Malleswari

KSEEB Solutions Class 8 History Chapter 11 The Making Of The National Movement: 1870s-1947 Textbook Questions

Question 1 Why were people dissatisfied with the British rule in the 1870s and 1880s?

Answer.

1.  The colonial government passed certain laws like Arms Act and Vernacular Press Act. The Arms Act disallowed the Indians to keep any arms. The Press Act was passed to refrain people from criticising the government policies.
2.  The llbert Bill laid down that Europeans could be tried by the Indian judges. The British in India opposed it and the Bill was not passed. The Indians realised that the British did not treat Indians equally.
   In general, the Indians thought that the Britsh were unfair and there was extreme discontentment with the colonial government.

Question 2 Who did the Indian National Congress wish to speak for?

Answer.
The Indian National Congress wished to speak for the Indians. It demanded greater representation for the Indians in the colonial government. More Indians should become part of the Legislative Councils. Also, it proposed that Indians should be allowed to hold higher administrative posts. It demanded that the Civil Services Examination should be conducted in India as well.

Question 3 What economic impact did the First World War have on India?

Answer.

1.  The War increased the expenditure of the government which led to imposition of higher taxes on the people.
2. The War created a demand for war supplies. As a result, there was a sharp increase in the prices of the commodities in the markets.
3. The War created an urgent need for certain goods. This resulted in expansion of some local industries because the demand for goods was high.

Question 4 What did the Muslim League resolution of I940 ask for?

Answer. The Muslim League passed a resolution in 1940 demanding “independent states” in the eastern and north-western provinces. However, it did not mention the division of the country or the formation of the new state of Pakistan.

Question 5 Who were the Moderates? How did they propose to struggle against British rule?

Answer. The Moderates were early Congress leaders who believed that British were just They wanted to maintain friendly relations with the British. Their demands were limited such as increased party passion in administration and social reform. They would write proposals and send memorandums to British officials. They spread awareness among the people about the loss of wealth from India and the poor conditions of the masses.

Question 6 How was the politics of the Radicals within the Congress different from that of the Moderates?

Answer. Following were the differences between the politics of Aggressive Nationalists and Moderates:

1. The Moderates wanted limited self-government within British rule and the Aggressive
   Nationalists demanded complete independence.
2. The Moderates wanted to send petitions and appeals to the government besides passing
   resolutions. On the other hand, the Aggressive Nationalists wanted to launch mass protests. !demonstrations and strikes.
3. The Moderates believed in the British sense of justice and fair play. The Aggressive Nationalists
   thought that the British were not concerned about the welfare of the people.

Question 7 Discuss the various forms that the Non-Cooperation Movement took in different parts of India. How did the people understand Gandhiji?

Answer. The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched on a huge scale. Numerous Indians refused to work for the government and boycotted foreign goods. The Patidar peasants of Kheda in Gujarat launched
protests against the high revenue demands. Several liquor shops were picketed in parts of Andhra and Tamil Nadu. Many peasants and tribals broke rules in protest. They organised forest satyagraha in many villages. Many people looked up to Gandhiji to lead their struggle against the British.

Question 8 Why did Gandhiji choose to break the salt law?

Answer. In 1930, Gandhiji decided to break salt laws and organised a long march from Sabarmati to Dandi. A number of people joined him in his protest According to the salt laws, only the government could manufacture and sell salt, and the taxes on salt were very high. The nationalist Indians felt that salt was an essential food item and should not be taxed. Gandhiji and his followers protested by making their own salt.

Class 8 History The Making Of The National Movement KSEEB Notes 

Question 9 Discuss those developments of the 1937-47 period that led to the creation of Pakistan.

Answer. In the 1930s, the Muslim League began to drift away from the Congress. It took advantage of the communal tension and widened its social base. The Congress refused to accept that it did not represent the interest of Indian Muslims. In the provincial elections of 1937, the League wanted to form a joint government in the United Provinces. The Congress did not accept this demand.

In 1940, Muhammad All Jinnah passed a resolution demanding ‘independent states in the Muslim-majority provinces. When most of the Congress leaders were in jail during the Quit India Movement, the League carried out its propaganda. In the provincial elections of 1946, the Muslim League performed very well in the reserved constituencies for the minorities.

When the Cabinet Mission was sent to India, both the League and Congress rejected its recommendations. The Muslim League continued to demand a separate state for the Muslims. The League declared 16th August 1946 as the Direct Action Day to strengthen its demand for Pakistan. Riots broke out in several parts of the county Lord Mountbatten, the last Viceroy of India, finally decided that India would be divided. The new state of Pakistan was thus formed on 14th August 1947.

The Making of the National Movement: 1870s-1947 Text Questions

Question 1 From the beginning the Congress sought to speak for, and in the name of, all the Indian people. Why did it choose to do so?

Answer. The Indian National Congress stood for the principle of unity in India since its formation. It sought support from all the classes, groups, and communities in India. The Congress could enlist the support of many people through such a vision and the freedom struggle remained strong and widespread.

Question 2 What problems regarding the early Congress does this comment highlight?

Answer. The early leaders of the Congress were rich and well-to-do Indians unaware of the problems of the masses. They resorted to ’soft’ means of appeals and resolutions. They believed that the British would mostly agree with their demands. When the British did not concede, it showed the failure of the policies of the Moderates.
The Making of the National Movement: 1870s-1947

Question 3 Find out which countries fought the First World War.

Answer. The First World War was fought between the Allied and the Central Powers. Britain, France, and Russia were the chief Allies, who fought against Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey. The Central Powers lost the War and the Allies were victorious.

Question 4 Find out about the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. What is Jallianwala Bagh? What atrocities were committed there? How were they committed?

Answer. On 10th April 1919, two Congress leaders, Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlevv and Dr. Satya Pal were arrested in Punjab. On 13th April 1919, a peaceful meeting was held at Jallianwala Bagh (a public park) in Amritsar to protest against the arrest of those leaders. While the meeting was going on peacefully, General Dyer entered the park with his troops. He blocked the exit ends of the park and ordered the troops to fire openly. The firing continued for I0 minutes. Hundreds of people were killed or wounded. The massacre aroused public anger and numerous people came out in revolt. As a result, Michael O’ Dwyer, the Lieutenant Governor of Punjab, imposed martial law in the province.

Question 5  How did people view Mahatma Gandhi? Why do you think they felt that lie was opposed to zamindars but not to the government? Why do you think they were in favor of Gandhiji?

Answer. Mahatma Gandhi was viewed by the general public as a noble and an extraordinary person. He was held equal in power to a god or a deity. His ideas and decisions were held supreme. He must have opposed the zamindars because of their unjust treatment of the farmers. He led the struggle to stop the illegal eviction of peasants. The common people, therefore, supported and respected him a lot.

The Making of the National Movement: 1870s-1947 Additional Questions (Solved)

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What was the Arms Act of 1878?

Answer. The Arms Act of 1878 disallowed Indians from possessing and using any type of arms.

Question 2 What was the Vernacular Press Act?

Answer. The Vernacular Press Act was passed to control free speech and the media. The government could seize the property of any press or newspaper office if it was found to publish anything ‘objectionable’.

Question 3 Who introduced the Albert Bill and why?

Answer. The Albert Bill was introduced by Lord Ripon to put the Indian judges on par with the British judges.

Question 4 Who founded the Indian National Congress and when?

Answer. A retired British official, A.O. Hume, played an instrumental role in establishing the Indian National Congress. It was founded in 1885.

Question 5 Who was the President of the first session of the Congress?

Answer. Womesh Chandra Banerjee was the first President of the Indian National Congress. 72 delegates took part in the session.

Question 6 Name some Moderate leaders.

Answer. Dadabhai Naoroji, Ferozeshah Mehta, Surendra Nath Banerjee, Gopal Krishna Gokhle, and Moan Mohan MaJviya were some of the Moderates.

Question 7 What was the slogan given by Bal Gangadhar Tilak?

Answer. Bal Gangadhar Tilak gave the slogan, “Freedom is my birthright and I shall have it

KSEEB Class 8 History Chapter 11 Questions And Answers 

Question 8 Name a few nationalist leaders of the Congress.

Answer. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Lala Lajpat Rai were some national st leaders of the Congress.

Question 9 When and why did the Partition of Bengal take place?

Answer. Lord Curzon decided to divide Bengal in  $05. He declared that the division was necessary for proper administration, but he actually wanted to prevent Indians from uniting against the British.

Question 10 When was the All-India Muslim League founded?

Answer. The All-India Muslim League was founded in 1906.

Question 11 When did the Congress split took place and when was it reunited?

Answer. The Congress split at Surat in 1907. It was reunited in December 1916.

Question 12 When and why was Lucknow Pact signed?

Answer. The Lucknow Pact was signed in 1916 between the Congress and the Muslim League.

Question 13 How did the British Government reduce its financial loss during the First World War?

Answer. The Brtish Government increased taxes on individual incomes and trade profits to reduce its financial losses in the War.

Question 14 When did the Russian Revolution take place and how did it inspire the Indians?

Answer. The Russian Revolution took place in 1917. It inspired the Indians when they got to know about the peasants’ movements and workers’ strikes.

Question 15 Why did Mahatma Gandhi go to Ahmedabad in 1918?

Answer. Mahatma Gandhi went to Ahmedabad in 1918 to support the satyagraha protest of the cotton-mill workers.

Question 16 What did Mahatma Gandhi decide in 1919?

Answer. Mahatma Gandhi decided to launch a nationwide satyagraha against the proposed Rowlatt Act in 1919.

Question l7 What was the Rowlatt Act?

Answer. The Rowlatt Act was passed in 1919 which gave the power to the British to arrest anyone without providing a fair trial.

Question 18 When did Jallianwala Bagh massacre take place? Who was responsible for it?

Answer. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place on 13th April 1919 in Amritsar. General Dyer ordered his soldiers to open fire at the people.

Question 19 Why was the Non-Cooperation Movement withdrawn?

Answer. In February 1922, some people set fire to a police station at Chauri Chaura in U.P. It led to the killing of many people, and therefore, the Non-Cooperation Movement was withdrawn.

Question 20 When did the Indian National Congress demand Purna Swaraj?

Answer. The Indian National Congress demanded complete independence in 1929 at its Lahore Session.

Question 21 What was the Dandi March?

Answer. Mahatma Gandhi and his followers marched for about 240 miles from Sabarmati to the coastal town of Dandi to defy salt laws. It is known as the Dandi March.

Question 22 When did Quit India Movement begin?

Answer. The Quit India Movement began in 1942 in the middle of the Second World War.

Question 23 What was the Cabinet Mission Plan?

Answer. In March 1946, the British Cabinet appointed a three-member committee to decide the future of free India. It proposed that India should remain united with limited autonomy n the Muslim-majority areas.

Question 24 Why did the Muslim League observe Direct Action Day?

Answer. After the failure of the Cabinet Mission, the Muslim League launched an agitation for demanding a separate state of Pakistan. Hence, it decided to observe 16th August 1946 as Direct Action Day.

The Making of the National Movement: 1870s-1947 Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 Write a note on the Swadeshi and Boycott Movement.

Answer. The Swadeshi and Boycott Movement started in 1905 in Bengal after the province was divided, Soon, it spread to other parts of the country. Important leaders of this movement were Surendra Nath Banerjee, Bipin Chandra Pal, and Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Public meetings were held at many places. People took other to use locally-made goods and to boycott foreign-made goods. Shop- j keepers were asked not to sell foreign goods, -foreign cloth was burnt in many parts of the country, Nat realise newspapers also propagated to boycott foreign goods. The Swadeshi Movement led to the rise of nationalist sentiment among the masses of the country.

The Making Of The National Movement KSEEB Class 8 Textbook Solutions 

Question 2 Write the main objectives and ideas of the nationalist leaders in the Congress.

Answer. The following were the main objectives of the Aggressive Nationalists:

1.  Attainment of complete independence: The primary objective of the nationalist leaders was to attain complete freedom. This demand was put forward by Bal Gangadhar Tilak He said, “Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it” He believed that polity and administration should be based on Indian traditions and culture.
2. End of Indian Relations with England: The other objective of the nationalist leaders was to end relations between India and England. Bipin Chandra Pal said, “We don’t want to keep any relations with the British. We want to have our own government in India.”

Question 3 Write the main objectives of the Muslim League.

Answer. The following were the main objectives of the Muslim League:

1. To protect the interests of Indian Muslims,
2. To remain loyal towards the British Government so that British could favor them,
3. To divert Indian Muslims from supporting Indian National Congress,
4. To establish separate electorates for Muslims, and
5. To demand a separate state of Pakistan for Muslims.

Question 4 Describe the Lucknow Pact.

Answer. The First World War started in Europe in I9I4 c.E. The British fought against the Islamic state of Turkey in this war. The Sultan of Turkey was the religious leader or Caliph of all the Muslims in the world. The Muslims all over the world were unhappy at the ill-treatment of the Caliph by the Western powers. The Muslim League, therefore, decided to join hands with the Congress. In return, the Congress agreed to the League’s demand for separate electorates. This was concluded in the Lucknow Pact in 1916. The national movement acquired immense strength as both the communities united against the British.

Question 5 What was the impact of the English language on the spirit of nationalism?

Answer. The Indians studied English as it had become the official language of administration. Now Indians from different states were able to talk to one another through the medium of English. The English language thus helped in bringing different people together. Also, Western education taught Indians about the ideas of equality, democracy, and self-rule. They began to unite against the British for attaining freedom.

Question 6 Write a note on the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Answer. Mahatma Gandhi started the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930 to attain freedom from the British. He broke the salt laws at a place called Dandi in Gujarat Encouraged by this incident, people of all coastal areas started violating the salt laws. A pact was signed between Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin in 1931. All those who had violated the law were freed. Mahatma Gandhi went to England to participate in the Second Round Table Conference, but they did not agree upon anything. After his return from England. Mahatma Gandhi re-launched the agitation. He was arrested by the British. The Congress was declared illegal by the Government and hundreds of leaders were sent to jail. The police committed several atrocities on the people to suppress the movement.

Question 7 Write a note on the Quit India Movement.

Answer. The Congress passed the Quit India Resolution on 8th August 1942 in Mumbai. The next day, all the prominent members of the Congress were arrested. People reacted through several strikes and demonstrations. They attacked the public buildings and offices. Gandhiji gave the famous slogan, “Do or die”, which inspired the entire nation. The British Government resorted to severe means for crushing the movement. Hundreds were jailed, tortured, or killed, but the movement kept growing.

Question 8 Describe the life of Mahatma Gandhi before 1915.

Answer. Mahatma Gandhi was born on 2nd October. 1869 at Porbandar in Gujarat. His mother was Putli Bai. Mahatma Gandhi received his early education in India and went to England for higher education. He became a barrister and came back to India in 1891. He then went to South Africa in 1893. He saw there that the Indians were mistreated b/ the ‘whites’. He launched a non-violent campaign in support of giving equal rights to the Indians. Many Indians living there joined his struggle with a lot of enthusiasm.

Question 9 Write a note on the Rowlatt Act.

Answer. A large number of Indians protested against the Government of India Act of 1919. To control the situation, the British passed the Rowlatt Act The Rowlatt Act laid down that any person could be arrested without issuing a warrant. A person could be charged without appealing or receiving a proper trial in the court. As a result, the Congress launched a nationwide agrapha under the leadership of Gandhiji to protest against such unjust laws.

Question 10 Write a brief note on the Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy.

Answer. The tragedy of Jallianwala Bagh occurred on 13th April 1919 on the day of Baisakhi. The people of Amritsar were attending a peaceful meeting in Jallianwala Bagh to protest against the arrest of their leaders. General Dyer, without giving any warning, ordered his troops to open fire on the peaceful and disarmed protestors. Thousands of people lost their lives in the massacre. This angered the Indian masses and many of them joined the national movement.

Question 11 Explain briefly how the Muslim League demanded a separate nation.

Answer. In the 1930s, the Muslim League began to drift away from the Congress and arid its objectives. The Muslim League won very few seats in the provincial elections of 1937. The Congress refused the
League’s demand of forming a joint government. The Muslim League propagated that the Congress was not concerned about the welfare of the Muslims. The Congress repeatedly rejected this view as it had many Muslim members. In 1940, the Muslim League passed a resolution demanding ‘independent states in the Muslim majority a-eas. When the Congress leaders were jailed in early 1940s, Jinnah took to popularise his ideas. In the provincial elections of 1946, the Muslim League won many seats reserved for the minorities which strengthened their demand for a separate nation. When the Cabinet Mission proposed a united state, the League opposed it and riots broke out in many parts. The Congress had to then accept the Muslim League’s demand for a separate state for the Muslims.

Question 12 Describe the Cabinet Mission Plan in brief.

Answer. In 1946, the British Government constituted a three-member committee to decide about the transfer of power to India, it was headed by Lard Pethick-Lawrence. The Cabinet Mission proposed that India should remain united with partial autonomy given to eastern and north-western provinces, where there was a Muslim majority. Both the Congress and the Muslim League refused to accept the proposals made by The Cabinet Mission. However, an interim government was formed by the Indian leaders in late 1946 which was supported both by the Congress as well as the Muslim League.

The Making of the National Movement: 1870s-1947 Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1 Describe the causes of rise in national awakening among the Indians in late I9th century.

Answer. National consciousness was aroused among the Indians in the second half of the 19th century. For the first time, the Indians saw themselves as a part of one country and they began to unite themselves. The causes of this national awakening are as follows:

1. Impact of the revolt of 1857: The Indians strongly revolted against the British in 1857, but the movement failed. As a result, the British committed many atrocities on the Indian population. This united many Indians to resist the Britsh supremacy.
2. Administrative unity: The legal and administrative reforms introduced by the British gave a sense of unity to the Indians. People from different areas identified with each other.
3. Socio-Religious reform movements: Many socio-religious movements began in the 19th and 20th centuries in different parts of the country. The social reformers, such as Raja Rammohun Roy and Svvami Dayanand, criticised the prevailing ills in the society. This led to a rise in the spirit of nationalism among the Indians.
4. Spread of Western education: The introduction of Western ideas and philosophy made Indians aware of the ideas of liberty and equality. The Indians studied about various political movements taking place around the world. This encouraged the Indians to unite themselves and make political demands.
5. Economic exploitation of the Indians: The British took raw materials from India at low rates and sold finished goods in India at very high prices. This economic policy discouraged Indian industries to a large extent High taxes imposed upon the farmers led to their exploitation. The small-scale industries in India suffered a serious setback and Indians lost their wealth to the British.
6. Unequal treatment of the Indians: The British did not treat the Indians equally. They were extremely unfair to the Indians serving the British. The Indians appointed in British administration were not given equal wages and chances of promotion. The Indians got annoyed with such unequal treatment by the British.
7. Growth in mass media: Men newspaper-s in English and local languages published about the actual conditions in India. The writings of Indian writers like Rabindranath Tagore. Barkin Chandra Chatterjee and Keshav Chandra Sen became popular. The spread of Indian writings among more and more people led to the awakening of national consciousness among the people.
8. Means of transport and communication: The introduction of the railways, post, and telegraph services in India proved to be beneficial. People from different regions could travel quickly and communicate easily with each other. This certainly helped in rise of nationalism.

Important Questions For KSEEB Class 8 History Chapter 11 

Question 2 What were the demands and programs initiated by the Indian National Congress in its early phase? How did the British react to their demands?

Answer. Main demands of Indian National Congress: Following were the main demands of the Indian National Congress:

1. Indians should be given the right to elect their representatives in the Central and Provincial Legislative Councils.
2. Indians should be allowed to hold higher posts in administration.
3. Educational opportunities should be increased for all the Indians.
4. The press and media should be made free of any restrictions.
5. The legislative bodies should be made independent from the control of the executive.
6. The Indian Civil Services Examination (or ICS) should be conducted in India along with Britain.
7. The Government should spend less on defense and army expenditures. The rate of taxation should be reduced. Farmers should be provided with irrigation facilities and other agricultural means.
   Congress leadership in the early phase: In the early phase of the Congress (1885-1905), it was dominated by the Moderate leaders. They did not use any radical or violent means. They put forth their demands before the government through speeches, motions, and resolutions. They believed that the government would listen and accept most of their demands.
   Reaction of the British Government: The British did not react favorably to the demands made by the Congress. It wanted to keep the Congress under its control. The British did not want the Congress to unite the Hindus and Muslims. Therefore, it did not accept most of the demands made by the Congress.

Question 3 Describe the Non-Cooperation Movement started by Mahatma Gandhi.

Answer. Mahatma Gandhi launched the Non-Cooperation Movement against the British Government in 1920. The movement aimed at establishing Hindu-Muslim unity besides resisting the injustice of the British rule. In the due course of the movement, the Indians gave up their government jobs and titles. They refused to buy or sell any foreign goods. Gandhiji popularised the use of charkha to make khadi products in India. The movement gained momentum and spread to many parts of the country. Gandhiji returned his title of Kesa’-e-Hind. Hundreds of Indian students left their schools and colleges. Teachers, lawyers, and accountants ceased to work for the British. Many people took to using khadi instead of foreign-made textiles. Hundreds of farmers joined the agitation and protested against the government policies. The movement was, however, withdrawn by Gandhiji in 1922 when a violent incident took place inside a police station at Chauri Chaura in Uttar Pradesh.
The movement was called off, but it remained significant The Congress became more popular after this movement and leaders like Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das grew prominent. It symbolised the unity of Hindus and Muslims as people from both the communities participated. Many women also took part in the struggle and it was an important milestone in the history of the national movement.

Question 4 Briefly explain the progress of the national movement from 1920 to 1947

Answer. This period in the national movement was the most important and meaningful phase in Indian history. In early 1920s, most of the Indians took part in the Non-Cooperation Movement. The movement was withdrawn, but it left a strong impact on the minds of the Indians. Afterward, the Congress tried to negotiate its demands with the British, but they largely failed.
In 1920s, Bhagat Singh and his associates grew very popular. They believed in use of force to resist and put an end to British rule. Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev, and Chandrasekhar Azad were hanged or killed by the British but they left a major impact on Indian revolutionaries through their writings and attacks on the British.
The famous Dandi March was led by Gandhiji in 1930 to defy the salt law’s of the British. The Civil Disobedience Movement was then launched when there were widespread agitations, protests, fasts, and demonstrations. The British then declared Congress as illegal and most of the leaders were imprisoned. The movement finally ended in 1934.
In late 1930s, the Muslim League, under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, began to drift away from the Congress and demanded autonomy for Muslim-majority areas. The Congress made many attempts to pacify the League members, but all their efforts failed.
In 1942, the Congress began the Quit India Movement Britain was involved in the Second World War at this time, and the Indians thought that t was the best time to overthrow British rule in India. The Congress demanded complete freedom from the British. Strikes and protests were held across the country. The movement was withdrawn -.’/hen the British agreed to concede to some of the Indian demands.
By 1946, the British had decided that they would leave India. They had to form a proper plan to transfer the power to the locals. The Muslim League strongly put forth the division of the country. Riots broke out in various parts, after which tie Congress agreed to the partition of the country. Hence, India became free on 15th August 1947 but it was divided and tom by conflict.

Question 5 Discuss the role of Mahatma Gandhi in the national movement.

Answer. Mahatma Gandhi was a barrister by profession. He had led a successful movement against the injustice of the ‘whites’ in South Africa. He returned to India in 1915 and then traveled across the country. He joined the Indian National Congress and led the National Movement from then onward. Gandhiji was admired by many for his simple lifestyle and humble nature. He adopted the use of non-violence and satyagraha (the path of truth) to lead the national struggle for independence. He criticised the use of violence or weapons for attaining any objectives. He often went to jail or conducted fasts- unto death to make the British agree to his demands.
Gandhiji was a mass leader who was followed by a large number of Indians. He made efforts to popularise the Indian charkha and encouraged the use of khadi in India. Gandhiji made several efforts to uplift the women and people belonging to the lower castes. He encouraged the underprivileged to receive an education and live respectable lives. He had several Harijans or lower castes in his ashram at Sabarmati. Women often joined him in his marches and protests. His contribution to the Civil Disobedience Movement is known to all. The National Movement would never have been so widespread if Gandhiji had not made so many efforts.
At the time of the Quit India Movement, his slogan “Do or Die” inspired millions to join the freedom struggle and oppose the British. Gandhiji was a leader who inspired many by his ideas and struggles. His policy of non-violence proved to be extremely successful and effective. Hence, Gandhiji can be truly called the ‘Father of the Nation’.

The Making of the National Movement: 1870s-1947 Hots Corner

Question 1 How did the Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy give a new turn to the national movement in India?

Answer. Many people were killed in the massacre at Jallianwala Bagh on 13th April 1919. This massacre gave a new life to the freedom struggle. Hundreds of people were angered when they saw that the British indiscriminately killed innocent Indians. As a result, common masses were inspired to join the freedom movement. Many students, farmers, and workers were inspired to take an active part in the national movement.

Question 2 Why do you think there was a split in the Congress in 1907?

Answer. In early 1900s, a strong faction emerged in the Congress which disagreed with the ways and ideas of the Moderates. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Bipin Chandra Pal led the Aggressive Nationalists. The venue of the Congress session was changed from Nagpur to Surat in 1907 by the Moderates because Tilak was very popular in Nagpur. The Moderates wanted to make Rash Behari Ghose as the President, but the Aggressive Nationalists wanted Tilak in his place. Both the groups refused to agree with each other and the Congress split into two groups in 1907.

KSEEB History Chapter 11 Class 8 Multiple Choice Questions 

Question 3 When and why did the Partition of Bengal take place? What was its impact on the Indian national movement?

Answer. The Partition of Bengal was initiated by Lord Curzon in 1905. His actual motive behind the partition was to weaken the national movement by dividing Hindus and Muslims. In anger, hundreds of people launched strikes and organised processions against the Government. There was a rise in the nationalist spirit among the common people. More and more Indians Joined the freedom struggle against the British. After Bengal was divided, the Swadeshi and Boycott Movements began which encouraged local industries and displeased the British.

The Making of the National Movement: 1870s-1947 Miscellaneous Questions

A.Multiple Choice Questions

Tick the correct option from the choices provided:

Question 1 The Indian National Congress was formed in________

(a)1857
(b)1885
(c)1887
(d)1890

Answer.(b)1885

Question 2 Who was the founder of the Indian National Congress?

(a) Lord Curzon
(b) AO. Hume
(c) Dadabhai Naoroji
(d) Surendra Nath Banerjee

Answer. (b)AO. Hume

Question 3  In____________, Bengal was divided by Lord Curzon.

(a)1911
(b)1907
(c)1905
(d)1902

Answer. (c)1905

Question 4 __________Movement started due to Partition of Bengal.

(a) Non-Cooperation
(b) Civil Disobedience
(c) Quit India
(d) Swadeshi and Boycott

Answer. (d)Swadeshi and Boycott

Question 5 In______, Mahatma Gandhi came back to India from South Africa.

(a) 1905
(b) 1910
(c) 1915
(d) 1918

Answer. (c)1915

Question 6 The Rowlatt Act was passed in______

(a) 1915
(b) 1919
(c) 1927
(d) 193

Answer.(b) 1919

Question 7 The_______Movement coincided with the Non-Cooperation movement.

(a)Swadeshi and Boycott
(b)Quit India
(c)Khilafat
(d)Civil Disobedience

Answer.(c) Khilafat

Question 8 Gandhiji started the______ Movement n 1920.

(a)Non-Cooperation
(b)Rowlatt Satyagraha
(c)Quit India
(d)Civil Disobedience

Answer.(a)Non-Cooperation

Class 8 History Chapter 11 Guide On The Making Of The National Movement KSEEB 

Question 9 The Congress passed a resolution demanding Purna Swaraj in 1929

(a)Bombay
(b)Calcutta
(c)Lahore
(d)Kanpur

Answer.(c)Lahore

Question 10 The Congress celebrated the Independence Day in I929 on _

(a)15th August
(b)26th January
(c)17th August
(d) 19th March

Answer. (b)26th January

Question 11 Gandhiji marched to_____ and broke the salt laws.

(a)Vadodara
(b)Surat
(c)Dandi
(d)Ahmedabad

Answer. (c)Dandi

The Making of the National Movement: 1870s-1947 B.True or False

State whether the following statements are true or false:

1. The Civil Disobedience Movement ended in 1934.
   
   Answer. True
2. The Quit India Movement began in 1941.
   
   Answer. False
3. Subhas Chandra Bose led the Quit India Movement.
   
   Answer False
4. The Arms Act was passed in 1878.
   
   Answer True
5. The Liberty Bill proposed giving equal status to the Indian and British judges.
   Answer. True
6. A.O. Hume was the first President of the Indian National Congress.
   
   Answer. False
7. Lala Lajpat Rai gave the slogan, “Freedom is my birthright and I shall have it.”
   
   Answer. False
8. The Muslim League was founded in 1906.
   Answer. True

The Making of the National Movement: 1870s-1947 C.Picture Interpretation

Observe the given picture carefully and answer the following questions:

1. Why are people demonstrating?
2. Write a short note on the Swadeshi Movement.

Answer.

1. This picture shows thousands of people demonstrating against the British Government in the Swadeshi Movement
2.  The Partition of Bengal was announced in 1905. This enraged many Indians against the British rulers. The Swadeshi Movement was started to discourage Indians from using foreign-made goods and use local products.
   The movement grew rapidly and helped in the rise of national consciousness in India.

KSEEB Solutions Class 8 History Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory The Company Establishes Power Text Book Questions

Question 1 Match the following:

1. Diwani
   “Tiger of Mysore” faujdari adolot.
   Ran Channamma sipah’
2. Tipu Sultan
   right to collect land revenue sepoy
   criminal court
   led an anti-British movement in Kitoor

Answer

1. Diwani
   “Tiger of Mysore” foujdari adalot Ran Channamma sipah
2. Right to collect land revenue Tipu Sultan criminal court led an anti-British movement in Kitoor sepoy

Question 2. Fill in the blanks:

(a)The British conquest of Bengal began with the Battle of ____________
(b)Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan were the rulers of__________
(c)Dalhousie implemented the Doctrine of__________
(d)Maratha kingdoms were located mainly in the_____________ part of India.

Answer. (a) Plassey    (b) Mysore      (c) Lapse     (d) Western

Question 3. State whether true or false:

(a)The Mughal Empire became stronger in the eighteenth century.
(b)The English East India Company was the only European Company that traded with India.
(c)Maharaja Ranjit Singh was the ruler of Punjab.
(d)The British did not introduce administrative changes in the territories they conquered.

Answer. (a) False     (b) False      (c) True        (d) False

Question 4. What attracted European trading companies to India?

Answer. The European trading companies were looking for new lands from where they could buy goods at a very low price, and carry them back to Europe to sell at high prices. Moreover, the fine qualities of silk and cotton produced in India had a huge market in Europe. Clove, cardamom, pepper and cinnamon too were in great demand. Therefore, European trading companies were attracted towards India.

Question 5. What were the areas of conflict between the Bengal Nawabs and the East India Company?

Answer

1.The officials of the Company, who traded privately, refused to pay taxes to the Mughal Emperor. It caused enormous loss of revenue to the Bengal province.
2.The Company started to fortify its settlements. The Nawab of Bengal was against these fortifications which led to conflict between them.
3.The Nawab refused to grant concessions to the Company. He denied the Company any rights to mint their own coins. He demanded large tributes against the Company’s right to trade and ordered it to stop any fortification.
4.Bengal was deprived of a huge amount of revenue by the British who undermined the authority of the Nawab. It was refusing to pay taxes, writing disrespectful letters and trying to humiliate the Nawab and his officials. It also led to a conflict between the both.

Class 8 History From Trade To Territory KSEEB Notes 

Question 6.How did the assumption of Diwani benefit the East India Company?

Answer

1. The East India Company got Diwani rights of Bengal in 1765. It allowed the Company to use the vast revenue resources of Bengal for its advantage.
2. From the early 18th century, the Company’s trade with India expanded. But, it was forced to buy most of the Indian goods with gold and silver imported from Britain. It was so because they had no goods to sell in India But, the revenue of Bengal increased the finance of the Company.
3. Revenue of Bengal could be used to purchase cotton and silk textiles in India, maintain the Company troops and meet the cost of building the Company’s fort and offices at Calcutta.
4. The Company started to strengthen its position in India with the Diwani hghts and within a short span of time, it conquered the whole of India.

Question 7. Explain the system of “subsidiary alliance”.

Answer  The subsidiary alliance system was started by Lord Wellesley in 1798 C.E He wanted to expand the British Empire in India and make the Company very powerful. It was possible only if all the native rulers and nawabs were made powerless. He took advantage of the subsidiary alliance system and brought many native rulers under’ British control.
Terms of the subsidiary alliances: Subsidiary alliances were made between the Company and the native rulers. The Company promised to give military help to the rulers who entered into subsidiary alliance with it in case of any internal or external trouble. In lieu of it, the local ruler had to accept the following terms:

1. He had tn accept the supremacy of the Company. He was not allowed to fight a war or enter
   into any treaty with other rulers without the permission of the Company.
2. He had to keep a battalion of English army in his state for his safety and had to pay for its expenses to the British.
3. He had to keep an English Resident at his court.

Question 8. In what way was the administration of the Company different from that of Indian rulers?

Answer  The administration of the Company was different from that of Indian rulers in the following ways:

1. The whole of the British Empire w>as divided into three Presidencies—Bengal, Madras and Bombay. Each of these was ruled by a Governor and the top-most authority of administration was the Governor-General.
2. New system of justice was introduced in 1772. Every’ district was to have two courts—a criminal court and a civil court Civil courts were presided over by European district collectors. The criminal courts were still under aqazi. and a muff, but they were under the supervision of the collectors.
3. A Supreme Court was established under the Regulating Act of 1773. A court of appeal was also set up in Calcutta.
4. A district was under the supervision of a collector Whose main job was to collect revenue, taxes and to maintain law and order in his district with the help of judges.
   All the above features reflect British administration and they were different from those of Indian rulers.

Question 9. Describe the changes that occurred in the composition of the Company’s army.

Answer  In the early 19th century, the British introduced a uniform military culture. Soldiers were given training in the European style of warfare. Drill and discipline were also introduced to regulate their Ives. In the 18th century, the East India Company recruited peasants into their armies. This was known as the sepoy army.

From Trade to Territory: The Company Establishes Power Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question l. Who was the last powerful Mughal ruler? When did he die?

Answer  Aurangzeb was the last powerful Mughal ruler. He died in 1707 C.E.

Question 2. Why could Delhi no longer function as an effective center?

Answer  As the Mughal Empire weakened and powerful regional kingdoms emerged in different parts of the country, Delhi could no longer function as an effective center.

Question 3. When did the new power, i.e., the British emerge on the political horizon of India?

Answer  By the second half of the 18th century, the British emerged on the political horizon of India.

Question 4. How did the East India Company get the right to trade in the East?
Answer. In 1600 CE., the East India Company got a Charter from Queen Elizabeth I, the ruler of England granting it the sole right to trade with the case:.

Question 5. Who discovered the sea route to India and when?

Answer  Vascoda Gama, a Portuguese explorer, discovered the sea route to India in 1498 CE.

Question 6. Which things were in great demand in Europe?

Answer The fine quality of cotton and silk, pepper, clove, cardamom and cinnamon produced in India were There was competition among the European companies to purchase goods. It led to increase in the prices at which goods could be purchased.

Question 7. How did the prices of the goods purchased by the Europeans increase?7. How did the prices of the goods purchased by the Europeans increase?

Answer  Vascoda Gama, a Portuguese explorer, discovered the sea route to India in 1498 CE.

KSEEB Class 8 History Chapter 2 Questions And Answers 

Question 8. What led to intense conflict between the East India Company and local rulers?

Answer  The European companies not only wanted to fortify their settlements but also wanted to carry on profitable trade. It led to an intense conflict between the East India Company and the local rulers.

Question 9. Name the rulers of Bengal who emerged after the death of Aurangzeb.

Answer Murshid Quli Khan, Alivardi Khan and Siraj-ud-Daulah were some famous rulers who emerged after the death of Aurangzeb.

Question IO. When did Siraj-ud-Daulah become the Nawab of Bengal?

Answer  Siraj-ud-Daulah became the Nawab of Bengal in 1756 CE., after the death of Alivardi Khan.

Question 11. Give one cause of the Battle of Plassey.

Answer  The fortification of Calcutta by the British was the main reason of conflict which led to the Battle of Plassey.

Question 12. Why did Mir Jafar not take part in the Battle of Plassey?

Answer  Mir Jafar did not take part in the Battle of Plassey because Robert Clive managed to secure his support by promising to make him the Nawab after crushing Siraj-ud-Daulah.

Question 13. Why did Battle of Plassey become famous?

Answer The Battle of Plassey became famous because it was the first major victory of the Company in India.

Question 14. Why was Mir Qasim installed in place of Mir Jafar?

Answer  Mir Jafar protested against the free trade and policies of the English East India Company, which is why he was replaced by Mir Qasim.

Question 15. How did the Company annex Indian states from 1757 to 1857?

Answer The Company rarely launched a direct military attack on the Indian states. Instead, it used a number of diplomatic, political and economic methods to extend its influence and annex Indian states.

Question 16. Who were known as Residents?

Answer  Residents were political or commercial agents of the British whose responsibility was to serve and protect the interests of the Company.

Question 17. Who were Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan?

Answer Haider Ali was the ruler of Mysore who ruled from 1761 to 1782 CE. After his death, his son, Tipu Sultan became the new king and ruled till 1799 CE.

Question 18. What was the ‘subsidiary force’?

Answer Subsidiary force was that force of the British which ’was kept in the kingdom of that king who had accepted the subsidiary alliance. Its main job was to protect the Nawab from internal and external aggression and protect the interests of the Company.

Question 19. How were Maratha dreams of ruling Delhi shattered?

Answer The Marathas were defeated by Ahmad Shah Abdali in 1761 C.E. in the Th rd Battle oi Panipat. Their dreams of ruling Delhi were shattered.

Question 20. What was the policy of paramountcy?

Answer Lord Hastings started the policy of paramountcy. The Company claimed that its authority w’as supreme or paramount Hence, its power was greater than that of Indian states.

Question 21. Why did the British fight the Afghan Wars?

Answer  The British wanted to consolidate their position in Afghanistan as they feared that Russia could enter India through this route. Therefore, they fought the Afghan Wars during 1838 1842.

Question 22. Which kingdoms were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse?

Answer  Satara (1848), Sambalpur (1850), Udaipur (1852), Nagpur (1853) and Jhansi (1854) were annexed under the Doctrine of Lapse.

Question 23. What were the Presidencies?

Answer  The British territories in India were broadly divided into administrative units which were known as the Presidencies. There were three Presidencies—Bengal, Madras and Bombay.

Question 24. Who was the Peshwa?

Answer  The Peshwa was the chief leader of the Marathas. He was the military and administrative head of the Maratha Confederacy.

Question 25. When and which treaty was signed after the First Anglo-Maratha War?

Answer The First Anglo-Maratha War came to an end with the Treaty of Salbai in 1782.

Question 26. Who was Queen (Rani) Channamma?

Answer  Rani Channamma was the ruler of the small state of Kitoor in Karnataka.

From Trade to Territory The Company Establishes Power Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1.What led to a fierce battle between the European trading companies?

Answer The European companies came to trade in India as Indian silk, cotton clothes, spices, etc., were in great demand in Europe. Competition among the European companies pushed up the prices at which goods could be purchased. It led to reduction of profit. There was one way to increase profit and that was by eliminating rival companies. It led to a fierce battle between the trading companies. They regularly sank each other’s ships, blocked routes and prevented rival ships from moving with supplies of goods. Trading posts were also protected with arms and fortifications.

Question 2. How did the Company try to manipulate existing privileges?

Answer The Company got a farman from the Mughal Emperor, Aurangzeb which granted the Company the right to trade free of duties. But, the Company wanted to get more concessions and it started to manipulate the existing privileges. The officials of the Company were carrying on private trade on the other side. They hardly paid any taxes to the government for their trade. It caused huge losses of revenue to Bengal. They even bribed the Mughal officials to get zam’rdan rights of three villages. In this way, the Company tried to manipulate existing privileges.

Question 3. Why did regional rulers refuse to grant concessions to the Company?

Answer  The regional rulers like Murshid Quli Khan, Alvardi Khan and Siraj-ud-Daulah were very powerful rulers of Bengal. They refused to grant concessions to the Company and demanded taxes for the Company’s right to trade, denied it any right mint coins and stop fortification of its settlement They accused the Company of deceit and claimed that the Company was causing huge losses of revenue to the Bengal Government. The Company was also accused of undermining the authority of the Nawab. The British were trying to humiliate the Nawab and his officials due to which regional rulers refused to grant concessions to the Company.

From Trade To Territory KSEEB Class 8 Textbook Solutions 

Question 4. What were the causes of conflict between Siraj-ud-Daulah and the British?

Answer  The following causes were responsible for the conflict between Siraj-ud-Daulah and the British

1. The Company was not paying taxes.
2. The Company officials were writing disrespectful letters to the Nawab.
3. The British started deploying forces in Calcutta and in spite of the refusal of the Nawab to allow them to keep their forces there, the British did not withdraw them.

Question 5. What was the significance of the Battle of Buxar in Indian history?

Answer The Battle of Buxar is more important than tie Battle of Plassey in the history of India. As a result of this battle, the British became a great political force in India. It paved, for them, the way for the conquest of more territories in India. The British consolidated their position in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. The Nawab of Awadh, Shuja-ud-Daulah and the Mughal emperor, Shah Alam II came completely under British control.

Question 6. What were the causes of the Battle of Buxar?

Answer  Following were the causes of the Battle of Buxar:

(1) The officials of the English Company were misusing the trade concessions allowed to them by the Nawab. It resulted in decline of income of the Nawab of Bengal.
(2) Mir Qasim strengthened his army. He established an arms and ammunition factor/ and shifted his treasury from Murshidabad to Munger. The British did not like these activities of Mir Qasim.
(3) Mir Qasim also allowed the Indian traders to trade without paying any tax like the British. It increased the animosity between the British and the Nawab.

Question 7. How did the Company through Residents start to interfere in the internal matters of Indian states?

Answer  After winning the Battle of Buxar in 1764, the Company began to appoint Residents in Indian states. Residents were commercial or political agents of the Company and their job was to protect the Company’s interest. The Company through residents started to interfere in the internal matters of Indian states. They interferred in the matters of succession to the throne and appointment of administrative posts.

Question 8. How did conflict start between Tipu Sultan and the British?

Answer  Mysore became very strong under Haider Al and his son, Tipu Sultan. Profitable trade of Malabar was controlled by Mysore where the Company purchased pepper and cardamom. But, in 1785 CE, export of pepper, sandalwood and cardamon, through the ports of Mysore, was stopped by Tipu Sultan. He also disallowed local merchants to trade with the Company. He established close relations with the French in India and began to modernise his army with their help. With this, conflicts started between Tipu Sultan and the British.

Question 9. How was Tipu Sultan defeated by the British?

Answer  Tipu Sultan stopped the British trade through the ports of Mysore and established close relations j with the French people. Fie also began to modernize his army with the help of French. The British i got annoyed with this. They saw Tipu Sultan as a dangerous ruler who had to be controlled or Scrushed. Four wars with Mysore were fought (two with Haider Ali and rest with Tipu Sultan) and j only in the last battle of Seringapatam in 1799 CE., the Company emerged victorious. Tipu Sultan  was killed while defending his capital. Mysore was kept under the former ruling dynasty.

From Trade to Territory The Company Establishes Power Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1.Explain the causes of the Battle of Plassey. What is the historical importance of the battle?

Answer  The Battle of Plassey was fought between the British and Siraj-ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal in 1757
Following were the main causes of this battle:
1.Fortification of Calcutta (now Kolkata): The British wanted to establish their rule in Bengal. In order to strengthen their position, they started the fortification of Calcutta. Nawab Siraj-ud- Daulah did not like a foreign power to fortify any part of his kingdom.
2.Misuse of concessions: Siraj-ud-Daulah ordered the British and the French to demolish their fortifications. The French obeyed the orders of the Nawab but the British refused to do so. The Nawab could not tolerate this. He invaded a British factory situated in Kasim Bazar. The British felt insulted.
Importance: The Battle of Plassey has great historical importance. The British influence in the rich kingdom of Bengal increased as a result of this battle. Now, the Company was in a position to maintain a powerful army and with the help of this force, the Company also succeeded in ending French power in India.

Question 2.Write down the causes of the Battle of Buxar. What is the importance of this battle in history?

Answer  The Battle of Buxar took place in 1764 CE between the British and the Nawab of Bengal (Mir Qasim), Shuja-ud-Daulah, Nawab of Awadh and the Mughal emperor, Shah Alam II. The British came out victorious in the battle.
Causes: Following were the main causes of the Battle of Buxar
1.Administrative reforms of Mir Qasim: Mir Qasim was an able ruler. He could not tolerate the loot and other irregularities of the officials of the Company. He made several improvements in his administration to increase the income of his state and check corruption. He also organised his army on the European lines. All this was against the interests of the British. They, therefore, declared war against Mir Qasim.
2.Misuse of trade concessions by the Company’s officers: The Company got permission from the Nawab of Bengal for tax-free trade. But, the officials of the Company started carrying their personal goods as well as the goods belonging to Indian traders without paying any tax. As such, the income of Mir Qasim was declining. Therefore, he tried to stop this practice.
3.Permission of tax-free trade to Indian traders: The Nawab tried to check the misuse of trade rights by the British. But when he failed to do so, he permitted the Indian traders to trade freely. The Company had to suffer a great loss of money due to it, so a war against the Nawab became imminent
Historical Importance: The Battle of Buxar had great historical importance. The position of the British was strengthened in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa as a result of this war. It became easy for the British to expand their empire in India.

Important Questions For KSEEB Class 8 History Chapter 2 

Question 3.Which methods were used by the British to establish and expand their empire?

Answer The British came to India as traders. But, they took advantage of the weaknesses of local rulers and established their empire. Gradually, their empire expanded in the whole of country. They used the following methods to establish and expand their rule in India:

1. The Policy of divide and rule: There was lack of political unity in India at the time of British arrival. India was divided into a number cf small states. Their rulers used to engage in battles with each other. The British took interest in their mutual conflicts and encouraged them to fight with each other. These mutual conf ids led to weakening of the strength of local rulers who afterwards sought British protection. The British took advantage of this situation and established their rule over India.
2. Policy of subsidiary alliance: First of all, the British adopted the policy’ of subsidiary alliance to expand their empire. This policy- was very effectively used by Lord Wellesley. States of j Hyderabad, the Maratha Confederacy, Mysore, etc., were annexed into the British Empire i through this policy.
3. Doctrine of Lapse: The British also used the policy of Doctrine of Lapse to expand their empire, i According to this policy’, if any king died without having any male child, then his kingdom was i annexed into the British Empire. He was not even allowed to adopt a male heir. States of Jhansi, Satara, etc., were annexed following this policy.
4. Other tactics: The British also used wars, pensions and issue of mis governance to expand their empire. Awadh was annexed into the British Empire on the issue of misgovernance. Rulers ; of Surat, Karnataka, etc., were given pensions and their states were annexed into the British Empire.

From Trade to Territory The Company Establishes Power Hots Corner

Question l. Write a note on the Lapse policy of Lord Dalhousie.

Answer  According to this doctrine, succession to the protected state depended upon the will of the British. Lord Dalhousie decided that only the natural-bom son of a king can ascend the throne. It meant that if a native ruler died without leaving a son behind, the dependent state would pass into the hands of the Brtish. On the grounds of Doctrine of Lapse, Dalhousie annexed seven dependent kingdoms into the British empire which included Nagpur, Jhansi, Jaitpur and Satara.

Question 2. How was Awadh annexed by the British?

Answer  Awadh was a very’ prosperous state. Navvab Wajid Ali Shah of Awadh always remained loyal to the British. But, the British started to interfere in his kingdom. He was forced to keep the British army in his kingdom. After some time, whole of his army was removed and was replaced with the British army. The Nawab had to maintain and bear the expenses of the entire army. All the relieved soldiers of army of the Nawab became unemployed. In 1856, the Company accused the Nawab of misgovemance and removed him. His kingdom was then annexed into the British Empire.

Question 3. How did the British become the masters of Bengal?

Answer  The British fought two battles with the Nawab of Bengal to gain control over Bengal, i.e., the Battle of Plassey and the Battle of Buxar. The Battle of Plassey took place in 1757. Siraj-ud-Daulah was the Nawab of Bengal at that time. The British, through a conspiracy, won over the confidence of Mir Jafar, the army commander of the Nawao. He remained aloof on the battlefield and thus, Siraj-ud-Daulah was defeated. After this, Mir Jafar was appointed as the Nawab of Bengal. After some time, Mir Jafar was removed and Mir Qasim was made the Nawab, but the British also turned against him after some time. A battle between the British and Mir Qasim took place at Buxar. Mir Qasim was defeated and Bengal came under the control of the British.

From Trade to Territory The Company Establishes Power Miscellaneous Questions

A. Multiple Choice Questions 

Tick the correct option from the choices provided:

Question 1. What was a farman?

(a)A royal order issued by Aurangzeb
(b)A royal edict issued by the British
(c)A verdict of rule over Bengal
(d)None of these

Answer. (a) A royal order issued by Aurangzeb

Question 2. Which Nawab of Bengal died in 1756?

(a) Siraj-ud-Daulah
(b)Mir Qasim
(c)Mir Jafar
(d)Alivardi Khan

Answer. (d) Alivardi Khan

Question 3. Which Governor-General defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah in the Battle of Plassey?

(a) Robert Clive
(b)William Bentinck
(c)Warren Hastings
(d)Lord Wellesley

Answer. (a) Robert Clive

Question 4. Which Nawab of Bengal was defeated in the Battle of Buxar?

(a) Mir Jafar
(b)Siraj-ud-Daulah
(c)Mir Qasim
(d)Murshid Quli Khan

Answer. (c) Mir Qasim

KSEEB History Chapter 2 Class 8 Multiple Choice Questions 

Question 5. After which battle did the Company appoint Residents in Indian states?

(a) Battle of Plassey
(b)Battle of Buxar
(c)Battle of Awadh
(d)None of these

Answer. (b) Battle of Buxar

Question 6. Who granted the Diwani rights of Bengal to the British?

(a) Mir Qasim
(b) Murshid Quli Khan
(c) Mir Jafar
(d) Mughal Emperor

Answer. (d) Mughal Emperor

Question 7. Who was the son of Haider Ali?

(a) Tipu Sultan
(b)Mir Jafar
(c)Alivardi Khan
(d)Mir Qasim

Answer. (a) Tipu Sultan

Question 8. Which ruler of Mysore stopped the export of many things through the ports of his kingdom?

(a) Haider Ali
(b)Alivardi Khan
(c)Tipu Sultan
(d)Mir Jafar

Answer. (c) Tipu Sultan

Question 9. How many Mysore Wars were fought?

(a) Two
(b) Four

Answer.  (b) Four

Question 10. In which battle was Tipu Sultan defeated?

(a) Battle of Buxar
(b) Battle of Awadh
(c) Battle of Plassey
(d) Battle of Seringapatam

Answer. (d) Battle of Seringapatam

From Trade to Territory The Company Establishes Power B.Match the Following

Find and write the correct options from the given below columns:

Answer.   1.(e)    2.(b)      3. (a)      4.(c)    5.(d)

From Trade to Territory The Company Establishes Power C. Picture Interpretation

Look at the given picture and answer the following questions:

1.Name the person shown in the picture.
2.Write a short note on Robert Clive.

Answer
1. The person shown in the picture is Robert Clive who became the Governor-General of India twice.
2. Robert Clive came to Madras from England in 1743 at the age of 18. He led the Company’s army in the Battle of Plassey and won that battle. He became the Governor-General of India twice. He amassed a great fortune in India through gifts and personal trade. He left India in 1767 and in that year, his fortune was worth 4,01,102 pounds. Interestingly, he was asked to remove corruption from Company in his second tenure as the Governor-General. The British Parliament, under the suspicion of his huge wealth, cross-examined him in 1772. Although, he was not found guilty, he committed suicide n 1774.

Part A – Our PASTS – III (History)

• Chapter 1 How, When and Where
• Chapter 2 From Trade to Territory The Company Establishes Power
• Chapter 3 Ruling the Countryside
• Chapter 4 Tribals Dikus and the Vision of a Golden Age
• chapter 5 When People Rebel 1857 And After
• Chapter 6 Colonialism and the City: The Story of an Imperial Capital
• Chapter 7 Weavers, Iron Smelters and Factory Owners
• Chapter 8 Civilising the “Native” Educating the Nation
• Chapter 9 Women, Caste and Reform
• Chapter 10 The Changing World of Visual Arts
• Chapter 11 The Making of the National Movement 1870s -1947
• Chapter 12 India After Independence

Part B – Resources and Development (Geography)

• Chapter 1 Resources
• Chapter 2 Land,Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation and A wildlife Resources
• Chapter 3 Mineral and Power Resources
• Chapter 4 Agriculture
• Chapter 5 Industries
• Chapter 6 Human Resources

Part C: Social and Political Life -III (Civics)

• Chapter 1 The Indian Constitution
• Chapter 2 Understanding Secularism
• Chapter 3 Why Do We Need a Parliament ?
• Chapter 4 Understanding Laws
• Chapter 5 Judiciary
• Chapter 6 Understanding Our Criminal Justice System
• Chapter 7 Understanding Marignalisation
• Chapter 8 Confronting Marginalisation
• Chapter 9 Public Facilities
• Chapter 10 Law and Social Justice

KSEEB Solutions Class 8 Civics Chapter 7 Understanding Marginalisation Textbook Questions

Question 1 Write in your own words two or more sentences of what you understand by the word ‘marginalization’.

Answer. In simple words, marginalisation means to be excluded from the mainstream of society due to age-old social disparities, like the caste system, prejudices, and discrimination on account of economic and wealth status. These underpriced leged groups of people are known as the marginalised groups. Depressed classes are also known as marginal sed sections of society. In India, a large number of people have experienced marginalisation on account of the caste system.

Question 2 List two reasons why Adivasis are becoming increasingly marginalised.

Answer. Aaivosis are becoming increasingly marginalised due to the following reasons:

1. In order to make the land for agriculture and industry, forest lands have been cleared.
2. Mines and mining projects have led to the displacement o* many Adivasis. It has caused the loss of their livelihood.

Question 3 Write one reason why you think the Constitution’s safeguards to protect minority communities is very important.

Answer. Indian Constitution provides safeguards to religious, ethnic, and linguistic minorities. These safeguards are provided in the fundamental rights. The Constitution’s safeguards for protecting minority communities are very important. Moreover, safeguards are important because they protect minorities against any discrimination on the basis of religion, caste, language, etc.

Question 4 Re-read the section on Minorities and Marginalisation. What do you understand by the term ‘minority’?

Answer. Minority refers to a community that is small in number in relation to the rest of the population, for example, Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, etc., are living in India. Hindus are in majority whereas Muslims, Christians, and Sikhs are in minorities. Minorities are vulnerable due to their inadequate share in power and decision-making.

Question 5 You are participating in a debate where you have to provide reasons to support the following statement ‘Muslims are a marginalised community. Using the data provided in this chapter list two reasons that you would give.

Answer. Muslims are 14.6% percent of India’s population and are considered to be a marginalised community in India. Muslims are a marginalised community due to the following reasons:
(1) Muslims are economically backward and they have been deprived of economic development 63.6% of Muslims live in Kuccha houses whereas 55.2 % of Hindus live in Kuccha houses.
(2) 65% of Hindus are literate whereas 59% of Muslims are literate. The average years of schooling for Muslim children between the age of 7-16 are much lower than that of other socio-religious communities.

Question 6 Imagine that you are watching the Republic Day parade on TV with a friend and she remarks. ‘‘Look at these tribals. They look so exotic. And they seem to be dancing all the time.” List three things that you would tell her about the lives of Adivasis in India.

Answer. Generally, the impression about tribals is that they are always dancing and enjoying life. But it is due to our lack of knowledge about the lives of Adivasis. Three main features of Admass lives are as follows;

1. Since most of the Advisors reside in deep forests, they share a symbiotic relationship with the forests.
2. A range of tribal religions is practiced by Adivasis, which involves the worship of ancestors, village, and nature spirits.
3. Adivasis reside in areas that are abundant in mineral arid other natural resources.
4. Many Adivasis have migrated to cities in search of work where they are employed for very low wages in industries.

Question 7 In the storyboard you read about how Helen hopes to make a movie on the Adivasi story. Can you help her by developing a short story on Adivasis?

Answer. Abors, Aai, Bkhor, Gonds, Santhal, etc., are some major tribes. Govds is a major tribe of Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, and Odisha. Gobind Marar was displaced due to a refinery project in Odisha. He has a daughter and two sons. He lives a miserable life. His daughter got into a relationship with a boy of a higher caste which was not liked by Mr. Maran. Due to family clashes, both the boy and girl committed suicide.

Class 8 Civics Understanding Marginalisation KSEEB Notes 

Question 8 Would you agree with the statement that economic and social marginalisation are interlinked? Why?

Answer. It is a hard fact that economic and social marginalisation is interlinked. Without money, no person can get an electricity connection. Money is needed to pay electricity bills and to purchase electronic goods. It is not possible to get a water connection without money.

Understanding Marginalisation Text Questions

Question 1 Explain at least three different reasons why groups may be marginalised.

Answer. Groups may be marginalised due to the following reasons:

1. They are fewer in number.
2. They follow different traditions and cultures
3. They speak different dialects and are poor.

Question 2 Why was Dadu forced to leave his village in Orissa? (now Odisha)

Answer. In the storyboard, Dadu was forced to leave his village in Odisha, as the companywallahs took his land because they wanted to mine iron ore there.

Question 3  Which metals are important in present-day India? Why? Where do they come from? Are there Adivasi populations there?

Answer. Metals like Iron-ore, aluminum, copper, bronze, etc., are important as they play an important part in the industries. These metals are found in the plateau of India. Yes, Adivasi population resides in these parts.

Question 4 List five products that you use at home that come from the forest.

Answer.
Products that are used at home which are derived from forests:

1. Fruits (Eatables)
2. Timber (Furniture)
3. Honey (Eatables)
4. Lac (Jeweller)’ and Accessories)
5. Gum (Resins)

Question 5 By whom were the following demands being made on forest land?
(i) timber for construction of houses and railways
(ii) forest land for mining
(iii) forest land for agriculture by non-tribal people
(iv) reserved by the government as wildlife parks In what ways would this affect tribal people?

Answer. The above demands were made by the British Government in India.
These would affect the tribal people as they will be left homeless. Forced to migrate to other areas, they would have to work on meager wages.

Question 6 In your opinion, why is it important that Adivasis should have a say in how their forests and forest lands are used?

Answer. Since the Aaivasis are directly affected by the government decisions, they should have a say in how their forests and forests lands are to be used

Question 7 Why do we need safeguards for minorities?

Answer. Safeguards for minorities are needed to protect them from being dominated by the majority.

Question 8 Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow:
 I live in a Muslim-dominated area. Some days back during Ramzan there was some disturbance that started taking a communal outlook. My brother and I had gone for an Iftar party in the neighborhood and were dressed in traditional clothes, that is sherwani and salwar kameez; respectively. On returning home, my brother and I were asked to change our clothes to jeans and a T-shirt. Now when everything is fine I wonder what was the reason that we were asked to change our clothes and why I didn’t find it odd. Were our clothes giving away our identity and is that identity linked to all kinds of fears and discrimination? Ainee A. Farooqi
The above essay has been written by a child around your age. What do you think she is trying to convey?

Answer. We live in a society where people are trying to hide their identities, to avoid attention. In some communities, particular dresses identify people of their religion or culture. Such identity can be harmful during communal tension. Hence, people try to avoid wearing such clothes. She is trying to convey that people still live in fear due to their cultural differences.

Understanding Marginalisation Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What do you understand by the term ‘Adivasis’

Answer. Adivasis are those communities who generally live in close association with forests.

Question 2 What is the tribal population of India?

Answer. According to 2011 census, the tribal population of India is around 10,42,81,034 and constitutes 8.6 percent of the country’s total population.

KSEEB Class 8 Civics Chapter 7 Questions And Answers 

Question 3 Write one problem which is faced by the tribal communities.

Answer. Land alienation is one of the most persistent problems faced by the tribal communities.

Question 4 Why some communities feel marginalised?

Answer. Some communities feel marginalised because they are poor, have low status, and are viewed as less human than others.

Question 5 Which term is used in the Indian Constitution in place of Adivasis?

Answer. In the Indian Constitution, the term Scheduled Tribe is used in place of Aorvas

Question 6 Why have forest lands been cleared?

Answer. Forest lands have been cleared for timber and to make the land for agriculture and industries.

Question 7 Which language is used by Adivasis?

Answer. Different Adivasi tribes have their own native dialects.

Question 8 Why are special constitutional and legal protection needed for minorities?

Answer. Special constitutional and legal provisions are needed to enable them to secure effective equality, besides preserving their distinct identity.

Understanding Marginalisation Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 Which religion is practiced by the Adivasis?

Answer Aaivasis practice their tribal religion. They worship their ancestors, village, and nature spirits  ‘River Spirits’, ‘Mountain Sprits’, etc. Ancestral worshipping is within the house while village spirit worshipping is at a particular place in the village. Moreover, Adidas have also been influenced by surrounding religions like Christianity, Buddhism, Shabta, Vaishnav, and Bhakti.

Question 2 Why do we need safeguards for minorities?

Answer

1. Safeguards are needed to protect the culture of the minorities.
2. Safeguards are needed to protect minorities so that no discrimination is done to them.
3. Safeguards are needed to protect India’s cultural diversity and promote social justice.

Question 3 Explain at least three different reasons why groups may be marginalised.

Answer. Groups are marginalised due to the following reasons:

1.  They speak a different language.
2. They follow different customs.
3. They belong to different religious groups from the majority community.
4. They are poor and have a low representation in the society.

Understanding Marginalisation  Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1 Why do we consider Muslims as a marginalised community in India?

Answer. Muslims are considered marginalised community due to the following reasons:

1. Indian Muslims are classified as a marginalised community in terms of various economic, social, and political indices.
2. They have over the years been deprived of the benefits of economic development About 63.6% of Muslims live in Kuccha houses and only 19.4% of Muslims have access to piped water.
3. Illiteracy and poverty among Muslims have further worsened their situation.
4. Economic and social marginalisation experienced by Muslims has other dimensions as well. Muslim customs and practices are very different from what is seen as the mainstream.

Question 2 Describe various rights of the minorities which are mentioned in the Constitution.

Answer. Indian Constitution has provided certain Fundamental Rights and safeguards to protea the interests, culture, language, etc., of the minorities.

1. The object of Article 29 is to give protection to the religious and linguistic minorities. Article 29
   declares that any season of the Indian citizen, having a distinct language, script, or culture of its own, shall have the right to conserve the same.
2. Every minority group shall have the right to impart instructions to the children of their own
   community in their own languages.
3.  The Constitution guarantees the right to all linguistic or religious minorities to establish and; administer educational institutions of their choice.
4.  The right to establish educational institutions of their choice amounts to the establishment of; the institutions which will serve the needs of the minority community.

Question 3 Write a short note on Adivasis.

Answer. The term Adivasis literally means—the original inhabitants. Most of the India’s industrial and mining sites are situated in tribal areas. More than 500  different tribal groups live in India. Out of which, more than 60 tribal groups live in Odisha alone. Adivasis practice their own religions which is different from Hinduism, Islam, or Christianity. They are nature lovers and their religion is based on the worship of ancestors, village, and nature spirit Usually their culture is also influenced by other surrounding cultures. Adivasis also speak different languages. Their language is different from the mainstream of Indian language.

Some of the tribal languages like the ‘Sonthali’ are as old as Sanskrit There are numerous magazines and publications in Sarthali languages. When we fix an image for someone we create a stereotype. Likewise, the tribals are also known as Adivasis as portrayed in a very stereotypical way—in color, clothes, headgear and through dancing, etc., but we never looked at the realities of their lives. People began to believe that they are primitive and backward. Most of the valuable products like wood, medicines, animal products, and herbs come from forests. Their lifestyles also depend on forests. They lost their source of income when British colonial policies forced them to leave forests.

Understanding Marginalisation KSEEB Class 8 Textbook Solutions 

Understanding Marginalisation Hots Corner

Question 1  Describe the lifestyle of the Adivasis in the pre-colonial world.

Answer. In the pre-colonial world, the Adivasis were originally hunters, gatherers, and nomads. They sustained their livelihood by practicing shifting agriculture.

Question 2 What is Ghettoisation?

Answer. The word ‘Ghettoisation’ is derived from the word ‘Ghetto’ which is a largely populated area of a particular community Ghettoisation refers to the process wherein due to various social, economic, and cultural reasons overcrowding of a particular community occurs.

Understanding Marginalisation Miscellaneous Questions

A. Multiple-Choice Questions

Tick the correct option from the choices provided:

Question 1 Adivasi areas are:

(a) Jamshedpur
(b) Bhilai
(c) Bokaro
(d) All of these

Answer. (d) All of these

Question 2 How many tribal groups are there in Odisha?

(a) 100 tribal groups
(b) 60 different tribal groups
(c) 50 different tribal groups
(d) 500 different tribal groups

Answer. (b) 60 different tribal groups

Question 3 In Assam, Adivasi population is about:

(a) 70 lakh
(b) 90 Lakh
(c) Five Crores
(d) 50 Lakh

Answer. (a) 70 lakh

Question 4 In the Indian Constitution, safeguards are provided to protect:

(a) Brahmin
(b) Minorities
(c) Majority
(d) Hindus

Answer. (b) Minorities

Question 5 Which of the following is marginalised group in India?

(a) Christians
(b) Hindus
(c) Punjabis
(d) Muslims

Answer. (d) Muslims

Question 6 Who is an Adivasi?

(a) Who lives in a city
(b) Who lives in a village
(c) Who generally lives in close association with forests
(d) Who lives in foreign lands

Answer. (c) Who generally lives in close association with forests

Question 7 How many National Parks are in India?

(a) 54
(b) 50
(c) 45
(d) 40

Answer. (a) 54

Question 8 How many Wild Life Sanctuaries are there h India?

(a) 400
(b) 389
(c) 382
(d) 372

Answer. (d) 372

Question 9 According to 2001 Census, which community is less literate?

(a) Hindu Community
(b) Muslim Community
(c) Sikh Community
(d) Jain Community.

Answer. (b) Muslim Community

Important Questions For KSEEB Class 8 Civics Chapter 7 

Understanding Marginalisation

B. Fill in the Blanks

Fill in the blanks with appropriate terms in the following sentences:

1. Recognising that Muslims in India were lagging behind, the government appointed a high-level
   the committee in 2005 chaired by Justice.__________
2. ______________of Muslim children in the 6-14 year age group have either never been enrolled
   in school or have dropped out.
3. There are different reasons for each of these communities being.______________
4. 45 percent of tribal groups in__________ and 35 percent is Urban areas live below the
   poverty line.
5. More than 50 percent of persons displaced due to mines and mining projects are.__________
6. Adivasis are invariably portrayed in very____________ ways.

Answer.

1. Rajinder Sachar
2. 25 percent
3. Marginalised
4. Rural areas
5. tribals
6. stereotypical

Understanding Marginalisation

C. Picture Interpretation

Study the picture alongside and answer the questions that follow:

1. Which tribe is shown in the picture?

Answer. The Santal tribe is shown in the following picture.

2. Where does this tribe reside?

Answer. The Santhal tribe resides in an area located between Bihar
and West Bengal.

3. What made them rise in revolt against the British?

Answer. When forests were converted into reserved forests, the
Santhals rose in revolt against the British, as they lost their source of food and livelihood, which they derived from selling fruits and timber respectively.

KSEEB Solutions Class 8 Civics Chapter 10 Law and Social Justice Textbook Questions

Question 1 Talk to two workers (For example, construction workers, farm workers, factory workers, or workers at any shop) to find out if they are -receiving the minimum wages laid down by law.

Answer No doubt Minimum Wages Act is passed almost in every state. In Haryana, The  Minimum Wages Act is also passed. We have talked with four-five workers but nobody is getting minimum wages fixed by the government

Qusestion.2 What are the advantages to foreign companies in setting up production in India?

Answer During the last fort)’ years, many foreign companies have established their factories in India. In the age of globalisation and liberalization. Multinational Companies came to India rapidly. The following are the advantages to foreign companies in setting up production in India.

1. The main advantage to foreign companies in India is cheap labor. In comparison to Indian workers, workers of USA and other countries are paid much higher wages. In India, companies pay lower wages for more working hours
2. The need to invest less in land and machinery is another advantage of foreign companies. The working conditions in India are lower, which means that fewer safety measures are required, which in turn helps in cost cutting. Less cost means more profit which is why foreign companies are coming to India.

Question 3 Do you think the victims of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy got justice? Discuss.

 Answer.

• At the late hours of night on December 2, 1984, a toxic gas known as methyl isocyanate, or MIC as it is popularly known leaked from the Un on Carbide factor in Bhopal.
  By 12.30 a.m. on December 3, toxic gas clouds enveloped the sky.
• While hundreds and thousands were affected, the municipal workers claimed to have cleared at least 15,000 dead bodies n the immediate vicinity of the plant. The death toll reached around 3,589 persons by 1989.
• Thousands of people who survived, still suffer from chronic illness, vision ailments like blindness, impaired immune system, and increased incidence of cancer.
• The government represented the victims in a civil case and demanded $ 3 billion as compensation in 1985 but accepted $ 470 million in 1989.
• Survivors went to the Supreme Court but Supreme Court decided that the settlement amount would stand. In fact, it was a great injustice to the victims who got very poor compensation.

Question 4 What do we mean when we speak of law enforcement? Who is responsible for enforcement? Why is enforcement so important?

Answer.

• There are three organs of government i.e., Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary. Law-making is the main function of legislature. But merely law-making is not sufficient. Enforcement of laws are equally important.
• Without implementation, law has no value. Law is implemented by the executive.
• The executive is to see that all the laws are properly obeyed and those who break the laws are punished. For example, Minimum Wages Act has no importance unless the government (Executive) also supervises and checks that workers get their wages in accordance with the provisions of the Act and punishes those who violate the law.

Qusestion.5. How can laws ensure that markets work in a manner that is fair? Give two examples to support your answer.

Answer.

• Law is a very important factor to control the market Everything can’t be left free to decide the market situation. For example, it is very essential that Minimum Wages Act of workers must be enacted.
• Without this Act, private companies, traders, business communities, and factory owners would normally pay very less to the workers to make maximum profit.
• Due to Minimum Wages Act, the employer cannot pay less than the Minimum Wage. The interests of the consumer and producers are also protected in a market by-law.
• These laws ensure the proper relations that exist between workers, producers, and consumers and none is in a position to exploit the other. In this way, laws ensure that markets work in a manner that is fair

Question 6 Imagine yourself to be a worker working in a chemical factory which has received orders from the government to move to a different site, 100 km away from the present location. Write about how your life would change.? Read out your responses in the classroom.

Answer. If my factory, where I am working, moves to a different site 100 km away from the present location, my life will be affected adversely. Either I have to lose the job or I have to shift my family near the factory. Near the factor)  problem of pollution will come up and the problem of safety conditions of workers will remain unchanged.

Question 7 Write a paragraph on the various roles of the government that you have read about in this unit.

Answer. Modern sidle is a welfd sidle. On the basis of Unit V, life government performs the following functions:

1. One of the major functions of the government is to ensure that public facilities are made available to everyone.
2. The government should provide safe drinking water to all.
3. The government should provide all facilities which are needed for the protection of the health of the people.
4. The government should provide proper sanitation facilities.
5. The government should enact laws and implement them properly to achieve social justice.
6. The government should enact minimum Wages Act for workers.
7. The government should ensure proper safety measures, good working conditions, etc.
8. The government should enact new laws for the protection of environment.
9.  The government is responsible for setting up laws and procedures that can check pollution, clean rivers, and introduce heavy fines for those who pollute the environment

Class 8 Civics Law And Social Justice KSEEB Notes 

Question 8 What are the sources of environmental pollution in your area? Discuss with respect to

(a) air  (b) water and (c) soil. What are the steps being taken to reduce the pollution? Can you suggest some other measures?

Answer. The major sources of environmental pollution are as follows:

1. The burning of fossil fuels gives out smoke which is released into the atmosphere.
2. The use of fossil fuels in automobiles like buses, cars, etc., leads to air pollution as these emit toxic gases.
3. Water pollution is a major environmental problem. Large sources of pollution are liquid wastes which flow from industry, agriculture, or human wastes.
4. Air pollution is caused mainly by the toxic smoke which comes out of the industries.
   Steps taken to reduce the pollution
   (a) The Supreme Court had ordered all public transport vehicles using diesel were to switch to compressed natural gas (C.N.G.).
   (b) To adopt cleaner technologies and processes in factories, the government has to encourage and support factories to do this.

Question 9 How was environment treated earlier? What has been the change in perception? Discuss.

Answer There is much change regarding environment in the present as compared with past People were not conscious about the environment in the past. But now they are conscious about environment and taking steps to protect.

Question 10 What do you think the famous cartoonist R.K. Laxman is trying to convey in this cartoon? How does it relate to the 2006 law that you read about on page 125?

Answer It’s really cruel burdening kids like this. I had to hire that boy to help my son!
The famous cartoonist R.K. Laxman in this cartoon wants to send out the message that people should protect the rights of the children. The October 2006 law on Child Labour Prevention Act states that children below the age of 14 should not be allowed work in mines, tea shops, restaurants, etc. They are also banned from working as domestic servants ur dl Dftobus.

Law and Social Justice Text Questions

Question 1 Why do we need a law on minimum wages?

Answer. We need a law on minimum wages for ensuring that the workers are fairly remunerated.

Qusestion.2. Find out:

(a)What is the minimum wage of a construction worker in your state?
(b)Do you think the minimum wage for a construction worker is adequate, low or high?
(c)Who sets the minimum wages?

Answer.
(a) Above  200 daily.
(b) Low.
(c) Labour Ministry of the state.

Question 3 Why do you think the enforcement of safety laws is important in any factory?

Answer. The enforcement of safety laws is important in any factory for the safety of the workers and general public.

Qusestion.4. Can you point to a few other situations where laws (or rules) exist but people do not follow them because of poor enforcement? (For example over-speeding by motorists)

Answer. Following are some examples where laws exist but people do not follow them:

1.  Crossing red light on the road.
2.  Encroachment of government land in residential and commercial areas.
3. Not crossing the road from the zebra crossing.

Question.5. What are the problems in enforcement?

Answer. Problems in enforcement:

1. People are not aware of such laws or don’t follow the law deliberately.
2. Government officials don’t perform their duties sincerely and honestly.
3. Culprits generally give bribes to the government officials.

Question 6 Can you suggest some ways in which enforcement can be improved?

Answer. Yes, following are some of the ways for improving enforcement:

(1) Deployment of adequate number of enforcement staff.
(ii )Stringent punishment for violators.
(iii) Summary trials.
(iv) Offence to be made unbailable.

Question 7 A clean environment is a public facility. Can you explain this statement?

Answer. A clean environment is a public facility because it is essential for the survival of the people.
The government has to provide this at its own cost in a democratic setup.

Question 8 Why do we need new laws?

Answer. We need new laws to ensure the safety of the people.

Question 9 Why are companies and contractors able to violate environmental laws?

Answer. Companies and contractors are able to violate environmental laws because of their connivance with government officials and corruption within the judicial system.

KSEEB Class 8 Civics Chapter 10 Questions And Answers 

Law and Social Justice Additional Questions (Solved)

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What is meant by environment?

Answer. Environment means surroundings or conditions under which a person or thing exists and develops its characteristics.

Question 2 Do you think the minimum wage for a construction worker is adequate, low, or high?

Answer. Minimum wage for a construction worker is very low.

Question 3 What is the minimum wage for a construction worker in your state?

Answer. It is  200 per day.

Question 4 Write those rights which are a part of Right to Life ?

Answer.

•  Right to Health
•  Right to Shelter
  
•  Right to Education

Question 5 Who directed industries in residential areas in Delhi to close down or shift out of the city?

Answer. Delhi High Court

Question6 Which issue is brought to the forefront by Bhopal disaster?

Answer. The issue of environmental degradation.

Question 7 Why foreign companies come to India for business? Give one reason.

Answer. One reason why foreign companies come to India for business is due to availability of cheap labor.

Question 8 What do you mean by environmental degradation?

Answer. it is the deterioration of the environment both in quality and quantity. Pollution is a major cause for it

Question.9. Who sets the minimum wages?

Answer. The government sets the minimum wages.

Question 10 Why did Bhopal Gas Tragedy occur?

Answer. Bhopal Gas Tragedy occurred due to leakage of poisonous gas — Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) from the Union Carbide factory.

Question 11 Write the health problems faced by the survivors of Bhopal Gas Tragedy.

Answer. Many people faced respiratory disorders, eye problems, and other disorders. Children who survived the tragedy developed many physical and mental abnormalities.

Question 12 Why do we need a law on minimum wages?
Answer. We need a law on minimum wages so that there is no exploitation of workers by the employers or by the capitalist Minimum wages law is required for ensuring just wages and to check underpayment

Law and Social Justice Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1 What is meant by environment?
Answer.

• Environment means surroundings or conditions under which a person or thing exists and develops its characteristics.
•  It is divided into the natural environment and human environment

Question 2 What is environmental degradation?
Answer. Environmental degradation refers to the deterioration of the environment both in terms of quantity and quality. If the resources are used in large quantities it leads to their depletion. If they are used in inefficient ways, it results in deterioration of the environment

Question.3. Explain the importance of social justice.

Answer. The importance of social justice is increasing day by day in a modem democratic state. Social justice is very essential for the maintenance of social harmony and peace in the society. To make democracy’ a success, social justice is very much essential.

Question 4 Discuss the articles of the Indian Constitution with regard to environment.
Answer.

1.  It is one of the fundamental duties of the State to protect and improve environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country.
2.  It is the duty of every- citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures.

Question 5 What are environmental laws?

Answer. The laws passed by government regarding conservation of nature or for protection of some specific natural resources are called environmental laws. Such as Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981, Environmental (Protection) Act 1986, Forest (Conservation) Act 1980, Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution Act) 1974, etc.

Question 6 Why do you think enforcement of safety laws is important in any factory?
Answer. Enforcement of safety laws is important in any factory due to the following reasons:

1.  Under the Right to Life, guaranteed under Art. 21 of the Indian Constitution, the government has the responsibility to ensure safety to all workers.
2.  Majority of the industries did not include measures to save costs and earn more profits.

Law and Social Justice KSEEB Class 8 Textbook Solutions 

Law and Social Justice Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1 Write a detailed note on Right to Life. Mention those rights also which have become a part of the Right to Life due to various judgments of the court.
Answer.

• Right to Life is the most important fundamental right guaranteed to every citizen under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution.
• Article 21 provides that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law.
• At present, Right to Life has become more meaningful and substantial because many other rights have become a part of Right to Life due to various judgments of the High Courts and Supreme Court. For example, injured fanner Hakim Sheikh established the Right to Health as a part of the Right to Life.
• The judiciary has also established the Right to the “enjoyment of pollution-free water and air” for full enjoyment of life ‘as part of the Right to Life.

Question 2 Write a short note on Right against Exploitation.

Answer. The Constitution of India recognises the dignity of the individual and protects him against any form of exploitation either by the state or by the privileged classes in the society. Article 23 provides that trafficking in human beings and begar (forced labor) and similar other forms of forced labor are prohibited. Article 24 prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 in any factory, mine, or any other hazardous (dangerous) employment.

Law and Social Justice Hots Corner

Question 1 What is Social Justice? How social justice is ensured?
Answer. Social Justice means the abolition of all social inequalities and provision of equal opportunities to all individuals living in the society. Thus, Sodal Justice means that all people living in the society are equal. The people should not be treated discriminately on the basis of caste, religion, sex, etc. The government controls the activities of individuals or private companies to ensure social justice.

Question 2 Why there exist such sharp differences in safety standards across countries? And even after the disaster happened, why was the compensation to the victims so low?

Answer. There was such a sharp difference in the safety standards across the countries because of the following reasons:

1. worth of an Indian worker was less in the minds of foreigners.
2. One worker can easily replace another.
3. Due to acute unemployment, there are many workers in India who are willing to work in unsafe
   conditions in return for a wage.
4. Taking advantage of the workers’ vulnerability, the company ignores safety in workplaces.
5. After the Bhopal Gas Tragedy, there have been regular reports of accidents in construction sites, mines, or factories because of the callous attitude of the employers.
6. The compensation to victims was low because the kins of the victims and the sur\ivors are not in a position to bargain and go to court against the verdict given by the courts to them because of their poor conditions.

Law and Social Justice Miscellaneous Questions

A.Multiple Choice Questions

Tick the correct option from the choices provided:

Question 1  The world’s worst industrial tragedy took place at:

(a) Mumbai
(b) Chennai
(c)Bhopal
(d)Jaipur

Answer.(c) Bhopal

Question.2. In the Bhopal gas tragedy, how many people died?

(a) 8,000 people
(b) 5,000 people
(c) 10,000 people
(d) 25,000 people

Answer. (a) 8,000 people

Question 3 Who is responsible for the enforcement of safety laws?

(a) State
(b) Government
(c) Nation
(d) Judiciary

Answer. (b) Government

Question 4 Who controls the activities of private companies by making, enforcing and upholding laws?

(a) People
(b) Judiciary
(c) Society
(d) Government

Answer. (d) Government

Question 5 Which of the following right is a part of the Right to Life?

(a) Right to Equality
(b) Right to Freedom
(c) Right to Health
(d) None of these

Answer. (c) Right to Health

Question 6 Begar has been banned by the Constitution under:

(a) Article 21
(b) Article 22
(c) Article 23
(d) Article 24

Answer. (c) Article 23

Important Questions For KSEEB Class 8 Civics Chapter 10 

Question 7 Which of the following right is not a part of the Right to Life?

(a) Right to Equality
(b) Right to Freedom
(c) Right to Information
(d) None of these

Answer. (c) Right to Information

Question 8 Begaar has been banned by the Constitution under:

(a) Article 21
(b) Article 22
(c) Article 23
(d) Article 24

Answer. (c) Article 23

Law and Social Justice B. Match the Following

Find and write the correct options from the given below columns:

Answer.
1. (c)
2. (e)
3. (d
4. (a)
5. (b).

Law and Social Justice C.Picture Interpretation

Study the given picture and answer the following questions:

1 Which social evil is depicted in the picture?

Answer. The social evil depicted in the picture is child abuse.

2 Which Constitutional Act bans such practice?

Answer. The Child Labour Prevention Act bans children under 14 years of age from working as domestic servants or as workers in any institution.