revolt became intense, Tsar Nicholas II was forced to flee from the country.
• This is known as the February 1917 Revolution.
• The power was shared by the ‘Menshiviks’ (the moderates) and they declared Russia as a republic.
• Lenin returned to Russia at this time and was supported by the workers and farmers.
• The Bolsheviks (the party of the workers) created the October Revolution in 1917.
• Lenin joined the party and declared Russia as a Socialist Republic Union on 7th October. This is known as the October Revolution.
• Lenin became the President of the government.
• Lenin was the first to implement Karl Marx’s scientific communism in practice. He died in 1924.
• Joseph Stalin became the President after the death of Lenin and he made USSR as a hardcore opponent of USA.
• After the Second World War, USSR took the leadership of Communist countries.
• Joseph Stalin was opposed for his policies and various reformations such as ‘Glasnost’ in 1985 and ‘Perestroika’ in 1987 were introduced.
• Gorbachev, the then President of USSR, implemented these reforms and communism collapsed there and USSR was disintegrated.
• The situations which emerged after the end of the First World War brought Hitler into power in Germany and Mussolini into power in Italy.
• Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany, and after the death of President Hindenburg, he became the dictator.
• Hitler declared the Nazi Party as the only party of Germany.
• He forwarded the supremacy of German race theory and said that the Jews, Communists, Socialists and Catholics are unfit to remain alive. This was the theory of Nazism.
• Hitler implemented mass killings of people, which is known as Holocaust.
• In 1935, Hitler implemented Nuremberg Laws and imprisoned the Jews in Concentration Camps where they were starved to death.
• This action of Hitler resulted into the Second World War.
• The impact of the First World War and emergence of social movements in Europe resulted into the growth of the Fascist Party of Mussolini in Italy.
• Mussolini remained the Prime Minister of Italy from 1922 to 1943 and he founded the National Fascist Party.
• In 1925, he legally dismissed the democracy of Italy and became the dictator. He established one part dictatorship.
• He joined Hitler to cause the Second World War and was responsible for the death of thousands of people. He was assassinated in 1945.
  

SSLC Class 10 History Chapter 10 Second World War, Chinese Revolution, Cold War, And The Rise Of America

• The Second World War started with Germany’s occupation of Poland on 1st September 1939.
• This was took place between 1939 and 1945.
• As the rich countries spent immense money in this war, it resulted into the Great Economic Depression during the 1930s.
• Axis and Allies were the two groups that emerged during the Second World War.
• Italy, Japan and Germany were part of Axis, while England, France, Russia and other countries were part of Allies.
• Russia entered into a Non-War Pact with Germany on 24th August 1939.
• In 1941, Hitler turned his attention towards Russia which forced Russia to re-enter the war.
• USA dropped the first atomic bomb of the world on Hiroshima and Nagasaki of Japan.
• Japan surrendered on 15th August 1945 and with this the Allies emerged victorious in the war.
• After the Second World War, the United Nations Organization was formed and it replaced the League of Nations.
• Nuclear arm race now started between the powerful countries.
• China is one of the ancient countries of the world with a rich history.
• An anti-imperialistic democratic revolution took place under the leadership of Sun-Yat-Sen in China in 1911.
• The Communist Party was formed in China in 1925.
• During the Second World War, Japan attacked China and Japan accepted its defeat in 1945.
• People’s Republic of China was formed on 1st October 1949.
• After the Chinese Revolution, Leap Forward programme was introduced and in order to rectify several mistakes in its implementation, Deng Xiaoping introduced many reforms in 1979.
• China has now adopted the Principles of Capitalism along with the framework of communism and is rapidly becoming a major economic force.
• Cold War refers to the mistrust which emerged between the two factions of the Second World War. It is a war between the Capitalist Block led by the USA and the Communist Block led by the USSR.
• Military organizations such as NATO, SEATO and CENTO were formed under the leadership of USA.
• Military organization named Warsaw was formed by the USSR.
• Many crises emerged due to the Cold War.
• The Cold War which continued on equal basis leaned in favour of USA after 1985.
• The Great Economic Depression that influenced USA in 1927 resulted into various changes in the politics of USA.
• Today, USA is the only superpower of the world.

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC History Chapter 7 Freedom Moment Notes Rise Of Nationalism And The Indian National Congress

• Before the Indian Freedom Movement, many Indian kings fought against foreign occupation, which can be regarded as the beginning of nationalism.
• Indians who suffered at the hands of the British put up a strong resistance in the form of the First War of Indian Independence.
• This ended the rule of the East India Company in 1858 and started the rule of the Queen of England in 1858.
• Participation of the Indians in the process of legislation was provided by the Act of 1961.
• As a result of all this, the educated Indian youth started sharing the idea of nationalism with common people.
• ‘The Hindu Mela’, ‘All India Association’, ‘Poona Public Sabha’ and ‘The Indian Association’ were some of those important associations with nationalistic outlooks to which much Indian youth provided leadership after the First War of Indian Independence.
• During the reign of Lord Lytton, the Vernacular Press Act was introduced to curb the independence of the press.
• All these developments led to the formation of the Indian National Congress.
• The Indian National Congress was founded in a national convention held in Bombay in 1885.
• W.C. Banerjee was the first President of the Indian National Congress.
• A.O. Hume played an important role in the establishment of the Indian National Congress.
• The British adopted the ‘Divide and Rule’ policy to break the unity emerging among the Indian people with the development of nationalism.

SSLC History The Extension Of The British Rule Moderates, Radicals and Revolutionaries

• During the later part of the nineteenth century, differences of opinion emerged in the Indian National Congress.
• Due to their ideological differences, beliefs, and styles of execution, they are identified as Moderates and Radicals.
• The first twenty years of the Indian National Congress is called the Age of Moderates.
• W. C. Banerjee, M. G. Ranade, Surendranath Banerjee, Dadabhai Naoroji, and Gopal Krishna Gokhale were major moderate leaders.
• Moderates had faith in the rule of the British and the judiciary.
• They raised their demands through prayers and requests.
• Moderates explained the drain of resources of India into England through scientific statistics and termed it ‘Drain Theory’.
• The period of Moderates is called as the Age of Liberal Nationalism.
• The period between 1885 and 1905 is called as the Age of Moderates.
• Unhappy group within the Congress called the Moderates as ‘Political Beggars’.
• The group of congressmen who criticized the soft stance of the Moderates are called as Radicals.
• Aurobindo Ghosh, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Bal Gangadhar Tilak are the main radical members.
• To suppress the anti-British sentiment in India, Lord Curzon thought of the division of Bengal in the name of administration.
• The British divided Bengal in 1905.
• The Indian National Congress opposed the division of Bengal.
• The division of Bengal resulted into nationwide protests and the British Government withdrew the Bengal division in 1911.
• Tilak declared ‘Swaraj is my birthright. I would definitely get it back.’
• Muslim League was formed in 1906 to protect the Muslim identity.
• Tilak published ‘Kesari’ in Marathi and ‘Maratha’ in English language.
• Tilak also wrote a book titled ‘Geetharahasya’ which fuelled the freedom fervor further.
• Revolutionaries dreamed of attaining complete freedom.
• They established secret organizations across the country and started collecting weapons to drive the British out through armed struggle.
• A secret organization named ‘Lotus and Dagger’ was formed in England.
• Abhinav Bharat’ and ‘Anushilan Samiti’ were two major secret organizations in India.
• Aurobindo Ghosh, V. D. Savarkar, Ashwini Kumar Datta, Rajanarayan Bose, Rajguru, Chapekar Brothers, Vishnu
• Shastri, Champukar, Shyamji Krishna Varma, Rash Behari Bose, Madam Cama, Khudiram Bose, Ram Prasad Bismil,
• Ashfaqulla Khan, Bhagat Singh, Chandra Shekhar Azad, and Jatin Das were prominent revolutionaries.
• Many of the radicals such as Aurobindo Ghosh later became revolutionaries and their role is considered very important in the annals of Indian history.

KSEEB Solutions for SSLC Class 10 Economics Chapter 2 Notes Rural Development

 Rural Development And Decentralization

• India is a land of villages and its 68.84% of the population lives in villages according to 2011 census report.
• One-third of its population lives in abject poverty.
• Mahatma Gandhi said long ago that development of its villages is the true development of India.
• The development techniques that the Indian Government adopted after independence enabled only urban development.
• Poverty has increased among the rural people who depend primarily on agriculture.
• Though 60% of the people work in the primary sector,the contribution from this sector to the national income is very less and is reducing year by year.
• Rural development is the improvement of the social and economic status of the rural people by proper utilization of the locally available, natural and human resources.
• It occupies a very important place in the development of the Indian economy.
• The rural people should be provided with essential facilities like electricity, irrigation, transport, communication, market-yards, etc.
• Small-scale and cottage industries can improve, thereby strengthening the rural economy.
• The facilities and opportunities that are available to people in urban areas should be available to people in rural areas too.
• Providing the administrative power and the responsibility of developing the village to its own people is called administrative decentralization.
• This process was called ‘Gram Swarajya’ by Mahatma Gandhi.

Class 10 Economics Chapter 2 Rural Development Important Topics

 Role of Panchayat Raj Institutions and Women In Development

• To enable decentralization, the Panchayat Raj System has been brought into practice.
• Even during Vedic times, the village administration was being carried on by village people.
• A committee of five representatives of the people would carry on the administration. They were known as the ‘Panchas’.
• The Panchayat organization is also known as ‘Rural Local Government’.
• As per the 73rd Amendment to the Constitution, three-tier system of panchayats came into existence, throughout the country in the year 1993. They were Gram Panchayat, Taluk Panchayat, and Zila Panchayat.
• Panchayat Raj institutions can help to provide the rural community with basic facilities of roads, drains, drinking water, street lights, toilets, school and hospital buildings, market-yards, etc.
• More employment opportunities can be provided to the people by nurturing the rural productive activities of agriculture, cattle-rearing, poultry, fishery, social forestry, etc.
• Through the Panchayats, seminars, conferences and training programmes can be organised for all kinds of activities.
• Various projects like ‘Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Project (MNREGP), Rural Development ‘Swarnajayanti Rural Self-Employment Project (SRSEP), etc., for generation of employment and alleviation of poverty can be implemented.
• ‘Indira Awas Yojana’, ‘Ambedkar-Valmiki Housing Programme’ and ‘Ashraya Yojana’ are different housing programmes implemented in the villages.
• Through ‘Suvarna Gramodaya Yojana’ basic facilities can be enhanced.
• The Public Distribution System (PDS) in villages can be improved and poor people should be provided with the essential food grains adequately.
• Social and cultural activities can be encouraged through the celebration of village fairs and festivals.
• Through such activities, village art and crafts will get an impetus and the rural culture will get enriched.
• Thus, Panchyat Raj institutions play a significant role in the overall development of rural areas.
• In her lifetime, a woman performs a variety of duties as a mother, wife, daughter-in-law and a daughter. Every man’s life is shaped by a woman.
• The work that women perform at home is not considered labour and so she is not paid any wages. This kind of wage less labour is not taken into account in the national income also.
• Women Self-Help Groups’, have been created in all villages in the rural sector.
• Both men and women share the same responsibility in making the country economically developed.
• They are like the two wheels of the chariot of progress. Neither should be ignored.

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Biology Notes Karnataka State Syllabus

Chapter 1 Life Processes Notes

Chapter 2 Control and Coordination Notes

Chapter 3 How Do Organisms Reproduce Notes

Chapter 4 Heredity and Evolution Notes

Chapter 5 Our Environment Notes

Chapter 6 Management of Natural Resources Notes

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC Political Science Chapter 4 Global Problems And India’s Role Notes

With the end of Second World War, the imperialism and colonialism ended. A new world order emerged along with the old world order. With the beginning of UNO, a new era of world order started.

• Humanists have advocated that every human being should get their rights.
• In the name of caste, religion, race, gender, colour of the skin and nationalism, human rights have been denied to many people throughout the history.
• The Human Rights Declaration prepared by the experts agreed upon by member countries was adopted in the UN general body meeting on December 10, 1948.
• In order to facilitate better implementation of Human Rights, the UNO has provided ‘guidelines’ along with the Human Rights Declaration.
• The guidelines included 30 columns. For example, every individual has a right to live with freedom, dignity and equality once he is born as an individual.
• India has been advocating for better human rights implementation in all the meetings of UNO.
• Disarmament is the present as well as future need of the humanity. Disarmament is the only solution to stop mad rush for arms.
• Disarmament is the only direct process available to bring down the number of arms or elimination of certain arms.
• Insecurity, fear, instability and threat of war appear due to the arms competition.
• India as a peaceful country advocates disarmament. Peace is very important for global security issues.
• Among the members of the world, economic inequality is a major problem.

KSEEB Class 10 Political Science Problems of India 

• The word ‘Third World’ denotes poverty and non-development.
• These countries are trying to come out of the shortages of food, capital, health, education, and many other issues.
• Meanwhile, the excess spending, open economy, globalisation promoted by the developed world are taxing the poor nations with increasing pollution and inability to manage the increasing problems.
• India, as a progressive nation, is striving to promote economic equality among all the countries of the world.

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC Political Science Chapter 2 Indian Foreign Policy Notes

Just like an individual who cannot live alone, countries also cannot live in isolation.

Hence, every country needs to have a foreign policy to regulate its interaction with other countries.

According to experts, “Every sovereign country has its own foreign policy”.

It’s an important point to note that India had its own foreign policy before independence and after independence. India is one of the few countries in the world which pursue its own foreign policy.

The major aims of Indian Foreign Policy are:

•  National security
•  Enriching national economy
•  Spreading the cultural richness of our country in other countries.
•  Increasing the number of friendly countries and checking the power of enemy countries.
• Achieving world peace and co-existence.
• Issues like national interests, geographical interests, political situation, economic interest, military issues, public opinion, international situation, and many other issues have influenced and shaped India’s Foreign Policy.

Key Concepts In Problems Of India And Their Solutions Class 10 SSLC Political Science

Basic Aspects of India’s Foreign Policy:

• Panchasheela Principles: In 1954, both India and China accepted Panchasheel Principles to foster their international relationship. The basic principles were to respect each other’s sovereignty and regional interests, noninvasion of each other, noninterference in each other’s internal issues, mutual cooperation and respect, peaceful coexistence.
• Non-Aligned Movement: The world was divided into two power blocks after the end of Second World War.
• The democratic countries were under the hegemony of USA and the communist countries were led by USSR. In those days, India followed the policy of being Non Aligned to either of these blocks. It was successful in commanding the faith from both blocks. It secured financial assistance from USA and military aid from USSR.
• Anti-Imperialism: The Foreign Policy of India opposes imperialism. Imperialism is an attempt by a sovereign country to take over another sovereign country with the intention of ruling it for its personal gains.
• Anti-Apartheid Policy: Apartheid is an affront to human rights and world peace. The Foreign Policy of India declared that “No country of the world shall practice this”. India had declared its support to Nelson Mandela and his party African National Congress who were opposing Apartheid in their country.
• Disarmament: The process of elimination of specific arms step-by-step is called disarmament. Since the time of Nehru, India has supported the disarmament process. Though it is impossible and impractical to attain total disarmament, as every country needs arms for its protection; an attempt can be made to reduce the numberof arms.
  The Constitution of India’s Article 51 advocates for a foreign policy that aims at establishing international peace and cooperation.

KSEEB Solutions for SSLC Class 10 Political Science Chapter 1 Notes

India has faced numerous external and internal problems since 1947. These problems have to be managed through efficient administration.

• Let’s know more about such problems.
• Unemployment is a situation where a person does not find work in accordance to his capacity or qualification.
• India has a huge population and unemployment is a big problem.
• Usually, the population and improved technology are considered as the two reasons for unemployment. Apart from these two, shortage of natural resources, over-dependency of agriculture, ruined cottage industries and lack skill based education unemployment has become a huge problem.
• In order to solve poverty-related issues, both the central and state governments have taken various measures to generate employment for people.
• The solution is to inculcate world class skills to our people so that they compete with globalized production.
• Corruption is another social evil in the public life of India. Now, the corruption has spread to all strata of the society.
• Corruption means offering bribes and following any other illegal means to achieve some illegal benefits.
• Corruption influences negatively on both, personal as well as public sphere of life. It influences the economic,social and political life of a country negatively.
• Things like tax evasion, illegal hoarding, smuggling, economic offences, cheating, violation of international exchange and employment cheating all find space in corruption.
• It is impossible to root out corruption by either rejecting it at personal level or just going along with it.
• It can berooted out only through strong public ethics and morality and personal commitment.
• Discrimination: Indian society is made up of patriarchal values. It discriminates the role of women and man according to the patriarchal values. Hence, inequalities are there between  men and women in our society.
•  Just like gender discrimination, caste based discrimination is also a challenge to India.
• Communalism is a major problem in our country. Segregation in the name of religion and creating hatred and cultivating opposite self interests can be called as Communalism.
•  Political competition, social groupism and economic hatefulness are expressed in Communalism.
•  Communalism puts self interest ahead of national interest. The communal forces make attempts to increase their communal forces in the country.
•  A lot of precautions are needed to address the challenge posed by Communalism. Ideas like uniform civil code, equality among all the citizens, supporting secular values in the society  and transcending narrow thoughts in favour of national interests can be the solutions for communalism.

KSEEB SSLC Political Science Chapter 1 important points

• India has faced numerous external and internal problems since 1947. These problems have to be managed through efficient administration.
• Let’s know more about such problems.
• Unemployment is a situation where a person does not find work in accordance to his capacity or qualification.
• India has a huge population and unemployment is a big problem.
• Usually, the population and improved technology are considered as the two reasons for unemployment. Apart from these two, shortage of natural resources, over dependency of agriculture, ruined cottage industries and lack of skill based education unemployment has become a huge problem.
• In order to solve the poverty related issues, both the central and state governments have taken various measures to generate employment for people.
• The solution is to inculcate world class skill to our people so that they compete with globalized production.
• Corruption is another social evil in the public life of India. Now, the corruption has spread to all strata of the society.
• Corruption means offering bribe and following any other illegal means to achieve some illegal benefits.
• Corruption influences negatively on both, personal as well as public sphere of life. It influences the economic, social and political life of a country negatively.
• Things like tax evasion, illegal hoarding, smuggling, economic offences, cheating, violation of international exchange and employment cheating all find space in corruption.
• It is impossible to root out corruption by either rejecting it at personal level or just going along with it. It can be rooted out only through strong public ethics and morality and personal commitment.
• Discrimination: Indian society is made up of patriarchal values. It discriminates the role of women and man according to the patriarchal values. Hence, inequalities are there between men and women in our society.
• Just like gender discrimination, caste based discrimination is also a challenge to India.

• Communalism is a major problem in our country. Segregation in the name of religion and creating hatred and cultivating opposite self interests can be called as Communalism.
• Political competition, social groupism and economic hatefulness are expressed in Communalism.
• Communalism puts self interest ahead of national interest. The communal forces make attempts to increase their communal forces in the country.
• A lot of precautions are needed to address the challenge posed by Communalism. Ideas like uniform civil code, equality among all the citizens, supporting secular values in the society and transcending narrow thoughts in favour of national interests can be the solutions for communalism.