Class 10

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC Economics Chapter 4 Public Finance and Budget Notes

November 23, 2024March 25, 2023 by Alekhya

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC Economics Chapter 4 Public Finance And Budget Notes

Meaning of Public Finance and its Importance

Each family earns its income by working in jobs in the agricultural, industrial or service sector.
Balancing the income and expenditure by an individual or a family and thereby achieving progress, is an art.
When the expenditure is more than the income, it leads to debt.
‘Personal Finance’ deals with the kind of income, expenditure and debt management of an individual.
In the same manner, the government manages its finance. It is called ‘Public Finance’.
The government manages public finance according to fiscal policy.
Developing countries like India utilizes public finance in order to eradicate poverty and unemployment, regulate financial upheavals and commodity prices, and thereby establish financial stability.
In India, the financial year starts from 1st April and ends on 31st March of the successive year.

Budget

The statement of estimated income and expenditure of a year prepared by the government is called Budget.
The central and state governments present their own budgets.
Every year, the government presents a budget in both the Houses in February or March.
Through this budget, the government tries to achieve the objectives of its fiscal policies.
In India, the Central budget is prepared by the Finance Minister in consultation with the finance department.
The Finance Minister introduces the Central budget in the Lok Sabha in February or March.
Budgets are of three types: Surplus Budget, Deficit Budget and Balanced Budget.
In India, the government normally presents a deficit budget and tries to achieve economic progress.

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC Economics Chapter 4 Public Finance And Budget Notes

Public Expenditure and Public Income

The government spends money for various purposes like defence, administration, economic development and welfare of the people. This is called Public Expenditure’.
The expenditure of the Central Government is of two types: Revenue Expenditure and Capital Expenditure.
Revenue expenditure is classified into two groups: Planned Expenditure and Non-planned Expenditure.
The government spends money on administration, national economic development and citizen’s welfare.
Under the Central Planned Expenditure, the government spends money on three types of services and development.
They are: Financial Services, Social Services and General Services.
The government collects income from varied sources for its expenditure. This is called ‘Public Revenue’.
The Central Government collects its income from various sources. These sources can be classified under two heads as Revenue Receipts and Capital Receipts.
The money paid by the citizens without any expectation in return is called tax.
Taxes are the major sources of revenue for the government.
The principle used by the government in the imposition of taxes is called Principle of Progressive Taxation.
The taxes imposed by the Central Government are of two types: Direct Taxes and Indirect Taxes.
The main types of Direct Taxes are: Personal Income Tax, Corporate Tax, Wealth Tax, Stamp Duty, etc.
The main forms of Indirect Taxes are Central Excise Duty, Import-Export Taxes, Service Tax and Foreign Travel Tax, etc.
Through taxation, the government aims at increased revenue collection.
Apart from taxes, the government generates revenue from other sources. This is called Non-Tax Revenue.
The revenue generated by the government which is intended to be used to create new properties in various fields of the economy, is called Capital Receipts.

Deficit Finance and Fiscal Deficit

The government generates the capital revenue mainly through loans from internal and external sources.
The loan obtained from citizens of the country, banks, financial institution and industries is called internal debt.
The loan obtained from foreign governments and foreign financial institutions is called foreign debt.
Apart from taking loans, the government generates capital revenue from other sources too.
Government withdraws its investment in public industries. This is called disinvestment.
The money obtained through disinvestment and repayment of loans is called non-debt capital receipts.
According to the definition of the Indian Planning Commission, deficit financing is ‘improving the net purchasing power in the economy through the budgetary provisions of the government.
The deficit is indicated by the negative sign (-).
There are four kinds of Deficit Financing: Revenue Deficit, Tax Deficit, Fiscal Deficit and Primary Deficit.
When the government is not able to overcome the fiscal deficit even after taking loans, the Reserve Bank of India gives loans to the government in the form of printing notes and putting them into circulation.
Fiscal deficit can be shown in the form of a formula in this manner:
Fiscal Deficit = (Revenue Receipts + Non-debt Capital Receipts) – Total Expenditure.

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Biology Notes Karnataka State Syllabus

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC History Chapter 6 The First War of Indian Independence Notes

November 21, 2024March 25, 2023 by Teja

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC History Chapter 6 The First War of Indian Independence Notes

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC History Chapter 6 The First War of Indian Independence Notes Reasons for the First War of Independence

The Indians were upset by the British for various reasons and this unhappiness erupted in the form of a major protest against the British in 1857.
Due to the Doctrine of Lapse implemented by the British, many Indian kings were forced to lose their kingdoms. This was a major political reason of the revolt.
Due to the development of industrialization in England, various Indian handicrafts and industries declined and many people becameunemployed.
This became a major economic reason of the revolt.
The British implemented various civil and criminal laws which were against the Indians. This was a major administrative reason of the revolt.
Indian soldiers did not have the status, salary and promotion prospects as that of British soldiers. This became a major military reason of the revolt.

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC History Chapter 6 The First War Of Indian Independence Notes

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC History Chapter 6 The First War of Indian Independence Notes Immediate Reasons for the Mutiny and Spread of the Mutiny

The immediate cause of the mutiny was a rumour which spread saying that the bullets of the Royal Enfield guns provided by the British were smeared in the fat of pig and cow.
The Indian soldiers stationed at Meerut, a major military base of the British, refused to use the bullets of the new guns.
Many soldiers were arrested due to this which led to mutiny in Meerut.
The soldiers barged into the prison and released their fellow soldiers. This sowed the seeds of the Indian Freedom Movement.
Nana Saheb of Kanpur rose in revolt; Tatya Tope was his assistant.
Rani Lakshmi Bai provided leadership to the revolt in Jhansi.
Rani Lakshmi Bai died as a martyr struggling bravely against the shrewd British.

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC History Chapter 6 The First War of Indian Independence Notes Reasons for the Failure of the Mutiny and Results of the Mutiny

As the first war of Indian independence was not a planned struggle, it could not achieve success.
The unity of the British and the disunity of the Indian soldiers resulted in its failure.
The Indian soldiers lacked military strategies and skills and many Indian kings also did not support the freedom fighters.
As a result of the mutiny, the governance of the East India Company came to an end and it went under the control of the Secretary of Indian Affairs of the British Parliament.
The Queen of Britain passed a declaration in 1858 which had many provisions.
The British now realized that unless they win the hearts of the Indians, ruling India would be a difficult proposition for them.
Therefore, they decided to involve the Indians in the process of legislation and implemented the Policy of Association.
The first war of Indian independence highlighted the need of searching for alternative channels to undertake future struggles against the British.

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KSEEB Class 10 SSLC History Chapter 5 Social and Religious Reformation Movements Notes

November 21, 2024March 25, 2023 by Teja

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC History Chapter 5 Social and Religious Reformation Movements Notes

Establishment Of Brahmo Samaj And Reformations And Young Bengal Movement

The nineteenth century is considered as the reformation and new awakening time in the Indian history.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy started ‘Athmiya Sabha’ in Calcutta and this Sabha aimed at eradicating socio-religious maladies from the society of Bengal.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy started ‘Brahmo Samaj’ in 1828 as he wanted to purge Hinduism by removing caste system and superstitions.
‘Brahmo Samaj’ opposed meaningless rituals, advocated Monotheism and also opposed child marriage.
‘Brahmo Samaj’ intended to assure equality to woman by opposing Polygamy.
Governor General William Bentinck brought in a law prohibiting the Sati System in 1829 due to the efforts of Ram Mohan Roy.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy published a journal named ‘Samvada Komudhi’ in Bengali language and tried to develop rationality among the common people through journalism.
Rabindranath Tagore has called Ram Mohan Roy as the harbinger of modern India, progenitor of Indian Social Reformation Movement and ‘the Prophet of Indian Nationalism’.
When the wave of modernization started moving across North India, many new movements started arising during 1820s and 1830s and Calcutta was the centre of this new thinking.
Henry Louis Vivian Derozio started ‘Young Bengal Movement’. Henry was an Anglo – Indian. He was an advocate of Women Rights and opposed caste based discrimination.
Henry Derozio was a professor at Hindu College of Calcutta from 1826 to 1831. He was influenced by the various movements of Europe and tried to instill the spirit of free enquiry
in the mind of his students and colleagues.
The Young Bengal Movement held discussions and debates on issues like nature, humanism, God, etc.
Derozio died at a young age of 22 years due to cholera.

Social and Religious Reformation Movements KSEEB SSLC Class 10 History

Establishment Of Arya Samaj And Reformations, Reforms Led By Prarthana Samaj And Ideas Of Satyashodhak Samaj

The Arya Samaj was started in the year 1875 by Dayanand Saraswati in Kathewad.
Dayanand Saraswati outlined his ideas in a book titled “Satyartha Prakasha”.
He opened the head office of Arya Samaj in Lahore in 1877
‘Shuddhi Movement’ was one of the important programmes of Arya Samaj. ‘Cow Protection Associations’ were started for the protection of cows. After the death of Dayanand
Saraswati, ‘Dayananda Anglo-Vedic College’ was started in 1886 and ‘Gurukula Vidyalaya’ was started in Haridwar. Prarthana Samaj was founded by Dr. Athma Ram Panduranga in
1867 in Bombay with the objective of finding solutions to various problems faced by women and lower caste groups. Justice Mahadeva Govinda Ranade, R. G. Bhandarkar and N.
G. Chandravarkar were the prominent leaders of the Prarthana Samaj. Satyashodhak Samaj was established by Mahatma Jyotiba Phule in 1873 to provide equal rights to non-
Brahmin class and women. In order to build a philosophical base for the movement, Jyotiba Phule wrote books titled “Gulamagiri” and “Shetkarayacha Aasud”. Ambedkar was one of the prominent persons who were inspired by the work of the Phule couple. KNOW THE TERMS Renaissance: A revival of or renewed interest in something.
Authentic: Of undisputed origin and not a copy; genuine. Polygamy: The practice or custom of having more than one wife or husband at the same time. Radical: A person who advocates thorough or complete political or social reform; a member of a political party or part of a party pursuing such aims.
Rehabilitation: The action of restoring something that has been damaged to its former condition. Endeavour: An attempt to achieve a goal.
After the death of Dayanand Saraswati, ‘Dayananda Anglo-Vedic College’ was started in 1886 and ‘Gurukula Vidyalaya’ was started in Haridwar.
Prarthana Samaj was founded by Dr. Athma Ram Panduranga in 1867 in Bombay with the objective of finding solutions to various problems faced by women and lower caste groups.
Justice Mahadeva Govinda Ranade, R. G. Bhandarkar and N. G. Chandravarkar were the prominent leaders of the Prarthana Samaj.
Satyashodhak Samaj was established by Mahatma Jyotiba Phule in 1873 to provide equal rights to non-Brahmin class and women.
In order to build a philosophical base for the movement, Jyotiba Phule wrote books titled “Gulamagiri” and “Shetkarayacha Aasud”.
Ambedkar was one of the prominent persons who were inspired by the work of the Phule couple.

Aligarh Movement; Ramakrishna Mission’s Ideologies

Mohammedan Liberty Society established in 1863 started debates on various social, religious and political issues.
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan declared that the Quran is the authoritative book and other works on Islam are the derivedones.
He founded the Anglo-Oriental College in Aligarh.
The movement created by Syed Ahmad Khan is called the Aligarh Movement.
Swami Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Mission at Belur near Karnataka.
Sri Ramakrishna was the spiritual guru of Swami Vivekananda.
The Westerners were able to understand the cultural richness of India with the help of the speech delivered by
Swami Vivekananda at Chicago city in World Religious Conference in 1893.
Swami Vivekananda wrote books on Jnana Yoga, Raja Yoga, Karma Yoga and Bhakti Yoga.

Social and Religious Reformation Movements KSEEB SSLC Class 10 History

Theosophical Society; Narayan Guru Dharamaparipala Yogam; Periyar

Theosophical Society was basically founded by Madam Blavatsky and Colonel H. S. Olcott.
This society basically tried to reform the Hindu religion.
The Irish lady Annie Besant arrived in India by 1893 and the movement of the Theosophical Society grew more. Annie Besant was called as “Shwetha Saraswathi”.
Ms. Besant was active in the Indian freedom struggle movement and she became the first woman President of the INC.
Sri Narayana Guru started the Reform Movement in 1903. This movement aimed at strengthening the backward and exploited communities.
One Caste, One Religion and One God for human beings was the basic idea of Sri Narayana Guru.
Narayana Guru and his companions started ‘Viakom Movement’, a temple entry movement.
By the beginning of the twentieth century, a Non-Brahmin Movement started in south India.
This movement took a new shape under the Justice Party.
E. V. Ramaswamy Naicker started the Self Respect League in 1926.
He was called ‘Periyar’ (Senior Person) out of love by people.
The ideological Non-Brahminical Movement started by Ayonthidas and T. M. Nayar was turned into a cultural

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Biology Notes Karnataka State Syllabus

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC Economics Chapter 1 Development Notes

November 23, 2024March 25, 2023 by Alekhya

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC Economics Chapter 1 Development Notes

The Meaning and Nature of Development and Underdevelopment

Every normal person in this world constantly aims to improve his standard of living.
Development refers to the progress of a particular field or a particular person.
The sum total of all the goods and services produced in a country during one year is called National Income.
The economic progress of a country is known as economic development.
Per capita income is the average income of a person in a country in one year.
The increase in national income also leads to an increase in the income of the people which enables them to afford quality education and health care.
People demand more goods and services as their standard of living improves.
There occurs an expansion in industrial and service sector which leads to an increase in employment opportunities.
The use of appropriate modern technology in the process helps to increase the productivity and increase the rate of economic development.
The economic development without excluding any portion of the population in the growth process is regarded as “inclusive growth’. It is regarded as real development.
The goods and services, as well as income produced in the country, should be shared as equally as possible among all the people.
In an underdeveloped economy, the production and per capita income are less.
A country which does not have a high per capita income and the standard of living is also low is considered as ‘underdeveloped country’.
The majority of people in such a country can’t afford the basic necessities of food, clothing, and shelter.
They suffer from diseases due to lack of sanitation and medical facilities.
India, during the British period, is an example of an underdeveloped economy.
According to World Development Report, all countries with middle income and low income are referred to as developing countries.
After Independence, India implemented five-year plans and accelerated economic developmental activities.

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC Economics Chapter 1 Development Notes

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC Economics Chapter 1 Development Notes Indicators of Human Development

In order to measure the quality of human life, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has formed a criterion known as the Human Development Index (HDI).
The HDI is framed to measure longevity, knowledge and standard of living through three indicators namely:

Life expectancy
Educational achievements
Standard of living.
The age till which the people of a country can expect to survive is called the life expectancy.
Availability of nutritious food, excellent health and hygiene facilities, clean environment, etc., enables man to live longer.
As the educational level rises, the country’s economic progress also improves.
The standard of living is measured on the basis of Gross National Income per capita.
The average of these three indicators (such as health, education, income) is the Human Development Index (HDI) of a country.
On the basis of HDI, the countries of the world are classified into three groups.
The HDI of India has been rising steadily and in 2011 it was 0.547 and is grouped under the middle group of the countries which have achieved human development.
The role of women in the development process is very significant.
It is the duty of civilized society to provide social, economic, educational and political equality to all women.
After independence, our Constitution has assured equal freedom, equality, and opportunities to both men and women.
Many steps are being taken to eliminate gender discrimination.
The gender ratio is the average number of women per 1,000 men.
According to the 2011 census, male literacy was 82.14% while female literacy was 65.46%.
The ratio of the number of women working to that of the total number of women in the country is known as “Women’s Job Participation Rate’.
The government has provided opportunities for women to work in all fields.
Encouraging women to take social, economic and political decisions like men are called ‘Women Empowerment’.

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Biology Notes Karnataka State Syllabus

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC Sociology Chapter 3 Social Movements Notes

November 21, 2024March 25, 2023 by Alekhya

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC Sociology Chapter 3 Social Movements Mobs And Riots

Man is a social animal, and hence always lives in groups, communities societies.
Collective behaviour is an integral part of our social life.
The thoughts, feelings and behaviour of a large number of disorganizedpeople coming together accidentally constitute collective behaviour.
Human behaviour coming under the scope of collective behaviour includes mobs, rumours, propaganda, public opinion, revolution, social movements,etc.
When collective behaviour is organized and directed towards a specific goal and aims to bring about social change,it is called a movement. Environmental movements can be such an example.

Mob: An assembly of people around a common interest without any expectation or planning is called a mob.

Riots: Riots are another type of mob behaviour. Violent and destructive nature of mob behaviour is called a riot.

Environment Movement: The pollution of soil, air, water and biosphere with toxins and chemicals is called environmental pollution.

Developed countries are destroying the environment for the purpose of their luxurious life.
In addition, the unbridled growth of cities, proliferation of industries, technological progress, expansion of thetransport system, etc., are destroying the forests and polluting the environment.
Many intellectuals, environmentalists and others have expressed their agitations about the environmental pollution.
A few such important agitations against environmental pollution are Chipko Movement, Appiko Movement,Narmada Movement, Silent Valley Movement, and Movement against MRPL and Agitation against Kaiga.
Chipko Movement
Place – Tehri Garhwal District of Uttarakhand.

Took place in 1973 under the leadership of Shri Sunder Lal Bahuguna and Chandiprasad Bhatt.

As a result, the permission given to chop down the trees was withdrawn.

Appiko Movement,
Place – Salyani village in Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka.
Took place in 1983, by the protest of the farmers.
They wanted to stop the smuggling of timber and develop awareness among the common people about theimportance of the environment.
Narmada Movement
Place – Sardar Sarovar Dam in Gujarat.
Took place in 1973 under the leadership of Medha Patkar and Baba Amte.
The Supreme Court’s decision is still pending, seeking stoppage of construction of the Sardar Sarovar Dam.
Silent Valley Movement
Place-Palghat Taluk of Kerala.
The Kerala Sahitya Parishad and wild-life enthusiasts agitated against the construction of the dam.
The movement was successful in protecting many forms of flora and fauna.
Agitation against Kaiga
Place – Kaiga in Karnataka.
Dr. Shivaram Karanth and other intellectuals agitated against the set up of the nuclear power generation centre.
They felt that the nuclear power generation centre would cause loss of forest cover and pollute the environment.
Movement against MRPL
Place-Mangalore in Karnataka.
Environmentalist protested against the Mangalore Refineries and Petrochemicals Limited (MRPL).
They realized that the refinery would affect the environment.
Agitation against Kaiga.

Women’s Movement, Alcohol Prohibition Movement, Farmer’s Movement

The exploitation of women has taken new forms like acid attacks, kidnaps and human trafficking.
The Labour Movement was for better working conditions and pay for the workers.
Untouchability is an inhuman practice of a stratified society.
The untouchability prevention movement is a movement aimed at achieving eradicating of the practice of untouchability and attacks on the untouchable people.
Total Alcohol Prohibition: Complete ban on alcohol
Periodical: Magazine
Trade Unions: Group of people of the same profession coming together
Tenancy system: Rental system
Chipko Movement: This movement took place in Tehri Garhwal district of Uttarakhand in 1973 under theleadership of Shri Sunderlal Bahuguna and Shri.
Chandiprasad Bhatt: The people hugged the trees and halted their destruction.
Appiko Movement: In 1983, the farmers of Salyani village in Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka began the Appiko Movement’.
Narmada Movement: An agitation was launched against the construction of a dam across the Narmada river under
Sardar Sarovar Project in Gujarat. This movement was led by environmental activists, Medha Patkar and Baba Amte.
Silent Valley Movement: This movement was led by the Kerala Sahitya Parishad and wild-life enthusiasts. Theyagitated against the construction of a dam in the Silent Valley in
Palghat taluk of Kerala.
The movement against MRPL: Environmentalists protested against the ‘Mangalore Refineries and PetrochemicalsLimited’ (MRPL) in Mangalore in Karnataka.

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Biology Notes Karnataka State Syllabus

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC Economics Chapter 3 Money and Credit Notes

November 23, 2024March 24, 2023 by Alekhya

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC Economics Chapter 3 Money and Credit Notes Importance, Evolution, and Functions of Money

Barter System: The barter system was used before the advent of money.
People used to exchange one thing for another in this system.
Money is a medium of exchange.
It acts as a unit of account, can store value and be used for repayment of debt.
Functions of money:

Primary Functions
Medium of Exchange: People can buy or sell goods and services with the help of money.
Measure of Value: Serves as a unit of account or common measure of value. The value of a good is determined by multiplying its price with quantity sold in the market.
Secondary Functions
Store of Value: Money also acts as a store of value.
Making Payments in Future: Money will always be acceptable at a future date as it has stored value.
Transfer of Value: The ease of transferring purchasing power from person to person and place too has expanded trade and commerce.
Types of money:
Commodity money: Commodity with a prescribed size and weight was adopted as money and everything else was measured in terms of that standard commodity.
Metallic money: Precious metals like Gold, Silver, Bronze, etc., began to be used as money for different denominations.
Paper currency: Written documents issued by well-known financiers which were not actual money, but were accepted and exchanged for money. Later governments started printing notes that had the guarantee of thegovernment.
Bank money: Cheques, drafts, deposit (credit) receipts, etc., are used as money.
Plastic money: Credit and debit cards.

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC Economics Chapter 3 Money And Credit Notes

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC Economics Chapter 3 Money and Credit Notes Banks

The major function of a bank is to give loans, particularly to businessmen and entrepreneurs and thereby earn interest.
Banks get money for providing loans by accepting the deposits from people.
Deposits are the lifeline of a bank. These are of two types: time deposits and demand deposits. Time deposits can be withdrawn only after a specified period of time. Demand deposits in the bank can be withdrawn on demand
by issuing cheques.
Credit (i.e. giving loans) refers to an agreement in which the lender supplies the borrower with money, goods or services in return for the promise of future payments with interest.
Credit plays a vital and positive role in the society.

Reserve Bank of India and its Functions And Concept of Money Supply and its Measurement

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) supervises the functioning of formal sources of the loan.
In India, four measures of money supply are used to measure the monetary stock-M1, M2, M3, and M4.
M1 = currency notes and coins + net demand deposits held in commercial banks;
M2 – M1 + Savings deposits with Post Office savings banks;
M3 = M1 + Net time deposits of commercial banks; and
M4 = M3 + Total deposits with Post Office savings banks

Credit Control Measures Adopted By The RBI

Terms of credit include interest rate, collateral and documentation requirements and the mode of repayment.
The terms of credit may vary depending on the nature of the lender and the borrower.
Collateral is an asset that the borrower owns (such as land, building, vehicles, livestock etc.) and uses this as a guarantee to the lender until the loan is repaid.
Formal credit is generally available with the banks and cooperatives. They charge lesser rates of interest than informal institutions.
Informal lenders include moneylenders, traders, employers, relatives, and friends etc. They charge much higher interest on loans. There is no one to stop them from using unfair means to get their money back
Credit control measures are broadly classified into two types, namely
quantitative control measures, and
qualitative or selective control measures.

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Biology Notes Karnataka State Syllabus

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC History Chapter 4 Opposition to British Rule in Karnataka Notes

November 21, 2024March 24, 2023 by Teja

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC History Chapter 4 Opposition to British Rule in Karnataka

Hyder Ali And The First And Second Anglo-Mysore War

The 18th century in Indian History is considered as “The century of political problems”.
Many political challenges were created in Mysore state due to the death of Chikkadevaraj Wodeyar in 1704.
Hyder Ali joined Mysore Army as an ordinary soldier and won the hearts of soldiers with his shrewd political moves and became famous as Nawab Hyder Ali.
Hyder Ali weakened the power of Dalawayee with his swift actions and sidelined King Krishnaraja Wodeyar and established the control over the administration.
The British saw Hyder Ali as an impedance for the expansionist ideas so they started devising cunning plans to defeat him.
The First Anglo – Mysore War was started in 1767 and it was fought between Hyder Ali and the alliance of the King of Arcot with the British. The First Anglo – Mysore War ended in 1769 by signing the ‘Madras Treaty’.
The British went against the ‘Madras Treaty’ by capturing Mahe which was a French colony under Hyder Ali and this became the reason for the Second Anglo –
Hyder Ali was defeated and killed in a battle held in Port Novae by the British. The Second Anglo–Mysore War ended in 1784 with the ‘Treaty of Mangalore’.

Opposition to British Rule in Karnataka KSEEB SSLC Class 10 History

Tippu Sultan And Third And Fourth Anglo Mysore War

Tippu Sultan became the ruler of Mysore after the death of Hyder Ali.
Tippu Sultan tried to drive out the British seriously as he felt that they are the major obstacle for his policy of expansion.
Throughout his 17 years of rule, Tippu Sultan waged war against the British.
Tippu Sultan tried to break the monopoly of the British over the trade with India as he knew that hurting their business interest would weaken their political strength.
British went against the Mangalore Treaty and helped the king of Travancore built a fort in Kochi and captured Aayakota and Kanganoor forts from the Dutch and all this led to the Third Anglo – Mysore War.
Lord Wellesley became the Governor General of India in 1798.
The Fourth Anglo: Mysore War started in 1799 and it was fought between Tippu sultan and the British.
The Fourth Anglo: Mysore War ended with the death of Tippu sultan.

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC History Chapter 4 Opposition To British Rule In Karnataka Notes

Dondiya Wagh

After the death of Tippu Sultan many rebellions took place against the British and the rebellion led by Dondiya Wagh is a major rebellion among them.
Dondiya was born in a Maratha family in Chennagiri. He was called Wagh (the tiger) due to his bravery.
Dondiya built his own Army and fought along with Tippu Sultan but he was imprisoned due to differences with Tippu.
After being released by British, Dondiya organized an Army with the unhappy soldiers of Tippu’s Army and the feudatory rulers who had lost their powers.
Dondiya captured Bidanoor and Shivamogga forts but his attempt to capture Chitradurga fort was unsuccessful.
Lord Wellesley organized an attack on Shivamogga, Honali, Harihara and other places under the control of Dondiya in order to check his rebellion.
When Dondiya left Raichur, he was caught in between the Maratha Army and Nizam’s Army. The British attacked him near Yelaparavi and killed him at Konagal.

Opposition to British Rule in Karnataka KSEEB SSLC Class 10 History

Rebellion of Kittur-Queen Chennamma and Sangoli Rayanna

Queen Chennamma was the queen of Kittur. She led a rebellion against the law denying the right of adopted children over the throne.
Shivalingarudrasarja took over reign of the Kittur after the death of Mallasarja. Shivalingarudrasarja was the elder son of Queen Chennamma.
Chennamma adopted a boy named Shivalingappa after the death of Shivalingarudrasarja and started ruling Kittur as a queen regent.
Thackeray was the collector and political agent of the British in Dharwad. He sent a report to the Governor of Bombay and attempted to take over the kingdom of Kittur under the Doctrine of Lapse Policy.
This led to a war between Queen Chennamma and the British. Thackeray was shot dead in this war and many British were taken as the prisoners of war.
Under the leadership of Colonel Deak, the British attacked Kittur again. Queen Chennamma was captured in this war and she was imprisoned at Bylahongala Fort. She passed away in the prison.
Sangoli Rayanna was a brave soldier in Chennamma’s Army. He fought with Rani Chennamma and was imprisoned along with her. But later he was released by the British.
Sangoli Rayanna developed a sense of nationalism and went on organizing an army. He aimed at looting Taluk offices and the treasury of the British.
The British shifted Chennamma to Kusugal prison from Bylahongala as they thought that Rayanna was being instigated by her.
The British cunningly captured Rayanna and declared him as an offender and he was hanged till death.

Rebellion of Amara Sulya, Puttabasappa

This rebellion was basically a farmers’ rebellion which needs to be understood in the backdrops of political situations prevalent in costal Karnataka and Kodagu regions during 1835-37.
In 1834, the British dethroned the ruler Chikkaveerarajendra of Haleri Dynasty and transferred him to Vellor through Bangalore and later to Kashi.
Swami Aparampura, Kalyanaswami and Puttabasappa organized a rebellion against the political instability created by the British in Kodagu.
Swami Aparampura was captured in 1834 and shifted to Bangalore. Similarly Kalyanaswami was captured in 1837 and placed in Mysore prison.
Amara Sulya constituted Bellare, Puttur, Sulya and the major places of Canara region.
A farmer named Puttabasappa as Kalyanswami. The same Puttabasappa later presented himself as Swami Aparampura.
Puttabasappa led the rebellion and performed several acts of courage.
The British captured Puttabasappa and he was hanged until death along with his companions.

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 History Chapter 4 study guide Opposition to British Rule

Rebellion of Surapura and Koppal and Rebellion of Bedas of Hulagali

Surapura is situated at a distance of fifty kilometers from the present day Yadgir. This was an important place since the rule of the Mughals.
Surapura became a vassal state during the reign of Nizam of Hyderabad and Marathas.
Surapura raised a rebellion against the British during the reign of Venkatappa. Venkatappa Nayaka was born in 1834 and came to throne after the death of his father Krishna Nayaka.
Venkatappa’s ascendance to throne was opposed by his father’s brother Peddanayaka. This resulted in internal struggles.
The British appointed Medes Taylor as their political agent and gained proxy power over Surapura in 1853.
Medes developed Surapura in a princely state and appointed Peddanayaka as the Dewan of the state.
The British appointed an officer named Campbell to report the various activities of the King of Surapura as it came in the notice of government that some of the representatives of Nana Saheb were present in Surapura.
Campbell submitted a report that the King is involved in misadministration to the resident of Hyderabad.
The British army captured Surapura in 1858 but there are confusions regarding Venkatappa’s death.
The rebellion of Koppal is an important armed rebellion against the British. The region of Koppal was ruled by the Nizam of Hyderabad.
Veerappa was a zamindar who rebelled against the British and occupied Koppal and other forts in the vicinity.
The British captured back the fort of Koppal and Veerappa died fighting the British army.
Hulagali is a small village of Belgaum district and it was a part of the Mudhol principality.
The Bedas rebelled against the British when they were asked to surrender their firearms as the British banned the usage of weapons in 1857.
The British army entered Hulagali in order to suppress the rebellion. All the rebels were hanged till death.

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KSEEB Class 10 SSLC History Chapter 3 The Impact of British Rule in India Notes

November 21, 2024March 24, 2023 by Teja

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC History Chapter 3 The Impact of British Rule In India Lord Cornwallis Introduced The Administration Of Civil Services

The East India Company granted permission for private workers to trade by which its employees made money and became corrupt. To control this, the Government of England implemented Regulating Act in India.
In 1800, Lord Cornwallis opened Fort William College in Calcutta for the aspirants of the Civil Services.
Lord Cornwallis believed that all the natives of India were completely corrupt. So, only lower grade jobs were given to the Indians.
After the Battle of Buxar, Mughal Emperor Shah Alam handed over the Diwani Rights to the British. With this, Dual Administration, also called Dual Governance, became effective in Bengal region.
Under the Dual Administration System, the authority to collect land taxes, civil and judiciary were given to the Indian officials, while the British retained the authority of managing the revenue collected.
By implementing new judicial system in India, the British overtook the authority of Mughals and established their supremacy in India.
Warren Hastings who became the Governor in 1772 advised that a Dewani Adalat as a civil court and a Faujdari Adalat as a criminal court needed to be established in each district.
Civil courts were under the control of European officers and the criminal courts were under the control of the Qajis, who functioned under the supervision of European officers.
Lord Cornwallis implemented the Police System in India and created the post of Superintendent Police (SP). He divided every district into many ‘Stations’ and each station was put under a Kotwal. Every village was put under a Chowkidar.
The Police Law was implemented in 1861.
The British appointed the Indians for the military and an Indian could reach the rank of Subedar.
The Military system was redesigned on the recommendations of Peel in 1857.

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC History Chapter 3 The Impact Of British Rule In India Notes

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC History Chapter 3 The Impact of British Rule in India

Land Tax Policies- Permanent Zamindar System, Mahalwari System, Ryotwari System

The East India Company had to pay four lakh Pounds to the British Government for its control upon the Bengal province. To fulfill this commitment, the Company had to strengthen its financial position in a secure way.
Therefore, it implemented various new land policies.
Lord Cornwallis implemented a new land tax policy called the Permanent Zamindari System in Bengal and Bihar regions during 1793 to generate steady revenue for the company every year.
R. M. Bird and James Thomson implemented the Mahalwari System (Mahal means ‘taluk), under which the Company entered into an agreement at the level of ‘Mahals’ in context to payment of land tax in Uttar Pradesh, in many parts of Madhya Pradesh, Punjab and Delhi.
In 1792, Alexander Reed implemented the Ryotwari System, firstly in Baramahal region.
The Ryotwari System was later implemented in Madras and Mysore region by Thomas Monroe in 1801.
Impact of British Land Tax System:
A new class of Zamindars was created and it exploited the farmers.
The farmers became landless gradually due to this exploitation.
Land became a commodity and loans could be raised against its mortgage.
Many zamindars were also forced to mortgage their land to pay land taxes.
The agricultural sector became commercialized and crops were grown to fulfill the requirement of raw materialsneeded by the industries situated in England.
The money lenders attained a strong position

KSEEB Class 10 History Chapter 3 The Impact of British Rule in India notes

The Modern Education System: Lord Macaulay,Wood’s Commission (1854)

New changes took place in the Indian educational system during the British rule in the 18th century.
Warren Hastings facilitated the expansion of modern education in India. But it was Charles Grant who emphasized for the universalization of British education in India.
After William Benedict was appointed the Governor General of India, British education in India expanded significantly.
Macaulay was appointed as the member of Governor General’s Executive Committee and also as the Chairperson of the Committee on Education.
The report on education submitted by him became the basis of the modern education in India.
Governor General Lord Dalhousie established universities in various Indian cities on the recommendation of Charles Wood’s Commission.

Impact of British Education in India:

The Indians were able to develop modernity, secularism, democratic attitudes and rationality.
Local literature and languages received impetus.
Periodicals were available now. These checked the policies of the government and helped the Indians develop a critical attitude.
New social and religious reform movements started.
The thoughts of scholars such as Rousseau and Montesquieu brought renewed thinking among the Indian educated youth.
The freedom struggles taking place across the world influenced the Indians also.
Indians were able to understand and appreciate their rich and glorious tradition.

Impact of British Rule in India explained in KSEEB Class 10 History

Laws during British Rule- Regulating Law, Pitt’s India Law, Charter Laws

The British made efforts to create and implement different rules in the form of laws.
Corruption emerged after the implementation of Dewani Rights in 1765.
Edmond Burk, a member of the British Parliament, termed the tax payment received by the British Government from the East India Company as ‘Criminal Tax’. The Regulating Act was implemented in such circumstances in 1773.
Pitt’s India Act was implemented to rectify several inconsistencies in the Regulating Act of 1773 and to clearly outline the powers of the East India Company and the British Government.
The Board of Controllers which was constituted had the powers to direct and control the issues associated with land taxes, military and civil areas.
Major objective of the Charter Acts was to renew the license of the East India Company.
The Charter Act of 1813 licensed the East India Company to stay for further twenty years in India.
The Charter Act of 1833 aimed at improving the Indian situation and this act also licensed the East India Company to remain in India to another twenty years.
The Sepoy Mutiny took place in 1857 due to maladministration of the East India Company and anti-Indian acts.
As a result, the administration of India fell into the hands of the British crown. During this period, various Indian Government Acts were implemented.
The Indian Government Act of 1858 brought India under the direct administration of the Queen.
Along with the implementation of Indian Councils Act of 1861, the Indians were allowed to participate in the process of creating laws.
Indian Councils Act of 1892 further extended the participation of Indians in the legislative bodies.
Indian Councils Act of 1909, also known as ‘Minto-Morley Reformation Act’, was used to divide and rule India.
Indian Councils Act of 1919, also known as ‘Montague-Chelmsford Reformative Act’, was formulated by accepting the report of Lord Chelmsford and Lord Montague.
Indian Government Act of 1935 acted as a base for the formation of the Indian Constitution.
Though, the acts formed by the British served the purpose of their interest, yet they also included the aspirations of the Indians for self-governance.

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