Teja

KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 English Readers Chapter 5 Princess September Summary In English

A king had nine daughters. They were named after the months of the year. On his birthday he gave a parrot to each one of them. Unfortunately, Princess September’s parrot died. She felt really sad and cried all day long. No words could comfort her disappointed heart. While Princess tried to sleep that night, a little bird sang a sweet song and comforted her. This bird wasn’t very pleasant to look at, however, his voice was the most beautiful.

The King and the Queen were pleased to have this new guest in their palace. That bird started living with Princess September, and the other eight princesses felt jealous. They told September that she should put the bird in the cage otherwise he would not come back. Influenced by what other princesses said, Princess September caged the little bird by trick. The bird could not sing as his heart was not into it. He refused to eat food and became very weak.

He loved his freedom of flying around and exploring the beauty of nature. He told the Princess that he couldn’t sing inside the cage and that if he wouldn’t, he would certainly die. With a very heavy heart the princess let the bird free. The bird promised that he would keep coming back so she should keep the window open every time. He kept coming back and told her stories of far-off lands, and sang beautiful songs that he had learnt.

She became extremely beautiful because of the fresh air that entered her room. When she grew up she got married to the King of Cambodia and was taken to the far-off land on an elephant. On the other hand her sisters turned very ugly and had to be married to the King’s Councillors.

Class 8 English KSEEB Princess September Summary Princess September In Hindi

एक राजा के नौ बेटियाँ थीं। उनके नाम साल में महीनों के नाम पर रखे थे। अपने जन्म दिन पर उसने उन सबको एक-एक तोता दिया। दुर्भाग्य से राजकुमारी सैप्टैम्बर का तोता मर गया वह बहुत उदास हो गई और रोने लगी। उसके निराशा हृदय को किसी की भी बातों से सांत्वना नहीं मिली। जब रात को राजकुमारी सोने की कोशिश कर रही थी तो एक छोटे से पक्षी ने एक मधुर गाना गाया और उसे राहत पहुंचाई पक्षी बहुत सुंदर नहीं दिखता था परंतु उसकी आवाजबहुत मधुर थी। राजा और रानी उस नए मेहमान को अपने महल में देखकर बहुत खुश थे।

वह पक्षी उसके पास रहने लगा व आठ राजकुमारियों को इससे जलन हुई। उन्होंने राजकुमारी सैप्टैम्बर को उसे पिंजरे में डालने को कहा वरना वह वापिस नहीं आयेगा। उसने पक्षी को पिंजरे में डाल दिया जिससे वह बेहद नाखुश था । पक्षी का मन अब गाने में नहीं लगता था।

पक्षी ने खाना छोड़ दिया और बहुत कमजोर हो गया। वह अपनी आजादी चाहता था और प्रकृति का आनंद लेना चाहता था। एक सुबह राजकुमारी ने पक्षी को पिंजरे में लेटे देखा। वह डर गई कि कहीं पक्षी मर तो नहीं गया है। पक्षी ने उसे बताया कि वह पिंजरे में गा नहीं सकता और शीघ्र ही मर जायेगा। राजकुमारी ने दुःखी मन से उसे आजादी दे दी। पक्षी ने वायदा किया कि वह वापिस आता रहेगा। इसलिए वह अपनी खिड़की खुली रखे। वह वापिस आता रहा और उसे दूर जगहों की बातें सुनाता और अपने सीखे हुए सुंदर गीत सुनाता था। वह बहुत ही सुन्दर हो गई क्योंकि उसे ताजा हवा मिलती थी। जब वह बड़ी हुई तो उसकी शादी कम्बोडिया के राजा से हुई और उसे हाथी पर दूरदेश ले जाया गया। इसके विपरीत उसकी बहनें बहुत ही कुरूप थीं और उनकी शादी राजा के सलाहकारों से की गई।

Princess September  Text Book Exercises Comprehension Check 1

Question 1,How many daughters did the royal couple have?

Answer. The King and the Queen had nine daughters.

Question 2.Why were they (daughters of the royal couple) named after the months of the year?

Answer. . The King and the Queen had so many daughters that it confused the queen to remember their names. So the King named them after the months of the year.

Question 3.The King had a peculiar habit. What was it? Why is it called peculiar?

Answer. . The King had a peculiar habit. Instead of receiving presents on his birthday he gave them out. It is called strange because people receive and not give out presents on their birthday.

Question 4.

(1)What was Princess September’s reaction to the loss of her parrot?
(2)What was her mother’s reaction to it?
(3) What do the reactions indicate about the nature and temperament o each?

Answer. .

1. She cried bitterly and refused to eat. Her maids felt helpless in stopping her tears.
2. Her mother got irritated. She ordered to put her into bed without her supper.
3. The little Princess was loving and affectionate. She easily got attached to everbody. On the other hand the Queen lost her temper easily and was not that emotional. She wanted to handle her daughter firmly.

Question 5.  What pulled the Princess out of her gloom?

Answer.The Princess was crying in her bed. A little bird hopped in and sang a beautiful song. It lifted the Princess’s spirits.

Question 6. How did the Maids of Honour come to know that the Princess and the bird had become intimate friends?

Answer. . The Maids of Honour realised that the Princess and the bird had become very close friends when they heard the little bird singing beautiful songs for the Princess and saw him eating out of her hands They had never heard such melodious songs before and never seen such an affection.

Question 7. The new bird was full of new songs but the old parrots always repeated themselves. What did they say?

Answer. . The parrots repeatedly said “God Save the king.” Some of them said, “Pretty Polly” in seven different languages.

Question 8. What is the King’s opinion about his councillors? Why did he form that opinion?

Answer. . The king declared that his councillors said the same thing in seven different ways and whatever they said did not mean anything. He formed this opinion probably because they could not take strong decisions.

Question 9.

1. The eight princesses made an offer to Princess September. What was it?
   
2. Why, in your view, did they do it?

 Answer:

1. The eight Princesses informed Princess September that they had put their pocket money together. so they could buy a lovely green and yellow parrot for her.
2. They did so because everybody admired the little bird of September very much. The bird could sing many melodious songs. On the other hand their parrots could say just a few sentences. So they were jealous of Princess September. They thought that this action of theirs would at least rid them of September’s bird

Question 10.  What did the sisters advise the Princess to do about her bird?

Answer. . The sisters advised the Princess that if the little bird was really her pet bird she should put that bird into the cage. They told her if she let him roam around freely, he might not come back.

KSEEB Class 8 English Reader solutions for Princess September 

Princess September Comprehension Check 2

Question 1. In the following sentence elaborate the parts given in bold. Under the circumstances it was a very unfortunate remark for the little bird to make.

Answer. Princess September was already doubtful about the return of the bird. The bird explained the delay. He told her that his father-in-law was giving a party in the evening. He was very likely to spend the night there. This remark proved fatal for the bird. The Princess made up her mind to put the little bird in the cage.

1. What did Princess September do to ensure the safety of her pet?
2. How did the bird react to it?

Answer.

1. The princess put the little bird in a cage to ensure its safety.
2. The bird did not like it. He cried out loudly for the door to be opened. He refused to eat and sing.

3. Why did the bird refuse to be taken out in his cage?

Answer. The bird refused to be taken out in a cage because through the bars of the cage the fields, trees and lake did not appear the same as they did when he flew freely in the sky

Question 4.

(1) What persuaded Princess September to give the bird his freedom again?
(2) How did the bird react to it?

Answer.
(1) Princess September loved her little bird a lot and could not see it dying gradually. She wanted the bird to be happy and sing lovely songs. So she gave the little bird his freedom back.
(2) The bird was happy to get his freedom back. He promised the Princess that he would always come back as he loved her .Princess September kept her window open day and night.

Question 5 .Princess September kept the window open day and night.

1. How did it help the bird?
2. How did it help the Princess herself?
   

Answer.

1. The bird could come and go whenever he felt like.
2. Fresh air made the Princess extremely beautiful.

Question 6.The eight sisters kept their windows shut. How did it affect them?

Answer. As they were never in fresh air, the sisters became extremely ugly.

Princess September Exercise

Discuss the following question in small groups. Write their answers later.

Question 1.Are the sisters unkind and cruel? Find evidence in the text to support your idea.

Answer. Yes, the sisters are unkind and cruel. They tricked Princess September into caging the little bird because they wanted it to die. They also planned different ways of getting rid of the little bird as they were extremely jealous.

Question 2.Which, to you, is the most important idea in this story, and why?

1. importance of music
2. value of freedom
3. beauty of nature

Answer. Value of freedom is the most important idea in this story. The little bird in the story valued freedom above everything else and once he was given that, everything turned right.

Princess September Class 8 KSEEB Questions And Answers 

Princess September Additional Question Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.What did Princess September receive as a gift on her father’s birthday?

Answer. Princess September received a green parrot in a golden cage.

Question 2.What happened to the parrot of Princess September?

Answer. Princess September’s parrot died.

Question 3.What did the little bird yearn for?

Answer. The little bird yearned for freedom.

Question 4.Who was the youngest of the nine princesses?

Answer. Princess September was the youngest of the nine princesses.

Princess September Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.How did Princess September treat the little singing bird?

Answer. Princess September loved the bird very much. She fed and bathed him by herself. She did everything she could possibly do to keep the bird happy.

Question 2. In what way was September’s bird different from the parrots of her sisters? How did September enjoy playing with it?

Answer. September’s bird had a special ability. He sang beautiful songs all the time unlike the parrots who just repeated the few words they were taught. Princess September played joyfully with him, running through all the rooms of the palace, singing like a lark. And the little bird flew round and round her, singing like a nightingale.

Princess September Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.What made Princess september feel unhappy when her bird was on a visit to his father-in-law? What gave solace to her disturbed mind?

Answer . September’s bird had been away for a long time. This created fears in her mind and made her feel uneasy. She thought something wrong might have happened to the bird. Besides, she developed a fear that the bird might forget her. Suddenly, she heard a sweet tweet of her bird just behind her ear. She saw the little bird sitting on her shoulder. It gave a big solace to her mind. She was over joyed to get her bird again.

Question 2. It was the freedom of the little bird that prepared the ground for Princess September to grow up to be very beautiful and marry a king. How did all this happen?

Answer. The Princess had put the bird into a cage, but the bird wanted freedom. He could not sing in sadness. He told the Princess that he couldn’t sing in the cage and would soon die. The Princess gave him his freedom. The bird promised that he would keep coming back so she should keep the window open always. She did so for the bird to come in freely. The routine fresh air coming through the window made her extremely beautiful. When she grew up, she was married to the King of Cambodia. On the other hand her sisters turned very ugly and unfriendly and had to be married to the King’s councillors.

KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 English Karnataka State Syllabus

• Chapter 1 The Best Christmas Present in the World
• Chapter 2 The Tsunami
• Chapter 3 Glimpses of the past
• Chapter 4 Bepin Choudhury’s Lapse Of Memory
• Chapter 5 The Summit Within
• Chapter 6 This Is Jody’s Fawn
• Chapter 7 A Visit to Cambridge
• Chapter 8 A Short Monsoon Diary
• Chapter 9 The Great Stone Face 1
• Chapter 9 The Comet-1
• Chapter 10 The Comet-2

KSEEB Class 8 English Supplementary Readers contains Textbook Readers and Supplementary Readers of all chapters are part of Revision Notes for grade 8 English. Here we have given notes Class VIII.

• Chapter 1 How The Camel Got His Hump
• Chapter 2 Children at Work
• Chapter 3 The Selfish Giant
• Chapter 4 The Treasure Within
• Chapter -5 Princess September
• Chapter 6 The Fight
• Chapter 7 The Open Window
• Chapter 8 Jalebis
• Chapter 9 The Comet-1
• Chapter 10 The Comet-2

KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Civics Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Text Book Questions

In a town called Peace Land, the supporters of the Fiesta football team learn that the supporters of the Jubilee football team in the nearby city about 40 km away have damaged the ground on which the Final between both teams is to be held the following day. A crowd of Fiesta fans armed with deadly weapons attacks the homes of the supporters of the Jubilee football team in the town. In the attack, 10 men are killed, 5 women are gravely hurt, many homes are destroyed and over 50 people injured?

Imagine that you and your classmates are now part of the criminal justice system. First divide the class into the following four groups of persons.

(1) Police
(2) Public Prosecutor
(3) Defence Lawyer
(4) Judge

The column on the right provides a list of functions. Match these with the roles that are listed on the left. Have each group pick the functions that it needs to perform to bring justice to those who were affected by the violence of the Fiesta fans. In what order, will these functions be performed.

Class 8 Civics KSEEB Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Notes 

Now take the same situation, but ask one student who is a supporter of the Fiesta Club to perform all the functions listed above. Do you think the victims would get justice if only one person performed all of the functions of the criminal justice system? Why not? State two reasons why you believe that different persons need to play different roles as part of the criminal justice system.

Answer. Police, Public Prosecutor, Defence Laywer and Judge will perform their functions in the following order

Police:

1. Arrest the Fiesta Fans
2. Take photographs of burnt homes
3. Get the assaulted women medically examined

Public Prosecutor:

1. Examine the witnesses in Court defence Lawyers:
2. Meet the accused persons
3. Cross examine the witnesses
4. Argue the case for the victim

Judge:

1. Conduct a fair trial
2. Record the statement of witnesses
3. Record the evidence
4. Pass the judgement
5. Decide for how many years the accused will be put in Jail
6. Write the judgementFor a fair trial and to do justice, it is essential that all the four types of functions should be performed by four different persons. If all the four functions are performed by one person, then the victim would not get justice. For delivering justice, al the four types of functions of Criminal Justice should be performed by four different persons.

Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Text Questions

Question 1. Why do you think there is a rule that confessions made during police custody cannot be used as evidence against the accused?

Answer Confessions made during police custody cannot be used as evidence against the accused because the accused could have confessed under pressure or tortured at the time of arrest by the police.

Question 2. What did the judge say in Shanti’s case after hearing the testimony of all the witnesses?

Answer After hearing the testimony of all the witnesses, the Judge gave the judgement and declared Shanti not guilty.

KSEEB Class 8 Civics Solutions For Understanding Our Criminal Justice System 

Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Who are the key players in the Criminal Justice system?

Answer
(1) Police
(2) Public Prosecutor
(3) Defence Laywer
(4) Judge.

Question 2. If a person is unable to appoint a lawyer due to poverty, then who provides for a lawyer?

Answer Under Article 39 A of the Indian Constitution, the state is responsible for providing a lawyer to every citizen who is unable to appoint the sane due to poverty.

Question 3. Write the full form of FIR and who records it?

Answer Full form of FIR is First Information Report. The power and responsibility to record an FIR rests with the Police.

Question 4. Who decides whether the arrested person s guilty or not?

Answer Court of law decides whether the arrested person is guilty or not

Question 5. In the court, who represents the case on behalf of the state?

Answer A Public Prosecutor conducts the prosecutions on behalf of the state.

Question 6. Which Article of the Indian Constitution gives every person a Fundamental Right to be defended by a lawyer?

Answer Every person has a Fundamental Right to be defended by a lawyer under- Article 22 of the Indian Constitution.

Question 7. If a person is arrested as accused then who grants him bail? Answer The court grants bail to the accused.

Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What do you understand by the terms fair trial?

Answer According to the Indian Constitution, a fair trial is to be provided to any person charged with a crime. It is the duty of the Judge to ensure fair trial. In simple words, a fair trial means that a person charged of crime should be given full opportunity to prove his/her innocence. A far trial ensures that Article 21 of the Constitution is upheld.

Question 2 What is the role of the Judge?

Answer The Judge is the most important key player in the system of Justice. Fair trial is the basic principle of impartial justice. It is the duty and responsibility of the Judge to conduct a fair trial and to do justice impartially. The Judge hears all the witnesses and records their evidence. On the basis of evidence, the Judge decides whether the accused is guilt)’ or innocent. If the accused is found guilty then Judge announces the sentence in accordance with the provision of law.

Question 3 What do you understand by Criminal Courts?    

Answer  Criminal Courts are those courts that deal with criminal cases. At the apex of the hierarchy of criminal courts stands the courts of session Judge. The Session Court is the highest criminal court j in the district The Session Judge can try criminal cases involving murder and other serious offences i only committed to it by a First class magistrate.

Question 4 What is the role of the Public Prosecutor?

Answer  Public Prosecutor is another key player in the criminal justice system. A criminal offence is regarded as a public wrong as it is not only committed against a particular individual, but against the whole society i.e. against the state. Public Prosecutor is a lawyer who represents the state in criminal cases. When Police files a case in the court, the role of Public Prosecutor begins. He conducts the prosecution on behalf of the state. He presents complete facts and evidence regarding the case impartially. The Public Prosecutor should perform his duties honestly and sincerely.

Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Class 8 KSEEB Questions And Answers 

Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Explain briefly the essential elements of a fair trial.

Answer Following are the essential elements of a fair trial:

1. The trial should be held in an open court Public should be allowed to be present in the court
2. The trial should be held in the presence of the accused.
3. The accused should be defended by a defence lawyer.
4. if accused is poor, then a defence lawyer should be provided by the court at the government’s expense.
5. The Defence lawyer should be given full opportunity to cross-examine all the prosecution witnesses.
6. The accused should be considered innocent till it is proved beyond any reasonable doubt that if accused is guilty.

Question2. How is personal liberty protected under the Constitution?

Or What are the Fundamental Rights which are guaranteed to every individual under Article 22 of the Indian Constitution?

Answer Articles 20-22 aim at protecting the individual’s life and personal liberty.

1. Article 20 lays down that no person shall se convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the Act charged as offence.
2. No person shall be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offence.
3. Article 21 provides that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law.
4.  No person can be arrested in any arbitrary manner, nor can he be detained for an indefinite period. Art. 22 provides that whenever a person has been detained, he must be informed, as soon as may be, of the grounds for such an arrest. Secondly, the detained person shall have the right to consult and be defended by a lawyer of his own choice. Thirdly, he must be produced before the nearest magistrate within a period of 24 hours of such an arrest.
5.  Confessions made in police custody cannot be used as evidence against the accused.

Question 3. Explain the specific requirements and procedures that the police and other agencies have to

follow for the arrest, detention and interrogation of any person.

Answer Specific requirements and procedures have been laid down by the Supreme Court of India that are required to be followed by the police and other agencies for the arrest, detention and interrogation of any person. These guidelines are known as D.K. Basu guidelines. Main guidelines are as follows:

1. The police officer arresting or investigating should wear proper dress, name tags with their designations.
2. When arresting an individual, a proper memo has to be prepared which should also clearly mention the t me and date of arrest. One family member of the person arrested should sign the Memo as witness. Moreover, the person arrested should sign the memo as Counter signed.
   
3. The arrested person has a right to inform his friend or relative about his arrest.
   
4. When the family members are living outside the district then police must notify the arrest within 8 to 12 hours after the arrest.

Explanation Of Criminal Justice System In KSEEB Civics 

Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Hots Corner

Question 1 . Explain briefly the role of the police in investigating a crime.

Answer The most important function of police is to investigate any complaint about the violation of law or crime. When any crime is committed, it becomes the duty of the police of that area to investigate the matter. An investigation includes recording of statements of the witnesses and collecting other related evidences connected with the crime. After investigation, if the police finds that the accused had committed the said crime, then a charge sheet is filed in the court But the police investigation must be conducted in accordance with the law and with full respect for human rights.

Question 2. What are the main functions of the police?

Answer

1. To maintain law and order in its area. To prevent the crimes in its area.
2. To register cases of theft, rape, murder, accident, etc.
   
3. To investigate and take action on the cases within its own area.

Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1 A person who is tried by a court for a crime is called:

(a) Innocent
(b) Accused
(c) Criminal
(d) Witness

Answer (b) Accused

Question 2. Judge decides the case only on the basis of:

(a) Evidence
(b) Money
(c) Force
(d) Favour

Answer (a) Evidence

Question 3. Who decide whether the accused is innocent or guilty?

(a) Judge
(b) Police official
(c) Lawyer
(d) Public Prosecutor

Answer (a) Judge

KSEEB Class 8 Civics Chapter 6 Important Questions 

Question 4. Who registeres a F.I.R.?

(a) Police
(b) Judge
(c) Patwari
(d) Sarpanch

Answer (a) Police

Question 5. F.I.R. means:

(a) First Information Review
(b) First Information Report
(c) Firstly Informed Right
(d) All of these

Answer (b) First Information Report

Question 6 If a person is arrested, then who grants bail to the accused?

(a) Police
(b) Court
(c) Patwari
(d) Sarpanch

Answer (b) Court

Understanding Our Criminal Justice System Fill in the Blanks

Fill the blanks with appropriate terms in the following sentences:

1. A criminal offence is regarded as a_wrong.
2. The complaint has a legal right to get a free copy of the
3. Police investigations always have to be conducted in accordance with
4. ——–Of the Constitution guarantees to every arrested person some Fundamental Rights.
5. ——-has to investigate any complaint about the commission of a crime.

Answer

1.  Public
2. F-I-R-
3. Law
4. Article 22
5. Police

KSEEB SSLC Class 9 Biology Notes Karnataka State Syllabus

• Chapter 1 The Fundamental Unit Of Life Notes
• Chapter 2 Tissues Notes
• Chapter 3 Diversity in Living Organisms Notes
• Chapter 4 Why Do We Fall ill Notes
• Chapter 5 Natural Resources Notes
• Chapter 6 Improvement In Food Resources Notes

KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Civics Chapter 4 Understanding Laws Textbook Questions

Question 1. Write in your own words what you understand by the term the ‘rule of law’. In your response, include a fictitious or real example of a violation of the rule of law.

Answer.

•  The Rule of law means that law is supreme and not the arbitrary will of any individual. Nobody is above the law. As long as an individual obeys law and does not violate it, he cannot be punished.
• The Rule of law also means that everybody is equal before the law. All individuals are equal in the eyes of the law. No person is exempted from the jurisdiction of law.
• Rich-poor, educated and illiterate, powerful and weak, all are equal before the law. Any person who violates the law is punished according to the law. R.K. Sharma, I.G. Haryana was involved in a murder case and he was punished by the court.

Question2 State two reasons why historians refute the claim that the British introduced the rule of law in India.

Answer   

• The Rule of law is the distinctive feature of the Indian Constitution. Generally, it is believed that it was the British government that introduced the rule of law- in India. But it is not true. Historians have rejected this claim on several grounds.
• Firstly, British Colonial rule was arbitrary. British officials exercised their powers arbitrarily and they were not held responsible under the law. Sedtion Act of 1870 was a part of the British law.
• Secondly, Indian nationalists played a very important role in the development of the rule of law during the British government. The Indian nationalists strongly criticised the arbitrary use of authority by the British officials. Moreover, they demanded equality with the Britishers.
• By the end of the 19th century many Indians entered legal profession and they demanded respect for the rule of law and justice

Question3. Re-read the storyboard on how a new law on domestic violence got passed. Describe in your own words the different ways in which women’s groups worked to make this happen.

Answer.

• Domestic violence is a serious problem and it affects the rights and dignity of women. Women are generally beaten up by their husbands, by their fathers and even brothers and sons.
•  Women are illtreated by their sons and daughter-in-law. Women’s organisation were demanding protection against being beaten, the right to continue living in a shared household and often temporary relief.
• In 1999 Lawyers Collective, a group of lawyers, law students and activists, after nation-wide consultations took the lead in drafting the Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection) Bill. Ultimately the Bill was introduced in the Parliament in 2002.
• But this bill was opposed by the women’s organisation because the Bill was not effective to check domestic violence. The Bill was sent to the Parliamentary Standing Committee. Several women’s organisations such as National Commission for Women made submission to the Parliamentary Standing Committee.
•  It submitted its recommendations to the Parliament. The committee’s repots accepted most of the demands of the women’s groups. A new bill was introduced in Parliament in 2005. The Bill was passed by the Parliament and after the assent of the President, it became an act. The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act came into effect in 2006.

Question4. Write in your own words, what you understand by the following sentence on pages 44-45. They also began fighting for greater equality and wanted to change the idea of law from a set of rules that they were forced to obey, to law as including ideas of justice.

Answer.

•  No doubt the Rule of Law was a unique feature of British Constitution. But in India during the British rule, colonial rule was arbitrary and there was no equality before law.
• During the end of the 19th century, Indian Nationalists started the protest against the arbitrariness of British officials and demanded supremacy of law.
• They demanded that Indians should be treated equal with the Britishers and same law should be applied to both. They demanded not only equality’ but justice also. Indian lawyers started using law to defend the legal rights to the India

Class 8 Civics KSEEB Understanding Laws Notes 

Understanding Laws  Text Questions

Question1. State one reason why you think the Sedition Act of 1870 was arbitrary? In what ways does the Sedition Act of 1870 contradict the rule of law?

Answer The Sedition Act 1870 was arbitrary as the Rowlatt Act allowed the British government to imprison people without due trial. Indian nationalists including Mahatma Gandhi were vehement in their opposition to the Rowlatt bills. Despite the large number of protests, the Rowlatt Act came into effect on 10 March 1919.

Question2. (a) What do you understand by ‘domestic violence’? List the two rights that the new law helped achieve for women who are survivors of violence.

Answer   (a) Domestic violence refers to the injury or harm or threat of injure or harm caused by an adult male, usually the husband, against his wife. Injury may be caused by physically- beating up the woman or economically abusing her. The abuse of the woman can also include verbal, sexual and economical abuse.

Two rights that the new law helped achieve for women are:

(1)The right of woman to live in a shared household.

(2)Women can get monetary relief to meet their expenses, including medical costs.

Question3. Read the newspapers/watch news on TV for a week and find out if there are any unpopular laws that people in India or around the world are currently protesting.

Answer.  In 2008, the Supreme Court declared certain residential as well as commercial areas of Delhi unauthorised. The government officials started the work of sealing and demolishing unauthorised buildings. There were protests, Dharnas and rallies against the Delhi administration.

Understanding Laws Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question1. What is Rule of Law?

Answer. Rule of Law means law is supreme and not the arbitrary will of any individual.

Question 2. Who introduced the Rule of Law in India?

Answer. The Indian Constitution introduced the Rule of Law in India.

Question 3. Write one exception to Rule of law.

Answer. Foreign rulers and ambassadors are not subject to the jurisdiction of the law of India.

Question4. Who is the law making body in India?

Answer. Parliament is the law making body in India.

Question5. When the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act came into effect?

Answer. This Act came into effect in 2006.

Question 6. What do you know about Hindu Succession Amendment Act, 2005?

Answer. According to Hindu Succession Amendment Act 2005, sons, daughters and their mothers are entitled to equal share of family property.

Question7. What do you understand by the Civil Rights Act, 1964 (U.S.A.)?

Answer. This Act prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, religion or national origin in USA.

Question 8. List the three forms of protest that you see in your life.

Answer.

1. Hunger strike (Fast)
2. Dhama or Ralley
3. Jail Bharo Andolon.

KSEEB Class 8 Civics Solutions For Understanding Laws 

Understanding Laws  Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What should be done by citizens if laws are unpopular and controversial?

Answer.

• The Parliament is the law-making body in India. But the citizens must oppose such laws which are unpopular and controversial. In India, citizens are free to oppose repressive laws, which are framed by the Parliament People should protest against those laws that are not in the interests of the citizens.
• For example, women’s organisation and groups opposed the Domestic Violence Bill, 2002 because this bill did not have those clauses that the women’s organisation were suggesting. Ultimately new bill was introduced in 2005 and passed by the Parliament.
•  Thus, when there is opposition to a wrong and unpopular law, there is pressure on the Parliament to change that law. Indian Nationalists criticised the repressive and arbitrary laws, which were started by the British.

Question2. What do you understand by Equality before Law?

Answer.

• Equality before law means that everyone is equal before law and no person is exempt from the jurisdiction of law.
•  It means equal subjection of all classes to ordinary law of the land as enforced by the ordinary courts of law. Rich and poor, educated and illiterate, powerful and weak all are equal before law.
• In India, the law cannot discriminate between persons on the basis of their caste, religion, gender, class, ideology, etc.

Understanding Laws  Long Answer Type Questions

Question1. Explain briefly the exceptions of Rule of Law in India.

Answer. There are certain exceptions of the Rule of Law. Today, all persons are not equal in the eyes of law and legal procedure is not the same for all. Following are the exceptions to the rule of law.

(1)Foreign Rulers and Ambassadors are not subject to the jurisdiction of the law of India.

(2)No criminal case can be started against the President and the Governor of the state.

(3)Judges of all courts are exempted from all legal proceedings on the basis of their judicial actions.

(4)Ministers and Members of Parliament and State Legislatures enjoy certain privileges and immunities, which are not enjoyed by ordinary citizens.

(5)Government Officials enjoy special protection under the law.

(6)Special privileges for scheduled caste and scheduled tribes.

(7)The Constitution provides special protection to women and children.

Question2. Explain briefly those provisions of the Indian Constitution that established the Rule of Law in India.

Answer. Rule of Law is a salient feature of the Constitution of India. It is inherent in several provisions of the Constitution.

(1) Preamble: The objectives of the Preamble is Liberty, Equality, Fraternity and Justice. The spirit behind these objectives is Rule of Law.

(2) Right to Equality: Right to Equality is the basis of democracy and rule of law. The Constitution of India.

(3)Equality before Law: All citizens are equal before the law and nobody is above the law of the land.

(4)Equal Protection of Law: The Constitution provides equal protection of law.

(5)Abolition of Untouchability: Untouchabilty is abolished under the Constitution.

(6)The state shall ensure equality before the law of ever)’ one and there should be equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.

Understanding Laws Class 8 KSEEB Questions And Answers 

Understanding Laws  Hots Corner

Question  State two reasons why historians refute the claim that the British introduced the rule of law in India.

Answer.

• Rule of law is the distinctive feature of the Indian Constitution. Generally, it is believed that it was the British government that introduced the rule of law in India. But it is not true. Historians have rejected this claim on several grounds.
• Firstly, British Colonial rule was arbitrary. British officials exercised their powers arbitrarily and they were not held responsible under the law. Section Act of 1870 was a part of the
• British law. Secondly, Indian nationalists played a very important role in the development of rule of law during the British government.
• Indian nationalists strongly criticised the arbitrary use of authority by the Brit sh officials. Moreover, they demanded equality with the Britishers. By the end of the 19th century, many Indians entered legal profession and demanded respect for the rule of law’ and justice.

Understanding Laws  Miscellaneous Questions Multiple Choice Questions

Tick the correct option from the choices provided:

Question 1. Hindu Succession Amendment Act was passed in:

(a) 1960
(b) 2005
(c)1980
(d)2007
Answer  (b) 2005

Question 2. Rule of Law means.

(a) Law is Supreme
(b) Everybody is equal before the law
(c) Absence of arbitrary power
(d) All the above

Answer. (d) All the above

Explanation Of Understanding Laws in KSEEB Civics 

Question 3. Which of the following is an example of British arbitrariness?

(a) Sedition Act of 1870
(b) Arms Act
(c) Rowlatt Act
(d) All the above

Answer. (d) All the above

Question 4. In which year Domestic Violence Act was passed?

(b) 2008
(a) 2004
(c) 2007
(d) 2005

Answer. (d) 2005

Understanding Laws  Picture Interpretation

Look at the following picture and answer the questions that follow:

1. Identify the lady shown in the picture.

Answer Rosa Parks

2. Describe the incident which involved her.

Answer Rosa Parks was an African-American woman, refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man on I December 1955.

3. What was the impact of this incident?

Answer Rosa Park’s refusal was a key event that marked the start of the Civil Rights Movement, which led to the Civil Rights Act in 1964, which prohibited discrimination on the basis of race, religion or national origin in the USA.

KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Civics Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism Textbook Questions

Question 1. Will the government intervene if some religious group says that their religion allows them to practice infanticide? Give reasons for your answer.

Answer

• In India, freedom of religion is given to all citizens. The Government of India as well as state governments do not interfere in the religious matter of any community.
  
• But the government has a right to intervene if some religious group says that their religion allows them to practice infanticide.
• No person or community ran  given right to practice infanticide in the name of religion. In India.it is legally banned.

 Question 2. Complete the following table

Question 3 . Look up the annual calendar of holidays of your school. How many of them pertain to different religions? What does this indicate?

Answer

• In my school there are about 15 holidays. Main holidays of different religions are as follows:
• Hindu Religion: Deepawali, Dussehra, Maha Shivratri, Janmashtami, Holi, Makar Sakranti, Baisakhi. Raksha Bandhan. Islam Religion: Id, Bakra Eid, Muharram.
• Sikh Religion: Guru Nanak Devji, Guru Teg Bahadur, Guru Gobind Singh and all Guru’s Birthday. Christian: Christmas, Good Friday.
• Besides the above stated festivals, there are several other religious festivals celebrated in India, the school holidays of which may vary in different regions.
• Different religious holidays indicate that India is a Secular State and all religions are equally respected.

Question 4. Find out some examples of different views within the same religion.

Answer

• India is a country of vast diversity. People of different religions live together in India. Indian Constitution gives freedom of religion of all persons residing in India.
• All persons are equally entitled to freedom to conscience and the right to profess, practice and propagate religion.
• Even within the same religion, people have a right to express their views. For example, in Hinduism some Hindus believe and practice idol worshiping, while there are many Hindus (Arya Samaj) who are against idol worship.

Class 8 Civics KSEEB Understanding Secularism Notes 

Question 5. The Indian State both keeps away from religion as well as intervenes in religion. This idea can be quite confusing. Discuss this once again in class using examples from the chapter as well as those that you might have come up with.

Answer

•  Indian Constitution has adopted secularism. In its Preamble, India have declared a Secular State. The Indian state both keeps away from religion as well as intervenes in religion. There is no official religion of the state.
• The state is separate from the religion. Right to freedom of religion has been guaranteed to all persons residing in India.
• But Article 25 permits the state to regulate economic, financial, political or other secular activities which may be associated with religious practice.
• The state may also provide for social welfare and reform as the throwing open of Hindu religious institutions of a public character to all classes and sections of Hindus. The Sikhs have been allowed to wear and carry Kirp.
• The Constitution has abolished untouchability and its practice in any form is forbidden. Moreover, religious freedom can be enjoyed subject to public order, morality and health.

Question 6. This poster alongside highlights the need for ‘Peace’. It says, “Peace is a never-ending process…. It cannot ignore our differences or overlook our common interests.” Write in your own words what you think the above sentences are trying to convey? How does it relate to the need for religious tolerance?

Answer

Peace is very essential for the progress of humanity. War means destruction. In fact, desire for peace is as old as humanity. That is why a peace is a continued process. Peace cannot ignore our differences or overlook our common interests. Religious tolerance is very essential for maintaining social harmony and peace.

Understanding Secularism Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Do you think that India is a Secular State? If yes, give two evidences which suggest that India is a Secular State.

Answer Yes, India is a Secular State. The term ‘Secular’ has been incorporated in the Preamble by the 42nd amendment of the Constitution. There is no state religion in India.

Question 2. What is the essence of secularism?

Answer The essence of secularism is that no one should be discriminated against on the grounds of their religious practices and beliefs. All forms of domination related to religion should end.

Question 3. Which religion is the official religion of India?

Answer India has no official religion.

Question 4. Write two sentences on why is it important that government schools do not promote any one religion?

Answer Government schools should not promote any one religion because students belong to different religions. If one religion is promoted then students of other religions will feel inferior.

KSEEB Class 8 Civics Solutions For Understanding Secularism 

Understanding Secularism Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What is Secularism?

Answer

The dictionary meaning of Secularism is ‘Indifference of rejection or exclusion of religion and religious considerations.’ Secularism rejects religion completely. It rather supports anti-religious feelings. Secularism implies a way of life and conduct guided purely by materialistic considerations. It holds that materialism alone benefits mankind while religious feelings retard it But in its modem meaning. Secularism means freedom of religion and non-interference policy of State in religious activity.

Question 2. What is the meaning of the word Secular?

Answer

According to Oxford Advanced Learner’s dictionary, the meaning of the word Secular is ‘Worldly or material, not religious or spiritual.

Encyclopedia Britainnica says ‘Secular’ means “having no concern with religions or spiritual matters, anything which is distinct, opposed to or not connected with religion or ecclesiastical things, temporal as opposed to spiritual or ecclesiastical.”

Question 3. Why it is important to separate the religion from the state in democratic societies?

Answer

•  In order to protect the fundamental rights and to safeguard the minorities from the tyranny of majority, religion should be separated from the state.
• It is important to separate religion from the state, so that the freedom of the individuals can be protected. The people have the freedom to follow any religion.
• The separation between religion and state s important to prevent the domination of one religion over another. It is important to oppose the various types of domination that can happen within a religion.

Question 4. Mention two features of Indian Secular State.

Answer

•  There is no State religion in India. No religion has been given special rights and no religion has been given any special help by the State.
• The Constitution grants religious freedom to all the people. Every individual can have faith in any religion.

Question 5. Write down the meaning of ‘Secular’ mentioned in the Preamble of Indian Constitution

Answer

• By inserting the word ‘Secular’ in the Preamble of the Constitution by 42nd amendment, India is declared a secular state.
  
• Such a system is adopted in the Constitution that India is made secular state without any doubt. Right to freedom of religion has been granted to all persons residing in India.
  
• All persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right to profess, practice and propagate religion. State has no religion of its own.

Question 6. Write two definitions of ‘Secular State’.

Answer

• According to Donald E. Smith, ‘The Secular State is a State that guarantees individual and corporate freedom of religion; deals with the individual as a citizen irrespective of his religion, nor does it seek either to promote or interfere with religion.”
• According to Venkataraman, ‘The State as such is neither religious, nor anti-religious but wholly detached from religious dogmas and activities and is thus neutral in religion.”

Understanding Secularism Class 8 KSEEB Questions And Answers 

Question 7. What is the meaning of Secularism in India?

Answer

• In India, Secularism does not mean the indifference of the State towards religion, rather it means giving respect to all religions by the State.
  
• Dr. B.R. Ambedkar said in the Constituent Assembly, “Secularism does not mean that we shall not take into consideration the religious sentiments of the people.
  
• All that what a Secular State means is that Parliament shall not be competent to impose any particular religion on the rest of the people.”

Understanding Secularism Long Answer Type Questions    

Question 1. Mention the main characteristics of Secularism.

 Answer The main features of Secularism are:

• No State Religion: In a Secular State, there is no State religion. In India, there is no religion of the State.
• Freedom of Religion: In a Secular State, there is freedom of religion. All citizens enjoy equal freedom of religion.
• Equal Respect for all Religions: In a Secular State, all religions are equally respected. All religions are treated alike.No Discrimination on the Basis of Religion: In a Secular State, no discrimination can be made on the basis of religion.

Question 2. “India is a Secular State.” Explain.

Answer

• India is a Secular State. By inserting the word ‘Secular’ in the Preamble of the Constitution by 42nd Amendment, India is declared a Secular State. Following are the features of India, as a Secular State:
• No State Religion: There is no State religion in India, that means that no religion has been attached importance by the State. No religion has been given special rights and no religion has been given any special help by the State.The State does not propagate any religion in any way. The state policy cannot be based on any religion.
• State Remains Aloof from Religion: The State has no religion of its own and it has kept itself aloof from all the religious activities. The State is neither religious, nor irrelgious and nor antireligious. It means that the State itself does riot take interest in any religion.
• All Religions are Equal: All religions are equal in the eyes of the State. No religion enjoys special rights. Nobody is discriminated or the basis of religion. The people of all the religions enjoy equal rights.
• Freedom of Religion: The Constitution grants religious freedom to all the people. Ever/ individual can keep faith any religion, he follows his religious customs, traditions and other principles. Each individual can very freely worship his religious gods. The government cannot in any way interfere in the religious affairs of the people.
• No Religious Education in Government Educational Institutions: Article 28 provides that no religious education shall be provided in any educational institution wholly or partly maintained by the state.

Explanation of Understanding Secularism in KSEEB Civics 

Question 3. Write down the criticism of Indian Secularism.

Answer.  Indian Secularism has been criticised on the following grounds:

• Indian Secularism is Not Absolute: Under the Indian Constitution, Right to freedom of religion is given to every persor. But the Right to freedom of religion is not absolute. Article 25 permits the State to regulate economic, financial or other secular activities which may be associated with religious practice.
• Rights of Minorities: Under the Indian Constitution, minorities are given certain rights. In the name of minority rights. State can unjustly interfere in Hindu religious affairs.
• Meaning of Secularism not Clear: In India the real meaning of Secularism is not clear. People with different ideas try to colour the picture of Secularism in India. They try to impose their particular conceptions in regard to these matters with disastrous effects on young nationhood.
• Continuance of Religious Observances in Official Functions: Ministers usually take oath with some rituals of their religion. Inauguration of ships, institutions, etc. is done through Vedic hymns or mantras-Brahmins are called to perorm rituals. When President Dr. Rajendra Prasad, a devoted Hindu took part in so many religous functions, it was difficult for an average Muslim to believe that the Indian State was Secular.
• Differential Treatment with Religious Communities: The State in India, particularly the Government at State level is not very deep in its pursuit of secular ideals. This is seen in ‘reforming’ of Hindu Temples undertaken by some stite in India. But Muslim religious practice has not been touched by the Government

Understanding Secularism Hots Corner

Question 1 Is Secularism suitable for India? Explain.

Answer Secularism is most suitable for India due to the following reasons:

• Multi-Religious State: Secularism is most suitable for India because India is a multi-religious State. In a multi-religious State, it is not desirable to accept one single religion as the religion of the State.
• Karachi Session of the Congress: The Indian National Congress at its Karachi Session in 1931 had declared, “The State shall observe neutrality in regard to all religions.” All national leaders were in favour of Secularism.
• India is a Democratic State: The Indian polity is based on democratic principles and democracy and theocracy- are opposed to each other Freedom of religion and equality- of all religions is the basic characteristic of democracy.
• Partition of the Country: The division of the country, emphasised more than ever, the importance of Secularism. It is because large Muslim minority constituting a small part of the population continues to be the citizen of Independent India. Besides Muslims, there are other minorities.

KSEEB Class 8 Civics Chapter 2 Important Questions 

Understanding Secularism Miscellaneous Questions Multiple Choice Question

Question 1. Which article of the Indian Constitution abolishes untouchability?

(a) Article 17       (b) Article 15      (c) Article 18       (d) Article 16

Answer (a) Article 17

Question 2. Which amendment of the Constitution added the word ‘Secular’ in the Preamble?

(a)44th Amendment
(b)52nd Amendment
(c)42nd Amendment
(d)74th Amendment

Answer. (c) 42nd Amendment

Question 3. Which of the following rights aims at making India a Secular State?

(a) Right to Freedom of Religion
(b) Right to Equality
(c) Right to Education
(d) Right to Freedom

Answer. (a) Right to Freedom of Religion

Question 4. Which of the following is correct about secularism?

(1) Indifference or rejection or exclusion of religions and religious consideration
(2) Freedom of religion and non-interference policy of state in religious matters
(a) Only (1)
(b) Both (1) & (2)
(c) Only (ii)

Answer. (b) Both(1) & (2)

Question 5. When was the word ‘Secular’ added to the Preamble to the Indian Constitution?

(a) 1976
(b) 1968
(c) 1949
(d) 1986

Answer. (a) 1976

Question 6. Chapter IV of Article 51 of the Constitution includes

(a) Right to Freedom
(b) Right to Equality
(c) Right Against Exploitation
(d) Fundamental Duties
(d) None of these

Answer. (d) Fundamental Duties

Detailed Notes On Understanding Secularism KSEEB 

Understanding Secularism True or False

State whether the following statements are true or false:

(1) Secularism means equal respect for all the religions.
(2) The Constitution has abolished untouchability but it is still prevalent in some sections of Indian society.
(3) In Saudi Arabia, Non-Muslims are not allowed to build any temple, church, etc.
(4) In Secularism there is no separation of religion from the state.
(5) Islam is the official religion of Pakistan.
(6) Right to vote is a Constitutional Right.
(7) To defend the country is our Fundamental Duty.

Answer. (1) True (2) True (3) True (4) False (5) True (6) True (7) True

Simplified Notes For KSEEB Class 8 Civics Understanding Secularism

Understanding Secularism Match the following

Understanding Secularism Picture Interpretation

1. Look at the image alongside and state what you understand from it.Answer The image depicts students taking the ‘Pledge of Allegiance’ in an American school.
2. Does this occur in every school of USA?Answer No. The ’Pledge of Allegiance’ is recited by most of the children of government schools at the beginning of the day.
3. What are the challenges that it faced?Answer. The challenges that this pledge faced was that the phrase ’Under God’ is used. It was agreed upon 60 years ago that if it goes against their religious believes, students of government schools are not required to recite it It was argued that the phrase ‘Under God’ separates the Church and the State, which the First Amendment of USA guarantees.

Part A – Our PASTS – III (History)

• Chapter 1 How, When and Where
• Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory The Company Establishes Power
• Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside
• Chapter 4 Tribals Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age
• chapter 5 When People Rebel 1857 And After
• Chapter 6 Colonialism and the City: The Story of an Imperial Capital
• Chapter 7 Weavers, Iron Smelters and Factory Owners
• Chapter 8 Civilising the “Native” Educating the Nation
• Chapter 9 Women, Caste and Reform
• Chapter 10 The Changing World of Visual Arts
• Chapter 11 The Making of the National Movement 1870s -1947
• Chapter 12 India After Independence

Part B – Resources and Development (Geography)

• Chapter 1 Resources
• Chapter 2 Land,Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and A wildlife Resources
• Chapter 3 Mineral and Power Resources
• Chapter 4 Agriculture
• Chapter 5 Industries
• Chapter 6 Human Resources

Part C: Social and Political Life -III (Civics)

• Chapter 1 The Indian Constitution
• Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism
• Chapter 3 Why Do We Need a Parliament ?
• Chapter 4 Understanding Laws
• Chapter 5 Judiciary
• Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System
• Chapter 7 Understanding Marignalisation
• Chapter 8 Confronting Marginalisation
• Chapter 9 Public Facilities
• Chapter 10 Law and Social Justice

KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Biology Chapter 7 Nervous System Learning Objectives

Types of nerves: sensory, motor, mixed, cranial and spinal nerves Structure of motor neuron Central nervous system, its parts and functions Reflex actions—definitions and basic terms used to describe reflex actions, stimulus, response, impulse, receptor, effector; common examples of reflex actions.

Nervous System

• All the living organisms respond and react to changes in the environment around them. The living organisms show response to stimuli such as light, heal, cold, sound, smell, lasle, touch, pressure, pain, water, and force of gravity, etc. The response of organisms to a stimulus is usually in the form of some movement of their body part. For example, if a man touches tip of the needle or a pin accidently, he quickly pulls his hand away from the needle.
• Here, the man reacts by moving his hand away from the hot needle. Similarly, when the sun is bright, we close our eyes. In this case, light is the stimulus and we react by closing the eyes.
• Human body perform various processes such as, respiration, digestion, excretion, growth, circulation, etc. These processes are being carried out by specialised organs that are interrelated and interdependent on each other. There is usually coordination between these organ systems because of which they are able to function smoothly.
• Coordination is defined as the interaction and interrelation between the various activities in the body of a living being that takes place internally and externally.
• Coordination is important in simple activities such as eating food, where there has to be coordination between hand movements, the eye and mouth so that food goes to the right place and is consumed.

Types Of Coordination

Coordination can be of two types—nervous coordination and chemical coordination. Let us understand them one by one.

Nervous Coordination

• The coordination of the nerves and the brain is part of the nervous coordination. For example, we withdraw our hand immediately on touching a hot pan or getting pricked; some games such as cricket and tennis require visual, muscular and mental coordination.
• The actions of the body could be voluntary or reflex. Voluntary actions are those that are under our control or we are conscious of such actions. Reflex or involuntary actions are those that are in response to external or internal stimuli.

Chemical Coordination

• This coordination takes place when the endocrine glands are involved and they produce the chemicals that are essential and vital in controlling various processes in the human body. The endocrine glands are also known as ductless glands. Chemicals are secreted from these glands which are known as hormones. Hormones are chemicals that are secreted directly into the blood steam by the endocrine glands which regulate certain processes in the human body.

Functions Of Nervous System

• The function of nervous system is to coordinate the activities of our body. It is the control system for all our actions, thinking and behaviour.
• The nervous system helps all other systems of our body to work together. The nervous system is like a manager inside our body. Its job is to control and coordinate the parts of our body so that they work together, doing their job at the right time.
• Our nervous system coordinates muscles so that we can do things which need thinking like reading, writing, cycling or dancing. The nervous system also coordinates things which we don’t have to think about, like heart beat and breathing. The human nervous system receives information from the surroundings, processes it, interprets it and then responds accordingly. The nervous system also passes information from one internal system to another.
• For example, as soon as we put food in our mouth, it immediately causes the release of saliva from the salivary glands.

Class 8 Biology KSEEB Nervous System Notes 

Nervous System in Higher Organisms

• Vertebrates have a well-developed nervous system. It is made up of nerve cells or neurons. Messages are transferred through the nerve cells in the form of electrical impulse. There are about 30,000 million nerves in human body.

The Neuron

Neurons or nerve cells  are the smallest structural and functional units of the nervous system. A neuron consists of the following three parts:

Cyton

Each neuron consists of a main cell as the body which is known as a cyton. It contains nucleus and cytoplasm.

Dendrite

There are a number of processes or finger-like extensions known as dendrites that emanate from ihe cell body. Dendrons further divide and form dendrites. They receive messages from other neurons.

Axons

Axon is a long specialised process arising from the other side of cyton. It may be from few mm up to more than one metre in length. Axon is surrounded by a sheath called myelin sheath.

It carries messages from the cell body of one neuron to the cell body of other neuron.

Types of Nerves

Nerves are of three kinds as discussed here.

1. Sensory nerves: These contain sensory fibres that carry impulses from the sense organs to the brain or the spinal cord.
2. Motor nerves: These contain motor fibres that carry impulses from the muscles or glands from the brain to the spinal cord.
3. Mixed nerves: These contain both sensory as well as motor fibres.

Places where one neuron communicates with another neuron are called synapses. A synapse is a junction where the axon terminal of one neuron lies in a close contact to the dendrite of other neuron.

Nervous System In Human Beings

• The human nervous system is the centre of communication and control in the human body. It comprises of the following three parts: the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.

The Central Nervous System

• The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is enclosed within the skull and the spinal cord lies within the vertebral column. The major decisions and control functions are carried out by the brain and hence, it becomes the most critical part of the body organ system.
• The nerves that are found all over the body receive information from internal as well as external sources. The information is then processed and appropriate action is directed. The brain filters out information that is important and discards what is not important. The body is then directed to convey and carry out an appropriate response.

KSEEB Class 8 Biology Solutions For Nervous System 

Brain

• The brain is round in shape and has many ridges and groves on its surface. It is found inside the skull or the cranium and is covered by membranes having fluid in between known as the cerebrospinal.

• Cerebrum: The cerebrum is the largest and most complex part of the brain. It is divided into two similar halves, right and left halves which are called cerebral hemispheres. Each cerebral hemisphere has four lobes, frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal and they are involved with specific functions.
• Both the cerebral hemispheres are hollow from inside and the walls have an inner and outer part. The outer part is known as grey matter and contains the neurons. It is made up of several groves and ridges since it has a large number of neurons. The inner part known as white matter consists of the axons.
• The cerebrum is the main control centre and is the seat of intelligence, willpower and consciousness. It controls the various voluntary activities and functions such as memory, thought, language, speech and perception.
• Cerebellum: The cerebellum is positioned behind and below the cerebrum. It is much smaller in size. It is responsible for maintaining a balance in the body and in coordinating muscles and itsfluid The brain is made up of three main parts— cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla oblongata. Each of these main parts further has sub-parts. The brain is connected with the body through the spinal cord.

• activities. While the decisions are being taken by the cerebrum, it is the responsibility of the cerebellum to ensure that they are implemented. Thus if the cerebrum has taken a decision to blow the nose, it is the cerebellum that directs the muscles of the hand to relax or contract, in order for the action to occur.
• Medulla Oblongata: This is the lowest part and continues till the spinal cord. Medulla oblongata controls the activities of the internal organs such as beating of the heart, breathing, etc. These are also known as involuntary actions. It is a critical part and injury to the medulla oblongata may lead to fatality.

Spinal Cord

• The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata of the brain and extends inside the vertebral column or back bone almost till the end. It is made up of nerve tissue and remains protected by the vertebrae that make up the back bone. The inner part of the spinal cord is darker and makes up the grey matter comprising of nerve cell bodies.
• The outer part is white and comprises of axons or nerve fibres. The main function of the spinal cord is to assist in transfer of information between the brain and the various parts of the body and control reflexes below the neck. It is the focus for reflex actions.

Peripheral Nervous System

All the nerves of the body together make up the peripheral nervous system (PNS). They all enter or leave the central nervous system. Depending on where they arise, the nerves those arise from the brain are known as cranial nerves and those from the spinal cord are known as spinal nerves. The peripheral nervous system consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

Cranial Nerves

Cranial nerves arise from the brain and spread throughout the head. They also carry both sensory and motor neurons.

Spinal Nerves

Spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord along most of the length of the spinal cord and spread throughout the body (except the head).

Autonomic Nervous System

The autonomic nervous system consists of nerve fibres and mass of nervous tissue (ganglia) which are located on either side of the backbone. These control the involuntary actions of the internal organs of the body. The involuntary actions that take place due to external or internal stimuli are termed as reflex actions.

The autonomic nervous system has two parts: the sympathetic system and the parasympathetic system, both of which have opposing actions.

Nervous System Class 8 KSEEB Questions And Answers 

Sympathetic Nervous System

The sympathetic nervous system is often called the fight or flight division. It results in increased alertness and metabolic activities to prepare the body for an emergency situation. It regulates responses during physical activity or emotional stress such as mcreased heart rate, dry mouth, cold skin and blood supply to arteries.

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) is also called the rest and digest division. It conserve and restore body energies during rest or during the time when we take meals. The main nerves involved in the parasympathetic nervous system are vagus nerve and pelvic nerve.

Some Important Terms Related To Nervous System

• Following are some important terms related to the functioning of nervous system:
• Stimulus: This means the change that happens outside the body in the environment and which causes a change in the body. For example, heated cooker.
• Receptor: It is that sensory organ in the body that receives the stimulus. For example, on touching the heated cooker, the nerve cell in the skin will receive the stimulus and is called the receptor.
• Impulse: It is the sudden electrical disturbance which runs through the nerves. For example, on touching the heated cooker, the sensation that runs through the nerves is impulse.
• Effector: It is the muscle, gland or the body part which receives the response from the brain. For example, the hand muscle which is the effector will receive a command from the brain to remove the hand away.
• Response: The response is the change in body due to die stimulus. For example, the jerking away of the hand from the hot cooker is the response.

Reflex Action

• The simplest form of response in the nervous system is reflex action. This is a rapid, automatic response to a stimulus which is not under the voluntary control of the brain. It is described as an involuntary action. Thus, a reflex action is one which we perform automatically. It is a comparatively simple form of behavior in which the same stimulus produces the same response every time.
• If we unknowingly touch a hot plate, we immediately move our hand away from it. So, moving our hand away on touching a hot plate is an example of reflex action. Similarly, moving our foot away when we step on something sharp, is also an example of reflex action.

Explanation of Nervous System in KSEEB Class 8 Biology 

Pathway of Reflex Action

• The pathway (or route) taken by nerve impulses in a reflex action is called the reflex arc. Reflex arcs allow rapid response. We wall explain the meaning of a reflex arc by taking an example.
• A reflex action is an automatic response to a stimulus. An example of the way in which we respond to a stimulus is our reaction to touching a hot object (like a hot plate). Very quickly, and without thinking about it, we pull our hand away. This sort of very fast, automatic response is called the reflex action. shows the pathway taken by the nerve impulses in this reflex action. The stimulus here is the heat which we feel in our hand on touching the hot plate.
• This heat is sensed by a heat receptor (or thermoreceptor) in our hand. The receptor triggers an impulse in a sensory neuron, which transmits the message to the spinal cord. Here, the impulse is passed on to a relay neuron, which in turn, passes it to a motor neuron.
• The motor neuron passes the impulse to a muscle in our arm. The muscle then contracts and pulls our hand away from the hot plate. The muscle of arm is an effector because it responds to the stimulus. This pathway along which the impulse travels is called the reflex arc.
• The reflexes of this type which involve only the spinal cord are called spinal reflexes. Though spinal reflexes are produced in the spinal cord but the message of  reflex action taken also goes on to reach the brain.
• Most of the reflex actions involve only the spinal cord. They are called spinal reflexes.
• Those reflex actions which involve brain are called cerebral reflexes. Cerebral reflexes occur in the organs present in the head because these organs are directly connected to the brain. This will become clear from the following example. Our eyes are present in the head.
• In dim light, the pupil (a hole in the front of eye) is large so that more light can enter into the eye and make us see properly even in dim light Now, when a bright light shines into our eye, then the pupil of our eye automatically becomes smaller (and prevents the damage to the retina of eye from too much light). The contraction of pupil of our eye automatically in the presence of bright light is an example of cerebral reflex.

Summary

• Nervous system is the main coordinating and integrating system of the body. It is made up of nerve cells or neurons.
• Neurons are special cells that make up the nervous system.
• A bundle of axons or nerve fibres which are enclosed in an elongated sheath or casing form the nerve.
• There are three kinds of nerves: sensory, motor and mixed nerves.
• The human nervous system is the centre of communication and control in the human body. It comprises of the following three parts: the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.
• The central nervous system consists of brain and spinal cord. The brain is made up of three main parts: cerebrum, cerebellum and medulla oblongata.
• Reflex actions are the reactions that take place n a split second and do not involve any major effort.
• The autonomic nervous system consists of a pair of chains of nerves and ganglia on either side of the backbone.

Part A – Our PASTS – III (History)

• Chapter 1 How, When and Where
• Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory The Company Establishes Power
• Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside
• Chapter 4 Tribals Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age
• chapter 5 When People Rebel 1857 And After
• Chapter 6 Colonialism and the City: The Story of an Imperial Capital
• Chapter 7 Weavers, Iron Smelters and Factory Owners
• Chapter 8 Civilising the “Native” Educating the Nation
• Chapter 9 Women, Caste and Reform
• Chapter 10 The Changing World of Visual Arts
• Chapter 11 The Making of the National Movement 1870s -1947
• Chapter 12 India After Independence

Part B – Resources and Development (Geography)

• Chapter 1 Resources
• Chapter 2 Land,Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and A wildlife Resources
• Chapter 3 Mineral and Power Resources
• Chapter 4 Agriculture
• Chapter 5 Industries
• Chapter 6 Human Resources

Part C: Social and Political Life -III (Civics)

• Chapter 1 The Indian Constitution
• Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism
• Chapter 3 Why Do We Need a Parliament ?
• Chapter 4 Understanding Laws
• Chapter 5 Judiciary
• Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System
• Chapter 7 Understanding Marignalisation
• Chapter 8 Confronting Marginalisation
• Chapter 9 Public Facilities
• Chapter 10 Law and Social Justice

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC History Chapter 6 The First War of Indian Independence Notes

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC History Chapter 6 The First War of Indian Independence Notes Reasons for the First War of Independence

• The Indians were upset by the British for various reasons and this unhappiness erupted in the form of a major protest against the British in 1857.
• Due to the Doctrine of Lapse implemented by the British, many Indian kings were forced to lose their kingdoms. This was a major political reason of the revolt.
• Due to the development of industrialization in England, various Indian handicrafts and industries declined and many people becameunemployed.
• This became a major economic reason of the revolt.
• The British implemented various civil and criminal laws which were against the Indians. This was a major administrative reason of the revolt.
• Indian soldiers did not have the status, salary and promotion prospects as that of British soldiers. This became a major military reason of the revolt.

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC History Chapter 6 The First War of Indian Independence Notes Immediate Reasons for the Mutiny and Spread of the Mutiny

• The immediate cause of the mutiny was a rumour which spread saying that the bullets of the Royal Enfield guns provided by the British were smeared in the fat of pig and cow.
• The Indian soldiers stationed at Meerut, a major military base of the British, refused to use the bullets of the new guns.
• Many soldiers were arrested due to this which led to mutiny in Meerut.
• The soldiers barged into the prison and released their fellow soldiers. This sowed the seeds of the Indian Freedom Movement.
• Nana Saheb of Kanpur rose in revolt; Tatya Tope was his assistant.
• Rani Lakshmi Bai provided leadership to the revolt in Jhansi.
• Rani Lakshmi Bai died as a martyr struggling bravely against the shrewd British.

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC History Chapter 6 The First War of Indian Independence Notes Reasons for the Failure of the Mutiny and Results of the Mutiny

• As the first war of Indian independence was not a planned struggle, it could not achieve success.
• The unity of the British and the disunity of the Indian soldiers resulted in its failure.
• The Indian soldiers lacked military strategies and skills and many Indian kings also did not support the freedom fighters.
• As a result of the mutiny, the governance of the East India Company came to an end and it went under the control of the Secretary of Indian Affairs of the British Parliament.
• The Queen of Britain passed a declaration in 1858 which had many provisions.
• The British now realized that unless they win the hearts of the Indians, ruling India would be a difficult proposition for them.
• Therefore, they decided to involve the Indians in the process of legislation and implemented the Policy of Association.
• The first war of Indian independence highlighted the need of searching for alternative channels to undertake future struggles against the British.

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Biology Notes Karnataka State Syllabus

Chapter 1 Life Processes Notes

Chapter 2 Control and Coordination Notes

Chapter 3 How Do Organisms Reproduce Notes

Chapter 4 Heredity and Evolution Notes

Chapter 5 Our Environment Notes

Chapter 6 Management of Natural Resources Notes

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC History Chapter 5 Social and Religious Reformation Movements Notes

Establishment Of Brahmo Samaj And Reformations And Young Bengal Movement

• The nineteenth century is considered as the reformation and new awakening time in the Indian history.
• Raja Ram Mohan Roy started ‘Athmiya Sabha’ in Calcutta and this Sabha aimed at eradicating socio-religious maladies from the society of Bengal.
• Raja Ram Mohan Roy started ‘Brahmo Samaj’ in 1828 as he wanted to purge Hinduism by removing caste system and superstitions.
• ‘Brahmo Samaj’ opposed meaningless rituals, advocated Monotheism and also opposed child marriage.
• ‘Brahmo Samaj’ intended to assure equality to woman by opposing Polygamy.
• Governor General William Bentinck brought in a law prohibiting the Sati System in 1829 due to the efforts of Ram Mohan Roy.
• Raja Ram Mohan Roy published a journal named ‘Samvada Komudhi’ in Bengali language and tried to develop rationality among the common people through journalism.
• Rabindranath Tagore has called Ram Mohan Roy as the harbinger of modern India, progenitor of Indian Social Reformation Movement and ‘the Prophet of Indian Nationalism’.
• When the wave of modernization started moving across North India, many new movements started arising during 1820s and 1830s and Calcutta was the centre of this new thinking.
• Henry Louis Vivian Derozio started ‘Young Bengal Movement’. Henry was an Anglo – Indian. He was an advocate of Women Rights and opposed caste based discrimination.
• Henry Derozio was a professor at Hindu College of Calcutta from 1826 to 1831. He was influenced by the various movements of Europe and tried to instill the spirit of free enquiry
• in the mind of his students and colleagues.
• The Young Bengal Movement held discussions and debates on issues like nature, humanism, God, etc.
• Derozio died at a young age of 22 years due to cholera.

Social and Religious Reformation Movements KSEEB SSLC Class 10 History

Establishment Of Arya Samaj And Reformations, Reforms Led By Prarthana Samaj And Ideas Of Satyashodhak Samaj

• The Arya Samaj was started in the year 1875 by Dayanand Saraswati in Kathewad.
• Dayanand Saraswati outlined his ideas in a book titled “Satyartha Prakasha”.
• He opened the head office of Arya Samaj in Lahore in 1877
• ‘Shuddhi Movement’ was one of the important programmes of Arya Samaj. ‘Cow Protection Associations’ were started for the protection of cows. After the death of Dayanand
• Saraswati, ‘Dayananda Anglo-Vedic College’ was started in 1886 and ‘Gurukula Vidyalaya’ was started in Haridwar. Prarthana Samaj was founded by Dr. Athma Ram Panduranga in
• 1867 in Bombay with the objective of finding solutions to various problems faced by women and lower caste groups. Justice Mahadeva Govinda Ranade, R. G. Bhandarkar and N.
• G. Chandravarkar were the prominent leaders of the Prarthana Samaj. Satyashodhak Samaj was established by Mahatma Jyotiba Phule in 1873 to provide equal rights to non-
• Brahmin class and women. In order to build a philosophical base for the movement, Jyotiba Phule wrote books titled “Gulamagiri” and “Shetkarayacha Aasud”. Ambedkar was one of the prominent persons who were inspired by the work of the Phule couple. KNOW THE TERMS Renaissance: A revival of or renewed interest in something.
• Authentic: Of undisputed origin and not a copy; genuine. Polygamy: The practice or custom of having more than one wife or husband at the same time. Radical: A person who advocates thorough or complete political or social reform; a member of a political party or part of a party pursuing such aims.
• Rehabilitation: The action of restoring something that has been damaged to its former condition. Endeavour: An attempt to achieve a goal.
• After the death of Dayanand Saraswati, ‘Dayananda Anglo-Vedic College’ was started in 1886 and ‘Gurukula Vidyalaya’ was started in Haridwar.
• Prarthana Samaj was founded by Dr. Athma Ram Panduranga in 1867 in Bombay with the objective of finding solutions to various problems faced by women and lower caste groups.
• Justice Mahadeva Govinda Ranade, R. G. Bhandarkar and N. G. Chandravarkar were the prominent leaders of the Prarthana Samaj.
• Satyashodhak Samaj was established by Mahatma Jyotiba Phule in 1873 to provide equal rights to non-Brahmin class and women.
• In order to build a philosophical base for the movement, Jyotiba Phule wrote books titled “Gulamagiri” and “Shetkarayacha Aasud”.
• Ambedkar was one of the prominent persons who were inspired by the work of the Phule couple.

Aligarh Movement; Ramakrishna Mission’s Ideologies

• Mohammedan Liberty Society established in 1863 started debates on various social, religious and political issues.
• Sir Syed Ahmad Khan declared that the Quran is the authoritative book and other works on Islam are the derivedones.
• He founded the Anglo-Oriental College in Aligarh.
• The movement created by Syed Ahmad Khan is called the Aligarh Movement.
• Swami Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Mission at Belur near Karnataka.
• Sri Ramakrishna was the spiritual guru of Swami Vivekananda.
• The Westerners were able to understand the cultural richness of India with the help of the speech delivered by
• Swami Vivekananda at Chicago city in World Religious Conference in 1893.
• Swami Vivekananda wrote books on Jnana Yoga, Raja Yoga, Karma Yoga and Bhakti Yoga.

Social and Religious Reformation Movements KSEEB SSLC Class 10 History

Theosophical Society; Narayan Guru Dharamaparipala Yogam; Periyar

• Theosophical Society was basically founded by Madam Blavatsky and Colonel H. S. Olcott.
• This society basically tried to reform the Hindu religion.
• The Irish lady Annie Besant arrived in India by 1893 and the movement of the Theosophical Society grew more. Annie Besant was called as “Shwetha Saraswathi”.
• Ms. Besant was active in the Indian freedom struggle movement and she became the first woman President of the INC.
• Sri Narayana Guru started the Reform Movement in 1903. This movement aimed at strengthening the backward and exploited communities.
• One Caste, One Religion and One God for human beings was the basic idea of Sri Narayana Guru.
• Narayana Guru and his companions started ‘Viakom Movement’, a temple entry movement.
• By the beginning of the twentieth century, a Non-Brahmin Movement started in south India.
• This movement took a new shape under the Justice Party.
• E. V. Ramaswamy Naicker started the Self Respect League in 1926.
• He was called ‘Periyar’ (Senior Person) out of love by people.
• The ideological Non-Brahminical Movement started by Ayonthidas and T. M. Nayar was turned into a cultural

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Biology Notes Karnataka State Syllabus

Chapter 1 Life Processes Notes

Chapter 2 Control and Coordination Notes

Chapter 3 How Do Organisms Reproduce Notes

Chapter 4 Heredity and Evolution Notes

Chapter 5 Our Environment Notes

Chapter 6 Management of Natural Resources Notes