Eswari

KSEEB Solutions Class 8 Sociology Chapter 3 Social Institutions Points To Remember

Social institutions fulfil the social needs of human beings. The social institution is that whole of roles, status, moral values and functions catering to the social needs of human beings. Since the social rules and customs remain in operation, social institutions are born. According to ‘Summer and Keller, “Like living beings that have organs and cells, societies also have customs and institutions”.

Summer also says “A social institution is a permanent structure that fulfils the desires of human beings”. According to Maciver and Page, “Social Institutions are the structure devised to fulfil the desires of a particular social group”. Social institutions are found in all societies. They are as old as human civilisation. Social institutions fulfil the basic needs of human beings like shelter, food, sexual desire, procreation and personality development.

Read and Learn More KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science

Social institutions are the medium of transferring cultural aspects like knowledge, customs, values and others from generation to generation. Hence, social institutions are important for social life. Social institutions fulfil the basic needs of human beings and also regulate their behaviour. The social institutions assign roles to their members based on their age and other yardsticks. Family assigns relationships based on age. Similarly, social institutions assign roles to members by defining their relationships.

Important Questions For KSEEB Class 8 Sociology Chapter 3 

The main role of the family is to nourish its members. The elders like grandparents take care of the babies with caution till they become grown-ups. The family also provides nursing for the sick member or the weak elder member. The procreation of children, their upbringing, and nourishment take place within the family. Marriage directs the other relationships in the family. Religion is one of the main mediums of socialisation. It aids the spread of values like truthfulness, patience, peace, sacrifice and others through various customs and rituals.

Truthfulness, honesty and non-violence are some of the religious values that aid social unity. Religion aids in the preservation of values like truthfulness, honesty, and non-violence. Religion is one of the major means of achieving social control. It controls human life through God and spiritual concepts. Religion guides its members to be disciplined and civilised. There is a need to understand this function of religion and stop hating other religions.

Social Institutions Exercises

Fill in the blanks with a suitable answer:

1. Social institutions fulfil the social needs of human beings.
2. Family is a Social Institution
3. Social institutions are a Medium of cultural transfer.
4. Religion aids in the spread of values.

Social Institutions Answer the following:

Question 1. What is a social institution?
Answer: “A social institution is a permanent structure that fulfils the desires of human beings”.

Question 2. Explain the functions of the family.
Answer:

Nourishment of the members: The main role of the family is to nourish its members. The elders like grandparents take care of the babies with caution till they become grownups. The family also provides nursing for the sick member or the weak elder member.

Security and Socialisation: The family educates the children about interacting with society through socialisation. It also provides= social security to the members. It mainly provides skills and nourishment needed for the younger members to become part of society as adults.

Class 8 Sociology Social Institutions KSEEB Notes 

Question 3. What are the features of Social institutions?
Answer:
The features of Social institutions are:

Universal
Social Institutions have Rules
Social Institutions fulfil the basic needs
Written and unwritten rules and regulations
Interconnected relationship

Question 4. What are the types of Social institutions?
Answer: The state, family, marriage, and court of law are a few examples of social institutions.

Social Institutions Answer The Following In Four-Five Sentences :

Question 1. Explain the relationship between social institutions and society.
Answer: The social institutions in a given society remain interconnected. Ina traditional society, the family took care of bringing up a child, whereas, in modern society, the school shares the role of bringing up a child. Children who come from different families undergo socialisation in school. The social institutions remain interconnected and complement each other.

Question 2. Explain the ideals of religion as a social institution.
Answer:

Socialisation: Religion is one of the main mediums of socialisation. It aids the spread of values like truthfulness, patience, peace, sacrifice and others through various customs and rituals.
Social Unity: Religion fosters unity. By employing symbols and customs, religion creates unity among the members.
Protection of values: Religion aids in the preservation of values like truthfulness, honesty, and non-violence.
Social control: Religion guides its members to be disciplined and civilised. There is a need

Question 3. Explain the functions of the family as a social institution.
Answer:

Nourishment of the members: The main According to ‘Summer and Keller, “Like living to understand this function of religion and stop hating other religions role of the family is to nourish its members. The elders like grandparents take care of the babies with caution till they become grownups. The family also provides nursing for the sick member or the weak elder member.

Security and Socialisation: The family educates the children about interacting with society through socialisation. It also provides social security to the members. It mainly provides skills and nourishment needed for the younger members to become part of society as adults.

KSEEB Class 8 Sociology Chapter 3 Questions And Answers 

Question 4. Write a note on Marriage.
Answer:

Social Sanction: Marriage is an important social institution. It provides social sanction for a man and woman to live together. Marriage provides entry to family life. It allows the couple to stay together and lead a life of religious, economic and cultural life. Marriage is as old as human civilization. It has also undergone various changes too.

The base for the Family: Marriage is the base of the family. The procreation of children, their upbringing, and nourishment take place within the family. Marriage directs the other relationships in the family. Marriage often creates unity. Marriage brings together people from different social backgrounds and fosters unity.

Social Institutions Additional Questions And Answers

Answer the following questions in a sentence or two sentences each:

Question 1. What is a social institution according to ‘Summer and Keller’?
Answer: According to Summar and Keller, “Like living beings that have organs and cells, societies also have customs and institutions”.

Question 2. What is social institution according to Summer?
Answer: Summer also says “A social institution is a permanent structure that fulfils the desires of human beings”.

Question 3. What is a social institution according to Maciver and Page?
Answer: According to Maciver and Page, “Social Institutions are the structure devised to fulfil the desires of a particular social group”.

Question 4. Which are the values spread by Socialisation?
Answer: Socialisation aids the spread of values like truthfulness, patience, peace, sacrifice and others through various customs and rituals.

Social Institutions Answer the following in four-five sentences:

Question 1. Social institutions are Universal. Justify.
Answer: Social institutions are found in all societies. They are as old as human civilisation. Irrespective of time and space, social institutions are present in all human societies. Family, marriage and school have been part of human societies with necessary changes.

Question 2. The rules of the social institutions control society. Justify.
Answer: The rules of the social institutions regulate the behaviour of the members. The members who violate the rules are prohibited from participating. Social institutions direct their members to perform roles as per the rules strictly. In families, the role of elders and younger ones are fixed as per the rules framed by the individual

Question 3. How do Social Institutions fulfil basic needs?
Answer: Social institutions fulfil the basic needs of human beings like shelter, food, sexual desire, procreation and personality development. Various social institutions work in coordination to fulfil these needs

Social Institutions KSEEB Class 8 Textbook Solutions 

Question 4. Explain the importance of Social Institutions
Answer:

Medium of Culture: Social institutions are the medium of transferring cultural aspects like knowledge, customs, values and others from generation to generation. Hence, social institutions are important for social life.
Fulfil the needs of the members: Social institutions fulfil the basic needs of human beings and also regulate their behaviour.
Define and regulate the behaviour of members: The social institutions prescribe and define good and bad behaviours. Schools define our way of dressing and other behaviours. The school corrects our bad behaviour by various means like punishment, reprimands and rustication. If the desired correction is not achieved, then the school resorts to a legal course of action.
Social Institutions provide roles to individuals: The social institutions assign roles to their members based on their age and other yardsticks. Family assigns relationships based on age. Similarly, social institutions assign roles to members by defining their relationships.

Question 5. Why are social institutions important for social life?
Answer: Rural societies have a primary relationship. One can notice friendship, love and kinship among individuals here. Family influences most of social life. Joint families are another major feature of Indian rural societies.

KSEEB Solutions Class 8 Sociology Chapter 1 Introduction To Sociology Points To Remember

Social living is necessary for well-being and growth. Hence, human society is called a web of social relationships. The word Sociology originates from two words:’Socius’ in Latin language and ‘Logos’ in the Greek language. ‘Socius’ means ‘companion’ and ‘logos’ means science or study. Thus, Sociology is the science of human society. Auguste Comte: “Sociology is the science of social phenomena subject to the natural and invariable laws, the discovery of which is the object of investigation”.

Read and Learn More KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science

Max Weber: “Sociology is the study of Social Behaviour”
Emile Durkheim: “Sociology is the science of social institutions”.
The intellectual stimulation provided by social and religious reform movements, the renaissance, and other movements of the 16th and 18th resulted in the ‘Origin of Sociology’.
August Comte is an important French philosopher. He is the first Social Philosopher. He is called ‘the father of Sociology’.
Auguste Comte used the word “Sociology’ for the first time while delivering a public lecture on ‘Positive Philosophy.
Karl Marx is an important social thinker of world repute of the 19th century C.E. He was a political revolutionary, a clever organizer, and a sensitive writer. Karl Marx is called the founder of the ‘Class Struggle theory’.
Emile Durkheim proved that Sociology is at par with any other science with his scientific writings. While August Comte is called the ‘father of
Sociology, Durkheim is called the ‘father of the development of Sociology’.
Max Weber had an interest in law, economics, religion, art, history, and sociology. Ambedkar was the first to prove that all sorts of exploitation of Dalits can be overcome by education.
Ambedkar argued in favor of compulsory and free education for all. He argued that education should remain as public property as it has the capacity to bring in social changes.
After receiving his Ph.D. from Cambridge University, London, Ghurye returned to India and started his teaching career at the department of Sociology at Bombay University which he founded.
Indian sociologist. He popularized field-based sociological studies in India.
As he was following the Marxist Ideology in his sociological studies, he was identified as a ‘Marxist Sociologist’. His ‘The Sociological Background of Indian Nationalism’ work is the best work. Indian Rural Sociology, Slums, and Urbanisation are his major works.

Class 8 Sociology Introduction To Sociology KSEEB Notes 

Introduction To Sociology Exercises

Fill in the blanks:

1. Man is a Social being.
2. ‘Logos’ means science or study.
3. The Father of Sociology is August Comte.
4. Karl Marx is called the advocate of ‘Conflict Theory
5. Annihilation of caste was written by Dr. B.R.Ambedkar

Introduction To Sociology Answer the following sentences:

Question 1. Who is called the Father of Sociology?
Answer: The Father of Sociology is August Comte.

Question 2.Describe the nature of Sociology
Answer: Sociology has a unique place among all the social sciences. It is different from other social sciences due to its unique nature. Sociology is considered an independent and separate field of study.

Question 3. What is Sociology?
Answer: “Sociology is the science of social phenomena subject to the natural and invariable laws, the discovery of which is the object of investigation”.

Question 4. Name the important early Sociologists.
Answer: August Comte, Max Weber, Max Weber, and Emile Durkheim

Question 5. Name the important Indian Sociologists.
Answer: DrB.R. Ambedkar, GS Ghruye, M.N.Srinivas, C.Parvathamma, and A.R.Desai

Introduction To Sociology Answer the following in four or five sentences:

Question 1. Human beings are social beings. Explain.
Answer: There is no society without individuals and there is no individual without society. If one thinks generally, about whether an individual can live alone on Earth, the answer is NO. Since a human being is a social being, he always longs to live with another human being. Social living is necessary for well-being and growth. Hence, human society is called a web of social relationships.

Question 2. Explain the relationship between Sociology and History.
Answer: Sociology and History are interrelated. History is the recreation of the life of a past society. Sociology is the recreation of contemporary society. Sociology supports historians by providing scientific knowledge of various social institutions and their roles and functions.

KSEEB Class 8 Sociology Chapter 1 Questions And Answers 

Question 3. What does Sociology study?
Answer: Sociology studies human society. It studies human social life, social relationships, social institutions, and social process.

Question 4. What books were written by Karl Marx?
Answer: Das Capital -1865, The Holy Family, the German Ideology-1845, The Manifesto of the Communist Party -1848, and others were written by Karl Marx.

Question 5. Write a note on Ambedkar’s early life.
Answer: B.R. Ambedkar was born in Ambawade village of Maharashtra on April 14, 1891. He lost his mother at the age of six and grew up under the care of his aunt Meerabai and started his primary education at Satara. Ambedkar joined the popular Elphinstone High School of Mumbai and passed matriculation with first class in 1907. He married Ramabai. With the help of a scholarship awarded by Maharaja of rupees twenty-five, Ambedkar earned his B. A and M.A. degrees. He received his Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1916.

Question 6. Write a note on a prominent sociologist from Karnataka C.Parvathamma.
Answer: Parvathamma completed her intermediate education in the Arts stream with a second class. She later joined BA honors in Social Philosophy at Maharaja College, Mysore. She earned the first rank in BA honors. She sustained her entire education on scholarships. A professor guided her to continue his education at a foreign university. C.Parvathamma returned to Karnataka after completing higher education at a foreign university. She made genuine attempts to spread the learning of Sociology across Karnataka proving her commitment and sense of social concern. Her major contributions are Politics and Religion, “Sociological Essays on Veerashaivism, and her studies on the socio-economic status of Scheduled Castes and Tribes.

Question 7. Write a note on noted Indian Sociologist M.N.Srinivas.
Answer: M.N.Srinivas is an internationally renowned Indian sociologist. He popularized field-based sociological studies in India. While he was studying at Stanford University, his field study notes were lost in arson due to the agitation of the students. Based on his memory of the fieldwork done, he wrote ‘A Remembered Village’ in 1976. This has received universal acclaim and has been republished many times. Under the guidance of his teacher Radcliffe Brown, he wrote a book titled “The Religion and Society of Kodavas of South India” in 1952.

Introduction To Sociology Additional Questions And Answers

Choose the correct alternative and Write the complete answer Along with its alphabet in the sheet provided:

Question 1. The word Sociology originates from two words of

1. Latin and Greek
2. English and Sanskrit
3. Latin and Sanskrit
4. English and Greek

Answer: 1. Latin and Greek

Question 2. The Latin word ‘Socius’ means

1. Science
2. Companion
3. Study
4. Social

Answer: 2. Companionship

Question 3. Greek word ‘Logos’ means

1. Companion
2. Science
3. Society
4. Social

Answer: 2. Science

KSEEB Sociology Chapter 1 Class 8 Multiple Choice Questions 

Question 4.“Sociology is the science of social institutions” This is stated by

1. Max Weber
2. Emile Durkheim
3. August Comte
4. Karl Marx

Answer: 2. EmileDurkheim

Question 5. “Sociology is the science of social institutions” This is stated by and Society of Kodavas of South India” is

1. Max Weber
2. Emile Durkheim
3. August Comte
4. Karl Marx

Answer: 2. Emile Durkheim

Question 6. The first Social Philosopher is 14. Iravati Karve was the student of

1. August Comte
2. Emile Durkheim
3. Max Weber
4. GS Ghruye

Answer: 1. August Comte

Question 7.‘The father of sociology is

1. GS Ghruye
2. Emile Durkheim
3. Max Weber
4. August Comte

Answer: 4. August Comte

Question 8. The word “Sociology’ was used in a public lecture for the first time by

1. August Comte
2. Emile Durkheim
3. Max Weber
4. GS Ghruye

Answer: 1. August Comte

Question 9. Karl Marx is called the founder of

1. ‘Social Struggle Theory’
2. ‘Social Contract Theory
3. ‘Class Struggle Theory’
4. ‘Political Class Theory’

Answer: 3. ‘Class Struggle Theory’

Question 10. The father of the development of Sociology is

1. August Comte
2. Emile Durkheim
3. Max Weber
4. GS Ghruye

Answer: 2. Emile Durkheim

Question 11. The sociologist who popularised the ‘field-based sociological studies’ in India is

1. M.N.Srinivas
2. G. S. Ghurye
3. Dr. B. RAmbedkar
4. C. Parvathamma

Answer: 1. M.N.Srinivas

Question 12. The author of A Remembered Village is

1. M.N.Srinivas
2. G S. Ghurye
3. Dr. B. R Ambedkar
4. C. Parvathamma

Answer: 1. M.N.Srinivas

Question 13. The author wrote a book titled “The Religion and Society of Kodavas of South India” which is

1. M.N.Srinivas
2. G S. Ghurye
3. Dr. B. R Ambedkar
4. C. Parvathamma

Answer: 1. M.N.Srinivas

KSEEB Class 8 Introduction To Sociology Study Materials 

Question 14.Iravati Karve was the student of

1. G.S.Gurye
2. M.N.Srinivas
3. Dr.B.R.Ambedkar
4. C.Parvathamma

Answer: 1.G.S.Gurye

Question 15. The sociologist who was identified as a ‘Marxist Sociologist’

1. GS.Gurye
2. M.N.Srinivas
3. A.R.Desai
4. C. Parvathamma

Answer: 3. A.R.Desai

Introduction To Sociology Answer the following questions in a sentence or two sentences each:

Question 1. Who was the first to prove that all sorts of exploitation of Dalits can be overcome by education?
Answer: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the first to prove that all sorts of exploitation of Dalits can be overcome by education.

Question 2. What did Emile Durkheim prove regarding sociology?
Answer: Emile Durkheim proved that Sociology is at par with any other science with his scientific writings.

Question 3. What is sociology according to August Comte?
Answer:
Auguste Comte:- “Sociology is the science of social phenomena subject to the natural and invariable laws, the discovery of which is the object of investigation”.

Question 4. Who played an important role in the establishment of departments of Sociology in Indian universities?
Answer: Ghurye played an important role in the establishment of departments of Sociology in Indian universities.

Introduction To Sociology Answer the following questions in four or five sentences:

Question 1. Human beings are different from other animals, Justify.
Answer: Human Beings have always tried to understand the environment, nature, and the self-created social world since ages deeply and accurately. Human beings are different from other animals and are ‘intellectual beings’. There are a lot of differences between animals and human beings. Apparent differences in body structure and rate of growth, food consumption, creativity, and evolution in the brain can be noticed.

Question 2. The relationship between the individual and society is unique. Justify.
Answer: There is no society without individuals and there is no individual without society. If one thinks generally, about whether an individual can live alone on Earth, the answer is NO. Since a human being is a social being, he always longs to live with other human beings. Social living is necessary for well-being and growth. Hence, human society is called a web of social relationships.

Question 3. Human society is called a web of social relationships. Why?
Answer: Since a human being is a social being, he always longs to live with other human beings. Social living is necessary for well-being and growth. Hence, human society is called a web of social relationships.

Introduction To Sociology KSEEB Class 8 Textbook Solutions 

Question 4. Explain the origin of Sociology
Answer: The beginning of Sociology as an independent and separate field of Science was during the middle of the nineteenth century. It became a specific science in the later fifty years. Though other social sciences like History, Political Science, Economics, Psychology, and others have a long history, they were recognized as ‘Social Sciences’ during the 18th and 19th centuries. This was due to the ‘Industrial’ and ‘French’ revolutions. The intellectual stimulation provided by social and religious reform movements, the renaissance, and other movements of the 16th and 18th resulted in the ‘Origin of Sociology’.

Question 5. Explain the scope of Sociology.
Answer: Sociology studies human society. It studies human social life, social relationships, social institutions, and social process.

Question 6. What are the features of Sociology?
Answer:

1. Sociology is a social science and not a physical science
2. Sociology is a definitive study but not a directive study
3. Sociology is a pure science and not an applied science
4. Sociology is an intangible science and not a tangible science
5. Sociology is a general science and not a special science

Question 7. Sociology is a social science and not a physical science. Justify.
Answer: Sociology belongs to the group of social sciences and not to the group of physical sciences. It studies the social life and activities of human society. It also has a close relationship with other social sciences like History, Political Science, Economics, Psychology, and Anthropology.

Question 8. Sociology is a definitive study but not a directive study. Justify.
Answer: Sociology studies human society as it is. It never engages in How it should be studied. It does not engage in value judgments. It aims at objective study only. Sociology remains ‘neutral’ in value-based aspects.

Question 9. Sociology is a pure science and not an applied science. Justify.
Answer: Sociology is interested in an objective study that results in the formation of empirical body knowledge only. It is not an applied science that is interested in experiments.

Question 10. Sociology is an intangible science and not a tangible science. Why?
Answer: Sociology is not interested in some of the tangible aspects of human life. It has an interest in the form and pattern of human events. It has no interest in any specific battle or revolution like History. It considers these events as patterns and forms of Social conflict and subjects them to a scientific study.

Question 11. Sociology is a general science and not a special science. Why?
Answer: Among all the social sciences, only Sociology studies the general interactions involving human beings like religion, politics, and economy, as moral and intellectual aspects. It has a wider scope than other social sciences.

Question 12. Mention the importance of Sociology.
Answer: Sociology studies human society scientifically Supplements personality development Aids in understanding social problems and their solutions. Understanding Social Processes Sociology supports the effective implementation of development programs.

Question 13. Explain the relationship between Sociology and Political Science.
Answer: Political Science studies the interactions between political institutions, the political life of human beings,s and the political institutions of human society. Sociology studies the various social institutions like social groups and social institutions that function within the political structure.

Question 14.Explain the relationship between Sociology and Anthropology
Answer: The relationship between Sociology and Anthropology is widely recognized. The culture and social path of human beings and their history are studied by Anthropology. Sociology grows independently by studying social life holistically. It provides an objective analysis of the various social institutions.

Important Questions For KSEEB Class 8 Sociology Chapter 1 

Question 15. Explain the relationship between Sociology and Psychology.
Answer: Sociology and Psychology are complementary to each other. Psychology studies the behavioral aspects of human beings from psychological perspectives. Sociology seeks to study the social behavior, social interactions, and functions of social institutions.

Question 16.Explain the relationship between Sociology and Economics
Answer: Economics studies the economical activities of human beings. Sociology seeks to understand the interaction between the economical and social activities of human beings. It also probes how human behavior forms economic activities.

Question 17. What are the major contributions of August Comte?
Answer: The major contributions are Positive Philosophy-1839, Positive Polity -1851, and Human Religion-1857. August Comte who wrote many other important books on Sociology died on September 05, 1857, at the age of 59 years

Question 18. What are the major contributions of Karl Marx?
Answer: The major contributions: Das Capital -1865, The Holy Family, the German Ideology-1845, The Manifesto of the Communist Party -1848, and others. Karl Marx died on March 14, 1883. Even after a century after his death, theories advocated by Marx have remained relevant.

Question 19. Which are the contributions of Durkheim to Sociology?
Answer: The major contributions of Durkheim are The Division of Labour in Society — 1893, Suicide— 1897, The Rules of Sociological Method—1895, The Elementary Reforms of Religious Life —1912, and others. He died at the age of fifty-nine.

Question 20. Explain the contribution of Ambedkar to the field of Sociology.
Answer: He started a fortnightly magazine named ‘MOOKANAYAKA’. His major works are Annihilation of caste -1936, Who Are Shudras- 1946, Budha and his Dhamma-1957, and others. All his writings are published in 26 volumes by the Government of Karnataka in Kannada. Dr B.R.Ambedkar died on December 06, 1956.

Question 21. What are the major contributions of Ghurye?
Answer: After receiving his Ph.D. from Cambridge University, London, Ghurye returned to India and started his teaching career at the department of Sociology at Bombay University where he founded. Caste and Race in India -1932, Scheduled Tribes -1943, Indian Saints-1953 and many other books are written by him.

KSEEB Solutions Class 8 Political Science Chapter 4 Local Government Points To Remember

Local self-government provided a link between the government and the masses. The self-governing bodies called local self-government became the basis for the decentralization of power. Lord Ripton tabled the Bill on Local Government in 1882. This Bill enabled the formation of the Local Government. Hence Lord Ripton is considered the ‘Father of Local Government in India.’

73rd and 74th constitutional amendments which came into effect in 1993 became a milestone in the history of the Panchayat Raj system.

In 1983 the Panchayat Raj Act was introduced and it came into effect in 1985. According to this Act Zilla Panchayat at the district level, Taluk Panchayat at the taluk level, and Grama

Panchayat at the village level were created through direct elections.

Amount collected through water cess, health cess, education cess, library, and reading room cess.

Grama Sabha is called by the president of the Grama Panchayat.

Grama Panchayats are formed on the basis of population. Village or group of villages with a population between 5,000 and 7,000 forms Grama Panchayat.

Read and Learn More KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science

The Panchayat development officer (PDO) is the executive head of Grama Panchayat. Panchayat Raj Act of 1993 provides an opportunity for the creation of Taluk Panchayat at the Taluk level.
Zilla Panchayats are constituted at the district level to look after the administration. Earlier they were called district boards.
A separate Election Commission is constituted at the state level to conduct elections to local bodies as per Panchayat Raj Act 1993.
The Election Commission so constituted conducts the elections for Grama Panchayats, Taluk Panchayats, and Zilla Panchayats in Karnataka.
An urban area is classified as a town or a city on the basis of the population. An area with a population between 20,000 and 50,000 is considered a town. The Town municipality is the governing body of that area.
City Corporation or Mahanagara pa likes are constituted as per the Karnataka Municipal Corporation Act of 1976.
The City Corporation or Mahanagara Palikes are formed in areas with more than two lakh population and an income of more than Rs. One crore.
The members of the City Corporations are called Corporators. The number of Corporators in the corporation is decided on the basis of the population.

There are ten city corporations and one Bruhat Mahanagara Palike in Karnataka. They are:

1. Mysuru,
2. Hubli-Dharwad,
3. Ballari,
4. Belagavi,
5. kalaburagi,
6. Davanagere.
7. Mangaluru
8. Shivamogga
9. Tumakuru,

Class 8 Political Science Local Government KSEEB Notes 

Vijayapura and Bengaluru City Corporation is called Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP). There are 198 corporators in this BBMP.
The Mayor and Deputy Mayor are the leaders of the corporation. They are elected by corporations.
The Commissioner is the real executive of the City Corporation. Generally, he is in IAS (Indian Administrative Services) cadre.

Local Government Exercises

Fill in the blanks :

1. Grama Sabha is presided over by the president or the vice-president of the Grama Panchayat or any voter number of the Sabha.
2. The tenure of the Grama Panchayat president is 30 months and 2.6 years.
3. In Grama Panchayat one Member is elected for 400 population.
4. The total number of City Corporations in Karnataka including Bangalore is 11.

Answer the following questions briefly:

Question 1. What are the functions of Local Government?
Answer:
The following are the important functions of the local governments:

To maintain and protect the panchayat property.

To prepare the annual budget of the local body.

To undertake health and family welfare programs.

To plan and undertake the developmental works

To maintain cleanliness and sanitation of the area.

To prevent all sorts of pollution and to provide better health facilities.

To ensure prompt registration of birth and deaths.

To encourage agriculture, animal husbandry, khadi, and handicraft industries.

Question 2. Write a note on Grama Panchayat.
Answer: Grama Panchayats are formed on the basis of population. Village or group of villages with a population between 5,000 and 7,000 forms Grama Panchayat. Regions of Uttar Kannada, Dakshina Kannada, and Malnad regions form Grama Panchayat only with a population of 2,000. The members of the gram panchayat are elected by the adult population of the 5. Panchayat area. One representative for 400 voters is elected. Reservation is provided to scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, backward classes, and women.

KSEEB Class 8 Political Science Chapter 4 Questions And Answers 

Question 3. Which are the sources of income for the Local Government?
Answer:
The main sources of income for local bodies are:

Amount collected through different cess.

Amount collected through building tax, vacant land tax, taxes on business establishments, markets, entertainment houses, and advertising bodies.

Taxes are collected from tourist spots.

Rental and lease amount collected on their properties.

Financial grants from the state government.

Write a note on the functions of urban local bodies.

The functions of urban local bodies are

To prepare the budget and get the approval of the council.

To look after the overall administration of the town or city.

To prepare a good town planning system and implement it.

To provide good roads, transportation, etc

To maintain cleanliness

Granting permission to build

Registration of births and deaths.

To provide parks, sports, and entertainment facilities.

To improve the living conditions in the slum areas.

To establish welfare centers.

To plan for rain harvesting.

To encourage cultural activities.

Measures for the improvement of backward classes and weaker sections.

Measures to maintain greenery, cleanliness, and beauty of the town or the city.

Question 5. Write a note on City Corporation.
Answer: City Corporation or Mahanagara pa likes are constituted as per Karnataka Municipal or Mahanagara Palikes are formed in areas with more than two lakh population and an income of more than Rs. One crore. The number of comparators should not generally be less than 30 and not more than 100. The state government decides the size of the corporation. The city is divided into smaller electoral divisions called wards. One corporator is elected from each ward. Corporators are directly elected by the people of that city.

Local Government Additional Questions And Answers

Choose the correct alternative and Write the complete answer along with its alphabet in the sheet provided:

Question 1. The Bill on Local Government was tabled in 1882 by

1. Lord Ripton
2. Lord Dalhousie
3. Lord Litton
4. Lord Wellesley

Answer: 1. Lord Ripton (Rippon)

Question 2. The ‘Father of Local Government in India is

1. Lord Wellesley
2. Lord Dalhousie
3. Lord Litton
4. Lord Ripton

Answer: 4. Lord Ripton

Question 3. Grama swarajya was the dream of

1. Nehru
2. Tilak
3. Sardar Patel
4. Mahatma Gandhi

Answer: 4. Mahatma Gandhi

KSEEB Political Science Chapter 4 Class 8 Multiple Choice Questions 

Question 4. The constitutional amendments became a milestone in the history of the Panchayat Raj system

1. 73rd and 74th
2. 74rd and 75th
3. 72rd and 73th
4. 75rd and 76

Answer: 1. 73rd and 74th

Question 5. The institute which chooses eligible beneficiaries for the welfare schemes is

1. Grama Sabha
2. Secretariate
3. Office of Village accountant
4. Municipalities

Answer: 1. Grama Sabha

Question 6. The officer who is appointed by the Government to control the village panchayat is

1. PDO
2. CEO
3. IAS
4. IPS

Answer: 1. PDO

Question 7. The minimum population required to form Grama Panchayat in malnad areas is

1. 5000
2. 2500
3. 2000
4. 3500

Answer: 3. 2000

Question 8. Which one among the following is compulsory for Panchayat members?

1. His own house
2. Toilet in his house
3. His own car
4. His own two wheeler

Answer: 2. Toilet in his house

Question 9. The executive head of Grama Panchayat is the

1. Panchayat development officer
2. President of Panchayat
3. Secretary of Panchayat
4. Village Accountant

Answer: 1. Panchayat development officer

Question 10. The Presidents of Grama Panchayat for the Taluk Panchayats are chosen through

1. Appointment
2. Indirect election
3. Direct election
4. Lottery system

Answer: 4. Lottery system

Fill in the blanks with a suitable answer:

1. The Panchayat Raj Act was passed in the year 1983
2. The primary unit of rural local government is Grama Sabhas
3. The member of Town Municipalities and City Municipalities are called Councillors
4. The members of the City Corporations are called Corporators
5. The city is divided into smaller electoral divisions called Wards.
6. The elected executive head of Mahanagara Palike is Mayor

Local Government Answer the following questions:

Question 1. Which is a City Municipality?
Answer: An area with a population between 50,000 and 3 lakhs is considered a city. The governing body of that area is called a City Municipality.

Question 2. How are the Mayor and Deputy Mayor elected?
Answer: The Mayor and Deputy Mayor are the leaders of the corporation. They are elected by the corporators. Their term of office is one year.

Question 3. Which Acts did provide more powers to local self-governing institutions in India?
Answer: Acts of 1919 and 1935 passed by the British provided more powers to local self-governing institutions in India.

Local Government KSEEB Class 8 Textbook Solutions 

Question 4. Which are the important local self-government?
Answer: Zilla Panchayat at the district level, Taluk Panchayat at the taluk level, and Grama Panchayat at the village level were created through direct elections.

Question 5. Who are the members of the Taluk Panchayats?
Answer: The elected representatives, one-fifth of the presidents of Grama Panchayats serve as the members of Taluk Panchayat. MLAs, MLCs, and MPs of that jurisdiction can attend the Taluk Panchayat meetings

Question 6. What are the functions of the Zilla Adhyaksha?
Answer: Zilla Adhyaksha presides over the meetings of Zilla Panchayat. The president has the power to sanction one lakh rupees for relief measures during the period of calamities.

Local Government Answers the following questions briefly:

Question 1. What are the objectives of the local government?
Answer:

To involve the local people in solving the problems of their own locality.

To provide the knowledge of administration to common people.

To help in decentralizing powers and make the administration more efficient.

To train or develop leadership qualities among people at the grass root level.

Question 2. How is the Grama Panchayats formed?
Answer: Grama Panchayats are formed on the basis of population. Village or group of villages with a population between 5,000 and 7,000 forms Grama Panchayat. Regions of Uttar Kannada, Dakshina Kannada, and Malnad regions form Grama Panchayat only with a population of 2,000. The members of the gram panchayat are elected by the adult population of the Panchayat area. One representative for 400 voters is elected.

Question 3. How are the Taluk Panchayats formed?
Answer: Panchayat Raj Act of 1993 provides an opportunity for the creation of Taluk Panchayat at the Taluk level. Taluk Panchayat comprises of the members directly elected by the eligible voters. The number of members in the Taluk Panchayat is based on the population of the taluk. There is one elected representative for every 12,500 to 15,000 voters. Reservation is provided to SC, ST, backward communities, and women. Besides, one-fifth of the presidents of Grama Panchayats serve as members of Taluk Panchayat.

Question 4. What are the functions of the Zilla Panchayat?
Answer:

To create an atmosphere of mutual trust, confidence, and cooperation between Panchayats

To bring about coordination among all the departments for the successful implementation of programs and also to supervise such developmental work.

To encourage and provide support for the establishment of cooperative societies, cooperative banks, and other cooperative institutions.

To execute the work as directed by the state government.

Question 5. How is the Zilla Panchayat formed?
Answer: Zilla Panchayats are constituted at the district level. The members of the Zilla Panchayat are directly elected by the people of the district. In Kodagu one member of the 18,000 population, and in the Chikmagalur and Uttar Kannada districts one member of the 30,000 population. In Bengaluru Urben district one member for the 20,000 population and in other districts one member for the 35,000 to 45,000 population. In addition, the presidents of Taluk Panchayats, MLAs, MLCs, and MPs of that district are members of Zilla Panchayat.

Important Questions For KSEEB Class 8 Political Science Chapter 4 

Question 6. What are the functions Chief Executive Officer (CEO)?
Answer: Chief Executive Officer (CEO), equal to the rank of the District Commissioner is appointed by the State government to look after the executive work of the Zilla Panchayat. He takes part in Zilla Panchayat meetings and discussions but has no right to vote.

Question 7. How are the local body’s elections conducted?
Answer: A separate Election Commission is constituted at the state level to conduct elections to local bodies as per Panchayat Raj Act 1993. The Election Commission so constituted conducts the elections for Grama Panchayats, Taluk Panchayats, and Zilla Panchayats in Karnataka.

Question 8. What are the functions of urban local bodies?
Answer:

To prepare the budget and get the approval of the council.

To look after the overall administration of the town or city.

To prepare a good town planning system and implement it.

To provide basic facilities.

To maintain cleanliness

Granting permission to build structures

Registration of births and deaths.

To provide parks, sports, and entertainment facilities.

To improve the living conditions in the slum areas by providing facilities.

To plan for rain harvesting.

To encourage cultural activities.

Question 9. How do the urban local bodies collect income?
Answer: The main sources of income are the taxes levied and collected on buildings, vacant sites, shops, and vending carts, etc. In addition, they collect rent from the buildings of the local bodies rented out to offices, market yards, shops and town halls, etc. Water cess, market cess, and cess on entertainment houses yield revenue. The grants provided by the state government help the local bodies to undertake welfare measures.

KSEEB Class 8 Local Government Study Materials 

Question 10. How are the town Municipalities or municipal Corporations formed?
Answer: An area with a population between 20,000 and 50,000 is considered a town. The Town municipality is the governing body of that area. Similarly, an area with a population between 50,000 and 3 lakhs is considered a city. In Town Municipality the numbers of councilors are between 23 and 27 whereas in City Municipalities the number is between 31 and 37. Besides, the State Government nominates five members who have good experience and knowledge in municipal administration. These nominated members take part in debates and discussions of the council meeting but have no right to vote. The local MLAs, MLCs, and MPs can also attend the council meetings and vote.

Question 11. Name the cities where the city corporations are found.
Answer:
There are eleven city corporations and one Bruhat Mahanagara Palike in Karnataka. They are:

1. Mysuru,
2. Hubli-Dharwad,
3. Ballari,
4. Belagavi,
5. kalaburagi,
6. Davanagere.
7. Mangaluru,
8. Shivamogga
9. Tumakuru,
10. Vijayapura and Bengaluru City Corporation is called Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP).

KSEEB Solutions Class 8 Geography Chapter 4 Hydrosphere Points To Remember

The Earth is popularly called ‘Blue planet’ or ‘ Watery planet’ because about 71 % of the total area of the earth or 361 million sq. km is covered by water. The major water bodies of the world are the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Arctic ocean. Oceans are deep and large expanses of water found between the continents.

A sea is a part of the ocean extended or projected far inland. Seas are smaller compared to oceans, For Example:- the Arabian sea, the Caspian sea, and the Red sea.

The gulf is a part of an ocean or sea that penetrated the land. It is smaller than a sea. The size, shape, and depth of a gulf vary from one to another, for Example:- the Gulf of Mannar, the Persian Gulf, and the Gulf of Mexico.

Read and Learn More KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science

Bays are small semi-circular water bodies partially surrounded by land. The depth, extent, and size of bays vary from one to another, Example:-the Bay of Bengal, the Bay of Biscay, the Bay of Fundy, and Hudson Bay.

A strait is a narrow strip of water body joining two large water bodies, Example:-Palk strait, the Strait of Gibraltar, or the Bering strait.

An isthmus is a narrow stretch of land mass joining two large land masses. The isthmus is the most important location for constructing ocean canals.

On the basis of the characteristic features, the ocean floor is divided into four major parts. They are:

1. The continental shelf
2. The continental slope
3. The deep sea plain
4. The ocean deeps The Deep sea plain is the vast plain found at the bottom of the sea floor. The deep sea plain is also known as the ‘abyssal plain’ and it covers the largest area of the ocean floor. In this region Sea mounts and Guyots are found.

The ocean deeps are also called ‘Ocean trenches’. These are the deepest part of the ocean floor. Sea or ocean water temperature varies according to latitudes and the depth of the ocean floor.

The temperature of the ocean water near the equator is more than that of the temperature near the Arctic and the Antarctic circles. With the increasing depth, the temperature of the ocean water decreases.

It is because the sunlight can penetrate into the ocean only up to a depth of 200 meters. Within this depth, various marine organisms are found in large numbers.

Ocean currents are the regular movement of ocean waters from one region to another, the two types of ocean currents are Warm and Cold ocean currents.

Factors that influence ocean currents are the Rotation of the Earth, Temperature, Wmd, Salinity Shape of the landmasses, etc.

Class 8 Geography Hydrosphere KSEEB Notes 

Tides are the periodic rise and fall in the sea or ocean level. They occur due to, gravitational attraction by the moon, gravitational force by the sun, rotation of the earth, and, the centrifugal force of the earth.

There are two types of tides on the basis of the positions of the Moon and the Sun they are Spring tide and Neap Tide.

Hydrosphere Exercises

Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The average depth of the continental shelf is 100 fathoms
2. One fathom is equal to 6 ft.
3. The deepest place in the Pacific Ocean is Challenger deep.
4. The average salinity of ocean water is 35 PPT.
5. Spring tides occur during the foil moon.

Answer the following questions:

Question 1. What is a hydrosphere?
Answer: The part of the earth covered by water is called the hydrosphere.

Question 2. Mention the four major parts of the ocean floor.
Answer: The continental shelf, the continental slope, the deep sea plain, and the ocean deeps are the four major parts of the ocean floor.

Question 3. State the difference between ocean currents and tides.
Answer:

Ocean currents are the regular movement of ocean water from one region to another.

Warm currents and Cold currents are the two types of ocean currents.

Tides are the periodic rise and fall in the sea or ocean level.

Tides are of two types. High tide, also known as Floodtide, and Low tide, also known as Ebb tide.

Question 4. Distinguish between spring tide and neap tide.
Answer:

Spring tide: Spring tides take place when the earth, the moon, and the sun are in the same straight line, Example:- the New moon and Full moon. When the spring tides take place, high tides are the highest, and low tides are the lowest.

Neap Tide: Neap tides occur on the first quarter and last quarter days in the phase of the Moon. During neap tides, the sun and the earth are in the same straight line and the moon is at a right angle to the earth. In this type of tide, the high tides are not very high and the low tides are not very low.

KSEEB Class 8 Geography Chapter 4 Questions And Answers 

Question 5. How can we conserve the oceans?
Answer:
The following are the important methods of conservation of oceans.

Oil transportation should be done through pipelines.

Nuclear waste should not be dumped into the sea or ocean.

Petrochemical industries in coastal regions must avoid dumping effluents into the sea or ocean.

Dumping of any waste near the ports and harbors must be controlled.

Ore deposition and mineral exploitation along the coast must be controlled.

Exploitation and destruction of beaches must be controlled.

Hydrosphere Match the following:
    A                                                    B
Fathom                                  deep sea plain
Oyashio                                 eastern coast of USA
Gulf stream                           cold current
Sea mounts                           Indian Ocean current
Agulhas current                    depth of the ocean
Answer:
A                                                         B
Fathom                                    depth of the ocean
Oyashio                                   cold current
Gulf stream                              eastern coast of the USA
Sea mounts                              deep sea plain
Agulhas current                        Indian ocean current

Hydrosphere Define the following:

Continental shelf: Continental shelf is the shallow area along the sea coast.

Salinity: Salinity is the percentage of salts dissolved in the sea or ocean water

Warm and Cold currents: The currents which originate and flow from the equatorial regions to sub-polar regions are Warm currents. The currents originate in the Polar Regions and flow towards the equatorial region are Cold currents.

High tide and Low tide: High tide, also known as Floodtide, and Low tide, also known as Ebb tide. On the water bodies of the earth, there are alternate high tides and low tides. Between one high tide and a low tide, the time is 6 hrs and 13 minutes. Between one high tide and another, the time-gap is 12 hrs and 26 minutes. In 24 hrs, 52 minutes there are 2 high tides and 2 low tides.

Benguela current: cold current in the South Atlantic ocean

Tides: Tides are the periodic rise and fall in the sea or ocean level.

Hydrosphere Terms to remember:

Gulf stream: Warm ocean current in the North Atlantic ocean

Salinity: Salinity is the percentage of salts dissolved in the sea or ocean water

Warm currents: The currents originate and flow from the equatorial regions to sub-polar regions.

Kuroshio current: warm ocean current in the North Pacific ocean

Flood tides: High tides are called Flood tides

Tidal energy: The energy produced using tides

Hydrosphere KSEEB Class 8 Textbook Solutions 

Hydrosphere Additional Questions And Answers

Choose the correct alternative and Write the complete answer along with its alphabet in the sheet provided:

Question 1. The deep and large expanse of water found between the continents is

1. Oceans
2. Seas
3. Gulf
4. Bay
5. Answer: 1. Oceans

Question 2. The ocean which is between Asia, Africa, and Australia is

1. Pacific Ocean
2. Indian Ocean
3. Atlantic ocean
4. Arctic Ocean

Answer: 2. Indian ocean

Question 3. The ocean which is between North America and Europe is

1. Pacific Ocean
2. Indian Ocean
3. Atlantic ocean
4. Arctic Ocean

Answer: 3. Atlantic ocean

Question 4. A part of the ocean extended or projected far inland is

1. Strait
2. Sea
3. Gulf
4. Bay

Answer: 2. Sea

Question 5. A part of an ocean or sea that penetrated into the land is

1. Strait
2. Seas
3. Gulf
4. Bay

Answer: 3. Gulf

Question 6. A narrow stretch of land mass joining two large land masses is

1. Isthmus
2. Strait
3. Gulf
4. Bay

Answer: 1. Isthmus

Question 7.The part of the ocean that is very important for aquaculture is

1. The Deep sea plain
2. The Continental slope
3. The Continental shelf
4. The Ocean deep

Answer: 3. The Continental shelf

Question 8. The second part of the ocean floor is

1. The Deep sea plain
2. The Continental slope
3. The Continental shelf
4. The Ocean deep

Answer: 2. The Continental slope

Question 9. The Submarine canyons are a special feature in

1. The Deep sea plain
2. The Continental slope
3. The Continental shelf
4. The Ocean deep

Answer: 3. The Continental shelf

KSEEB Geography Chapter 4 Class 8 Multiple Choice Questions 

Question 10. In the equatorial region, the salinity is average due to

1. Low evaporation and precipitation
2. High evaporation and precipitation
3. High temperatures and heavy rainfall
4. Low temperature and heavy rainfall

Answer: 2. High evaporation and precipitation

Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The deep sea plain is also known as the ‘abyssal plain’
2. The ocean deeps are also called ‘Ocean trenches’
3. The deepest point of the ocean is Challenger deep
4. The Seamounts and Guyots are found in Deep sea plain

Hydrosphere Answer the following questions in a sentence each:

Question 1. What is a Continental shelf?
Answer: Continental shelf is the shallow area along the sea coast. This part is bordered by the sea coast on one side and the continental slope on the other side.

Question 2. Why does the temperature change on the ocean floor?
Answer: Sea or ocean water temperature varies according to latitudes and the depth of the ocean floor.

Question 3. Why is sea water salty?
Answer: The water flowing from the land to the sea (river) carries many kinds of salts and deposits them in the sea or ocean. Due to high temperatures, water is evaporated continuously and the salts remain in the sea or ocean. This continuous process over a long period of time has resulted in the accumulation of salts in seawater.

Question 4. Which are the three types of movements of ocean water?
Answer: Waves, Currents, and Tides are the three types of movements of ocean water.

Question 5. What are Tides? Mention its types.
Answer: Tides are the periodic rise and fall in the sea or ocean level. High tide and Low tide Spring tide and Neap Tide are the important tides.

Hydrosphere Answer the following questions in four to six sentences each:

Question 1. Why is the Earth popularly called the ‘Blue planet’?
Answer: The Earth is popularly called ‘Blue planet’ or ‘ Watery planet’ because about 71 % of the total area of the earth or 361 million sq. km is covered by water.

Question 2. Name the major water bodies of the world.
Answer: The major water bodies of the world are the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Arctic ocean.

Question 3. What is Bay? Give example.
Answer: Bays are small semi-circular water bodies partially surrounded by land. E.g. the Bay of Bengal, the Bay of Biscay, the Bay of Fundy, and Hudson Bay.

Question 4. What is Strait? Give example.
Answer: A strait is a narrow strip of water body joining two large water bodies, eg., Palk strait, Strait of Gibraltar, or Bering strait.

Question 5. Mention the four major parts of the ocean floor.
Answer:

The continental shelf

The continental slope

The deep sea plain

The ocean deeps are the four major parts of the ocean floor

Question 6.The salinity of ocean water changes in different parts of the earth. Why?
Answer: The salinity of ocean water is very high near the tropics and it is very low near the poles. In the equatorial region, the salinity is average due to high evaporation and precipitation.

KSEEB Class 8 Hydrosphere Study Materials 

Question 7. What are the factors that influence ocean currents?
Answer: Factors that influence ocean currents are the Rotation of the Earth, Temperature, Wind, Salinity, Shape of the landmasses, etc.

Question 8. How are the tides caused?
Answer: Tides occur due to, gravitational attraction by the moon, gravitational force by the sun, rotation of the earth, and, the centrifugal force of the earth.

Question 9. How are the tides useful to Human beings?
Answer:
Tides are directly and indirectly useful to mankind in the following ways.

It helps navigation.

Helps in the location of ports and harbors.

Tides help to keep the harbors clean.

They help with fishing.

They also help to generate energy in the form of tidal energy.

Question 10. The conservation of oceans is very important. Why?
Answer: Oceans help us in many ways and they are the habitat of millions of marine organisms. Considering the rate at which the oceans are being contaminated, they may not remain what they should be in the future.

KSEEB Solutions Class 8 Political Science Chapter 3 Human Rights Points To Remember

Renowned political thinker H.J. Laski declares that “A nation can be identified through its human rights”. The roots of Human Rights are traced to Athens and Sparta, the two city-states of ancient Greeks. During 1215 C.E., the King John of England broke many ancient rules and traditions. People revolted against the King pressing for their rights. As a result, the King entered into an agreement and signed ‘Magna Carta’.

John Locke presented the first systematic discussion of Human beings’ natural rights. According to him, basic rights cannot be given to any individual. Revolutions took place in America and France due to the influence of John Locke, Rousseau, and Montesquieu.

Read and Learn More KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science

In order to protect Human Rights and with the efforts of Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill, the United Nations Organizations came into existence. The Preamble of UNO declares: “We the people of the world have decided to protect our future generation from the destruction of wars. War has driven us to sadness twice in our lifetime”.

The UNO directed all its member countries to protect Human Rights compulsorily on December 10, 1948. There were seven fundamental rights in the original constitution of India.

Later, by the 44th amendment of the constitution in 1978, the right to property was taken out of the fundamental rights and included under article 300A as the constitutional right.

The UNO held a meeting with all the member states in 1966 and directed all the member states to remain committed to the protection of Human Rights.

National Human Rights Commission was established through legislation in the parliament in 1993. The Chairman and the members are appointed by the President of India.

As per the Human Rights Law 1993, the state human rights commissions are established at state levels. The Chairman and the members are appointed by the governor.

The National Commission for Schedule Caste and Tribes was bifurcated in the year 2003 by 89th amendment to article 338. The National Commission for Schedule Tribes came into existence as per the 89th amendment to the constitution in the year 2003

National Commission for Backward Classes commission was founded in 1993.

Class 8 Political Science Human Rights KSEEB Notes 

In order to protect the rights of women, the National Commission for Women was formed under the law in 1990. The National Commission for Minorities was formed in the year 1992 for the protection of minority people.

The Central Government has implemented many laws to protect from exploitation: Minimum Wages Act 1948, Prevention of Unethical activities Act 1956, Prohibition of Dowry Act 1961, Prohibition of bonded labor Act 1976 Sati prevention Act 1987, Human Rights Protection Act 1993, Right to Information Act 2005, Domestic Violence Prevention Act 2005

Human Rights Exercises

Fill in the blanks of the following sentences:

1. Human Rights were declared in the year 1948.
2. Magna Carta has signed by King John of England.
3. At present 6 fundamental rights are there.
4. The right to property is a constitutional right.
5. The Chairman of the Human Rights Commission is appointed by the President of India.

Human Rights Answer the following after the group discussion:

Question 1. Explain the development of Human Rights.
Answer:

The roots of Human Rights are traced to Athens and Sparta, the two city-states of ancient Greeks.
Plato, Aristotle, and Socrates discussed Human Rights.
Magna Carta or the great agreement which is the base of the English Constitution assured some rights.
John Locke presented the first systematic discussion of Human beings’ natural rights.
The list of Human Rights was declared by America on December 15, 1791.
France declared the Human Rights Declaration in the year 1789.
The League of Nations had a separate directive on Human Rights.
Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill established the United Nations Organizations in order to protect Human Rights.
The UNO directed all its member countries to protect Human Rights compulsorily on December 10, 1948.

KSEEB Class 8 Political Science Chapter 3 Questions And Answers 

Question 2. Human Rights are essential for the universal development of human beings. Discuss.
Answer:

Human Rights are essential for the peaceful living, co-existence, and development of human beings.
They are the building blocks of democracy.
They enable everyone to lead a life of dignity.
They ensure the development of a better society.
They are essential for every human being to lead a life of dignity.

Question 3. The Supreme Court is the custodian of Fundamental Rights. Discuss.
Answer: Fundamental rights violations are addressed by the Supreme Court and high courts. If anybody tries to denial of Fundamental rights people can approach the supreme court

Question 4. The National Human Rights Commission is the watchdog of human rights. Substantiate.
Answer: The commission has been mandated to function independently without prejudice and interference.

Question 5. Which are the Institutions protecting Human Rights?
Answer:

National Human Rights Commission
State Human Rights Commission
National Commission for Schedule Caste
National Commission for Backward Classes
National Commission for Schedule Tribes
National Commission for Women
National Commission for Minorities

Human Rights Additional Questions And Answers

Choose the correct alternative and Write the complete answer along with its alphabet in the sheet provided:

Question 1. The building blocks of democracy are

1. Rights
2. Duties
3. Laws
4. Courts

Answer: 1. Rights

Question 2. The king of England who signed the Magna Carta was

1. King Joseph
2. King George
3. King Henry
4. King John

Answer: 4. King John

Question 3.The person who presented the first systematic discussion of Human beings

1. John Mary
2. John Locke
3. Abraham Lincoln
4. Woodrow Wilson

Answer: 2. John Locke

KSEEB Political Science Chapter 3 Class 8 Multiple Choice Questions 

Question 4. The Bill of Rights was implemented in the year

1. 1689
2. 1680
3. 1670
4. 1690

Answer: 1689

Question 5. The countries where revolutions took place due to the influence of John Locke, Rousseau, and Montesquieu are

1. India and Pakistan
2. England and Germany
3. America and France
4. Australia and England

Answer: 3. America and France

Question 6. The organization established by Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill is the

1. World Trade Organizations
2. United Nations Organizations
3. League Nations Organizations
4. World Health Organizations

Answer: 2. United Nations Organizations

Questions 7. World Human Rights day celebrate on

1. November 10
2. October 10
3. January 10
4. December 10

Answer: 4. December 10

Question 8. Human rights are protected in the Indian constitution under

1. Directive principle of state policy
2. Fundamental duties
3. Fundamental rights
4. Law and order

Answer: 3. Fundamental rights

Question 9. The Chairman and the members of the National Planning Commission are appointed by the

1. Prime of India
2. President of India
3. Vice- President of India
4. Governor of the State

Answer: 3. Vice-President of India

Question 10. The Chairman and the members of the State Planning Commission are appointed by the

1. Prime of India
2. President of India
3. Vice- President of India
4. Governor of the State

Answer: 4. Governor of the State

Human Rights KSEEB Class 8 Textbook Solutions 

Fill in the blanks of the following sentences:

1. The American Independence was declared in the year 1787.
2. The Right which was abolished in India was the Right to Property
3. The Commission was established through legislation in the parliament in 1993 as National Human Rights Commission.
4. The tenure of the members of the National Planning Commission is for five years or till the attainment of 70 years.

Human Rights Answer the following questions in one or two sentences:

Question 1. What is the declaration of renowned political thinker H.J. Laski?
Answer: Renowned political thinker H.J. Laski declares that “A nation can be identified through its human rights”. Human Rights enable everyone to lead a life of dignity.

Question 2. The UNO has declared Human Rights and has said it is the duty of the state to protect human rights. Why?
Answer: Human rights ensure the development of a better society.

Question 3. What does the Preamble of UNO declare?
Answer: The Preamble of UNO declares: “We the people of the world have decided to protect our future generation from the destruction of wars. War has driven us to sadness twice in our lifetime”.

Important Questions For KSEEB Class 8 Political Science Chapter 3 

Question 4. How does the UNO protect Human Rights?
Answer: In order to protect Human Rights, the UNO, directed all its member countries to protect Human Rights compulsorily on December 10, 1948.

Question 5. Why was National Human Rights Commission established?
Answer: In order to protect Human Rights, the UNO, directed all its member countries to protect Human Rights compulsorily on December 10, 1948.

KSEEB Solutions Class 8 Political Science Chapter 2 Public Administration Points To Remember

Public Administration as a subject evolved in the United States of America. The past President of the USA, Woodrow Wilson is called the ‘Father of Public Administration. Public Administration is a specific field of study. The word ‘Public’ denotes Government. Alexander Hamilton used the word ‘Public Administration’ for the first time in 1812. The following are the definitions of ‘Public Administration’:

Read and Learn More KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science

According to Woodrow Wilson, “The holistic and orderly implementation of the law is Public Administration.”
According to Pifnar, “The consolidation of community initiatives in implementing public policies is Public Administration.”
According to Luther Gulick, “Public Administration is related to the executive of the government”.
The life cycle of human beings depends on Public Administration. It is the heart of a state.
There is no state without Public Administration. Hence, the modern state is called an ‘Administrative State’.
Woodrow Wilson and L.D. White argue that Public Administration has a wide scope.
Public Administration includes all three pillars of administration Legislature, Judiciary, and Executive.
According to Luther Gulick and Simon, Public Administration has a narrow scope. According to them, ‘Public Administration’s scope is limited to the executive activities of the government”.
Luther Gulick explains the scope of Public Administration through English letters: POSD CORB. Each letter explains the function of Public Administration.

1. P-Planning.
2. O-Organization
3. S-Staffing
4. D-Direction
5. Co-Coordination
6. R-Reporting
7. B-Budgeting

The process of searching for eligible candidates for the civil services and motivating them to compete for the civil services is called Recruitment.
Recruitment has a prominent role in staff administration. According to O.G. Stall, “Recruitment is the base of staff structure”.
According to Staff Administration experts, there are two types of recruitment:

1. Direct Recruitment (External Recruitment)
2. Internal Recruitment (Recruitment by promotion)

Class 8 Political Science Public Administration KSEEB Notes 

Recruiting eligible candidates through competitive examinations in a fixed pattern is called Direct Recruitment.
Selecting eligible in-service personnel for higher positions is called Internal Recruitment.
A training that aims at providing general awareness is called background training.
Example: Training provided by Mysuru Administrative Training Institute.
According to Article 315 of the constitution, there should be a separate public service commission for the center and the state. Two or three states can have a Joint Public Service Commission also.
The commission functions under article 320 of the constitution. The commission conducts exams for civil service, technical service, Forest Service, and defense services at a national level. They are conducted at three levels:

1. Preliminary examination.
2. Main examination.
3. Personality Test.

“Karnataka Public Service Commission was established on 18-05-1951. The commission has one chairman and nine members. They are appointed by the Governor.
According to Article 77(3) of the Constitution, the President of India has the power to frame rules to facilitate the smooth and efficient functioning of the central government, in assigning portfolios for the ministers.
The Chief Secretary is the administrative head of the state Secretariat. The Secretary would be the head of one or two departments. The secretaries are usually from the IAS cadre.
The maintenance of ‘Law’ and ‘Order’ are the two faces of the same coin. Under the 7th schedule of the constitution, the law and order are included under the state subject.
As per article 355, the Central government has to protect the states from external aggression.
As per article 356, whenever there is a constitutional failure of state government takes place, it should enforce emergency or presidential rule in the state.
The Police department comes under the Home Ministry. The Home Minister has the responsibility of the police force. The Home Ministry is headed by a Secretary who would be from the IAS cadre. The secretary aids the home minister in his day-to-day administration.

Public Administration Exercises

Fill in the blanks:

1. The father of Public Administration is Woodrow Wilson.
2. The word Public Administration is used for the first time by Alexander Hamilton.
3. The members. of the Union Public Service Commission are appointed by The President.
4. 315 article of the constitution discusses the state public service commission
5. The Head of the state secretariat is The Chief Secretary (IAS cadre).

Discuss the following in groups and answer:

Question 1. Public Administration is today’s need. Discuss.
Answer:

Public Administration is the Pillar of the Government.
It serves various functions in the interest of the public
Implementation of Laws and Policies
Necessary to protect Social Security
Support Legislature and Executive

KSEEB Class 8 Political Science Chapter 2 Questions And Answers 

Question 2. Public Administration is spread across the birth and death of an individual. Prove it.
Answer: Public Administration caters to a human being beginning from his womb to the tomb. It maintains civil order and peace by protecting the life and property of citizens. It takes care of providing basic facilities, education, and employment opportunities, protects the state, and ensures economic equality.

Question 3. Explain the Recruitment process.
Answer:
According to Staff Administration experts, there are two types of recruitment:

1. Direct Recruitment (External Recruitment)
2. Internal Recruitment (Recruitment by promotion)

Direct Recruitment: Direct Recruitment is the most popular and scientific method of recruitment. Recruiting eligible candidates through competitive examinations in a fixed pattern is called Direct Recruitment. The candidates need to have some general qualifications and specific qualifications to enter into the service through direct recruitment.

Internal Recruitment: Selecting eligible in-service personnel for higher positions is called Internal Recruitment. Most countries have adopted this method. India too has adopted this method of recruitment.

Question 4. What are the different types of training?
Answer:

Formal and Informal Training
Pre-Service and Post-Beginning of Service
The short-term and Long term training
Departmental and Central institutes’ training
Skill training and Background training

Question 5. How is the Central Secretariat formed?
Answer: The Central Secretariat is a mix of various ministries and departments. The main responsibility of the Secretariat is to aid the ministers, who are the political heads, in running the administration. It has the Chief Secretary as the administrative head and the Prime Minister as the political head. According to Article 77(3) of the Constitution, the President of India has the power to frame rules to facilitate the smooth and efficient functioning of the central government, in assigning portfolios for the ministers.

Question 6. What is the role of the state in law and order? Explain.
Answer: In order to ensure peace in the country, the maintenance of law and order is important. The maintenance of ‘Law’ and ‘Order’ are the two faces of the same coin. Under the 7th schedule of the constitution, the law and order are included under the state subject. Hence, it is the duty of the state government to maintain law and order. The Central Government has the constitutional right to advise the state governments on the issues pertaining to law and order.

Public Administration Additional Questions And Answers

Choose the correct alternative and Write the complete answer along with its alphabet in the sheet provided:

Question 1. Public Administration as a subject evolved in

1. United States of America
2. United Kingdom
3. India
4. China

Answer: United States of America

Question 2. The ‘Father of Public Administration is

1. Woodrow Wilson
2. Alexander Hamilton
3. Luther Gulick
4. George Washington

Answer: 1. Woodrow Wilson

Question 3. In Political Science, the word ‘Public’ denotes

1. People
2. Government
3. State
4. Constitution

Answer: 2. Government

KSEEB Political Science Chapter 2 Class 8 Multiple Choice Questions 

Question 4. Karnataka Public Service Commission was established in the year

1. 1951
2. 1952
3. 1966
4. 1955

Answer: 1. 1951

Question 5. The chairman and members of the State Public Service Commission were the

1. Governor
2. President
3. Vice President
4. Chief Minister

Answer: 1. Governor

Question 6. The chairman and members of the Union Public Service Commission were the

1. Governor
2. President
3. Vice President
4. Prime Minister

Answer: 2. President

Question 7. The Public Service Commission functions under the article

1. 320
2. 325
3. 344
4. 323

Answer: 1. 320

Question 8. The secretaries are usually from the

1. IAS cadre
2. IPS cadre
3. IFS cadre
4. IRS cadre

Answer: 1. IAS cadre

Question 9. The maintenance of which among the following are the two faces of the same coin.

1. ‘Law’ and ‘Order’
2. ‘Law’ and ‘Administration’
3. ‘Rules’ and ‘Regulation’
4. ‘Democracy and ‘Capitalism’

Answer: 1. ‘Law’ and ‘Order’

Fill in the blanks with a suitable answer:

1. Alexander Hamilton used the word ‘Public Administration’ in 1812.
2. The life cycle of human beings depends on Public Administration.
3. The main office of Karnataka Public Service Commission is in Bengaluru
4. The administrative head of the Central Secretariat is Chief Secretary
5. The political head of the Central Secretariat is Prime Minister
6. The Police department comes under the Home Ministry.

Answer the following questions in a sentence each:

Question 1. What is Public administration according to Woodrow Wilson?
Answer: According to Woodrow Wilson, “The holistic and orderly implementation of the law is Public Administration.”

Question 2. What is Public administration according to Pifnar?
Answer: According to Pifnar, “The consolidation of community initiatives in implementing public policies is Public Administration.”

Question 3. What is Public administration according to Luther Gulick?
Answer: According to Luther Gulick, “Public Administration is related to the executive of the government”.

Class 8 Political Science Chapter 2 Guide On Public Administration KSEEB 

Question 4. A modern state is called an ‘Administrative State’. Why?
Answer: There is no state without Public Administration. Hence, the modern state is called an ‘Administrative State’.

Question 5.“Without Administration, a government is only a meaningless chatter”. Why?
Answer: An administrative structure is needed for the implementation of public policy. Hence Paul Applebee opines, “Without Administration, a government is only a meaningless chatter”.

Question 6. What is Recruitment?
Answer: The process of searching for eligible candidates for the civil services and motivating them to compete for the civil services is called Recruitment.

Question 7. What is Recruitment according to O.G Stall?
Answer: According to O.G. Stall, “Recruitment is the base of staff structure”.

Question 8. Mention the two types of recruitment.
Answer:

1. Direct Recruitment (External Recruitment)
2. Internal Recruitment (Recruitment by promotion)

Question 9. What is Direct Recruitment?
Answer: Recruiting eligible candidates through competitive examinations in a fixed pattern is called Direct Recruitment.

Question 10. What is called as Internal Recruitment?
Answer: Selecting eligible in-service personnel for higher positions is called Internal Recruitment.

Question 11. Which Article of the constitution provides provision for Public Service Commission?
Answer: Article 315 provides provision for Public Service Commission.

Question 12. Which are the three levels of exams conducted by the Public Service commission?
Answer:

1. Preliminary examination.
2. Main examination.
3. Personality Test

Question 13. Why is the Central Secretariat established?
Answer: The main responsibility of the Secretariat is to aid the ministers, who are the political heads, in running the administration.

Public Administration Answer the following questions in a sentence each:

Question 1. Public Administration has become more important in modern society. Why?
Answer: Public Administration has become more important as modern society is undergoing complex and swift changes. The contribution of Public Administration to society is increasing day by day. Hence, Public Administration plays an important role in forming human society as a civic society.

Question 2. Public Administration caters to a human being beginning from his womb to his tomb. Justify.
Answer: Public Administration caters to a human being beginning from his womb to the tomb. It maintains civil order and peace by protecting the life and property of citizens. It takes care of providing basic facilities, education, and employment opportunities, protects the state, and ensures economic equality. It provides numerous services like this.

Question 3. How does the Public Administration regulate the activities of people?
Answer: Public Administration regulates the activities of people by implementing laws and policies. If the Public Administration does not function well, the policies remain only on paper.

Question 4. How does the public administration support Legislature and Executive?
Answer: Public Administration aids the implementation of policies formed by the legislature. It also provides inputs in the form of statistics and suggestions for the formulation of policies by the governments.

Question 5. Explain the scope of Public Administration.
Answer: There is disagreement among the thinkers with regard to the scope of Public Administration. Experts like Woodrow Wilson and L.D. White argue that Public Administration has a wide scope. Public Administration includes all three pillars of administration: Legislature, Judiciary, and Executive.

Public Administration KSEEB Class 8 Textbook Solutions 

Question 6. Explain the scope of Public administration according to Luther Gulick and Simon.
Answer: According to Luther Gulick and Simon, Public Administration has a narrow scope. According to them, ‘Public Administration’s scope is limited to the executive activities of the government”.

Question 7. Write the expanded form of POSD CORB.
Answer:

1. P-Planning
2. O-Organization
3. S-Staffing
4. D-Direction
5. Co-Coordination
6. R-Reporting
7. B-Budgeting

Question 8. An efficient administration is based on an efficient recruitment process. Justify.
Answer: An efficient administration is based on an efficient recruitment process. If an efficient, honest and eligible person is selected for civil service, the person delivers good public service through his creativity, intelligence, and positive behavior. If the recruitment process is more scientific and efficient, Public Administration becomes more efficient by having efficient civil servants.

Question 9. Differentiate between the Formal and Informal Training.
Answer:

Formal training is training that is received by the employee and is carefully planned in advance. This is training is provided under the supervision of experts.
Informal training means the training that an employee gains while doing his duty. An employee receives this training during the day-to-day execution of his duties.

Question 10. Differentiate between Pre-Service and Post-Beginning of Service training.
Answer:

Pre-service training prepares future employees for civil services.
Post-beginning of service training is provided to those who have been selected for specific posts.
This training aims at imparting better skills and efficiency.

Question 11.Differentiate between the Short term and Long term training
Answer: Short-term training is of four to six-week duration. For example, the doctors selected through public service Commissions, undergo six-week training. The long-term training is continuous in nature and its duration would be one to two years. The training given to candidates selected for all India services is an example of this type of training.

Question 12.Differentiate between the Departmental and Central institutes’ training
Answer: The training provided by a specific department for the candidates selected for it is called Departmental Training. Example: Police personnel training, Training provided by a central government institution is called Central Institutes’ training.
Example: the training provided by Lal Bahadur Shastri National Administrative Institute in Missouri.

Question 13.Differentiate between Skill training and Background training
Answer: Training aiming at increasing the skills of the personnel is called Skill training.
Example: the compulsory B.Ed training for high school teachers.
A training that aims at providing general awareness is called background training.
Example: Training provided by Mysuru’s Administrative Training Institute.

Important Questions For KSEEB Class 8 Political Science Chapter 2 

Question 14. What are the functions of the Public Service commission?
Answer:

Conducting exams for the recruitment of Group A and B officers of the central government.
Conducting interviews for direct recruitment
Advising the central government on issues related to promotion and transfer.
Advising government on initiation of disciplinary actions against erring government employees.
On the direction of the President, advising the government on any needed issue.

Question 15. Which are the exams conducted by the Public Service commission?
Answer: The commission conducts exams for civil service, technical service, Forest Service, and defense services at the national level. In these, exams conducted for civil service are more prominent. I.A.S (Indian Administrative Services), I. P.S (Indian Police Service), I.F.S (Indian Foreign Service), I.R.S (Indian Revenue Service), and I.A.A.S (Indian Accounting and Auditing Service) exams are some of the important exams.

Question 16. What are the functions of the Karnataka Public Service Commission?
Answer:

Appointing the gazetted and non-gazetted officers of the state government
Conducting interviews for direct recruitment candidates.
Conducting departmental exams for state government employees
Advising government on initiating disciplinary measures against erring officials.
Coordinating various exams conducted by the Union Public Service Commission in the state.

Question 17. Write the hierarchy of the Secretariat.
Answer:
The hierarchy of the Secretariat is as follows:

Department Principal Secretary/Secretary/ Additional Secretary /Special Secretary.
Wing — Joint / Additional Secretary.
Division —Director/ Deputy Secretary.
Branch—Under Secretary.
Section — Section Officer.

Question 18. Explain the role and functions of the Central Secretariat.
Answer:
The role and functions of the Central Secretariat :

Secretariat is an organization that aids the government in fulfilling its aims. It advises the minister in framing policies.
Secretariat aids the minister in performing his legislative duties.
Secretariat frames the regulations of administration.
Secretariat analyses the problems carefully.
Prepares the Budget by keeping a close relationship with the finance department.
Secretariat works as the bridge between the central government and the state governments.

Solutions For Public Administration KSEEB Class 8 Political Science 

Question 19. Mention the functions of the State Secretariat.
Answer:
The State Secretariat is an advisory body, and functions as follows:

It is the apex body of state government and administration.
It aids the policy-making on all the issues related to the state.
It functions as the advisory expert committee to the state government.
It facilitates internal harmony among the various departments
It consolidates the various policies and programs of the government.
It advises the minister in formulating drafts of the bills and supports the formulation of rules and regulations related to financial discipline.
It prepares the budget and controls public spending.
The State Secretariat is ‘the Centre of political and administrative functions of the state.

Question 20. What is the relationship between the State and the Centre regarding the maintenance of law and order?
Answer: The role of the Central Government in maintaining law and order is explained in various articles of the constitution. As per article 355, the Central government has to protect the states from external aggression. As per article 356, whenever there is a constitutional failure of state government takes place, it should enforce emergency or presidential rule in the state. The primary role of the state governments is to ensure law and order in the state. In order to fulfill this duty, state governments have a police force that will have adequate training and functions.

KSEEB Solutions Class 8 Geography Chapter 2 Lithosphere Points To Remember

The outermost solid layer of the earth is known as the ‘Lithosphere’ (Litho means ‘rock’). Continents are parts of the lithosphere where different landforms like mountains, plateaus, plains, etc., are found. What is inside the earth is still a mystery for man. With years of study and research human beings have been able to get information about the materials inside the earth up to 10 to 12kms. Going beyond this depth is very difficult due to the increase in temperature.

On the basis of the density of the material, chemical composition, and physical state of matter the earth’s interior is classified into 3 main layers. They are the Crust, the Mantle, and the Core.

Read and Learn More KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science

The crust is the uppermost layer of the earth, rich in Silica, Aluminium, and Magnesium.

The Mantle is the second and the middle layer of the earth.

The materials are in a semi-liquid or partially molten state which is called magma.

The mantle has two parts

The upper mantle or the Asthenosphere is partially in a molten condition and

Lower mantle or the Mesosphere in solid condition.

The Core is the innermost layer of the earth. The most important materials of the core are Nickel and Ferrous (Iron). So it is known as NIFE.

Rocks are solid inorganic substances that are found in the crust of the earth.

On the basis of the mode of formation, rocks are classified into three types. They are:

1. Igneous rocks,
2. Sedimentary rocks and
3. Metamorphic rocks.

The word ‘ Igneous’ means * fire’ derived from the Latin word ‘Ignis’ or Sanskrit word ‘Agni’.

Igneous rocks were the first to be formed, therefore they are also called Primary rocks.

When the molten materials (magma) of the Earth’s interior do not reach the earth’s surface, they cool and solidify (quite slowly) below the surface and are called intrusive igneous rocks.

Rocks formed by the solidification of magma above the earth’s surface are known as extrusive igneous rocks.

The rock materials in the liquid or molten state are called ‘magma’ and when it comes out from the earth are called lava.

The word Sedimentary is derived from the Latin word ‘SedimentunT, which means ‘settling down.

The sedimentary rocks are formed after the disintegration of igneous rocks. Therefore they are called secondary rocks. These rocks are also called aqueous rocks because they are formed in water bodies (Lake, Sea and Ocean beds).

Rocks are built up by fragments of pre-existing rocks which have been produced by the processes of weathering and erosion Examples:- Sandstone (Arenaceous rocks) and Shale (Argillaceous rocks).

Metamorphic rocks are those which are formed by the process of metamorphism or alteration of pre-existing rocks.

These are the forces which originate inside the crust and influence the surface features of the earth eg., Volcanoes, Earthquakes etc. The internal forces are also called Endogenic forces.

A volcano is a vent or narrow opening in the Earth’s crust connected by a pipe to an underlying magma chamber, through which magma, rock fragments, lava, ash, steam, flames and other gases are emitted from the interior of the Earth.

Class 8 Geography Lithosphere KSEEB Notes 

The materials ejecting out from the volcanoes are of three types. Solid: Volcanic bombs, cinders, scoria, pumice, dust, ash. Liquid: Lava. Gases: Sulphur, Hydrogen, Carbon dioxide. An earthquake is a shock or series of shocks or tremors, due to a sudden movement of crustal rocks generated within the crust or mantle.

The point of origin of the earthquake in the earth’s crust is called the Seismic focus or Hypocentre.

A fault consists of a fracture in a rock along with a great deal of displacement takes place. Earthquakes occur when the movement of plates takes place along a line of fracture (San Andreas fault of California in the USA).

The magnitude and intensity of earthquakes are recorded by using the Richter scale.

A tsunami is a large sea wave occasionally experienced along the coasts of Japan and in other regions caused by an underwater earthquake. In the Japanese language ‘Tsunami’ means ‘harbour waves.

Weathering is the wearing away or breaking down or gradual disintegration of rocks by agents (Temperature, rainfall, wind etc.) present in the atmosphere.

When the rock is broken and disintegrated without any chemical alteration, the process is called Physical weathering or Mechanical weathering.

Chemical weathering is mainly brought about by the action of substances dissolved in rainwater. Living organisms like plants, animals and human beings play a role in one way or another in the weathering of rocks.

Denudation is the action of changing the landscape or changing the surface of the earth by various natural agents such as Rivers, Glaciers, Underground water, Wind, Sea waves etc.

A mass of fresh water flowing from its source to mouth along a definite course is called a ‘River’.

The place where a river takes its birth is called the ‘ Source’ and the ‘Mouth’ is the point where it meets the sea or ocean. ‘Tributaries’ are the feeders or small streams which supply water to rivers along their course.

The point where a tributary joins the main river is called ‘Confluence’.

Glaciers are slowly moving, compacted masses of ice and snow found in the high mountains and polar regions. The mass of ice or snow is pulled down by its weight due to the force of gravity.

Lithosphere Exercises

Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The continental crust is also called SIAL.
2. The vast basin-shaped volcanic mouth is Caldera.
3. The most destructive earthquake waves are Surface Waves (LW).
4. Stalactites and Stalagmites are most common in limestone regions.
5. The Beaches are formed by sea waves work.

Lithosphere Answer the following Questions:

Question 1. Mention the three major layers of the interior of the Earth.
Answer: The three major layers of the interior of the Earth are the Crust, the Mantle and the Core.

Question 2. Name the types of volcanoes on the basis of the frequency of eruption.
Answer:
The types of volcanoes on the basis of frequency of eruption are:

Active Volcanoes

Dormant Volcanoes

Extinct Volcanoes

KSEEB Class 8 Geography Chapter 2 Questions And Answers 

Question 3. Mention the important earthquake zones of the world.
Answer:
Earthquake Prone regions are:

The Circum-Pacific Belt – Regions around the Pacific Ocean (New Zealand, Philippines, Japan, USA, Peru etc.,).

The Mediterranean Belt – Regions around the Mediterranean sea.

The Himalayan Belt – The Siwalik region of India.

Question 4. What is weathering? Name the three main types of weathering.
Answer: Weathering is the wearing away or breaking down or gradual disintegration of rocks by agents (Temperature, rainfall, wind etc.) present in the atmosphere. The three main types of weathering are:

1. Mechanical weathering
2. Biological weathering
3. Chemical weathering

Question 5. Name the landforms associated with the work of the river.
Answer: Gorges, canyons, V-shaped valleys, waterfalls (Angel falls, Niagara falls, Jog falls), Alluvial fans, Meanders, Flood plains, Natural levees, Oxbow lakes, Deltas (Sundarban delta, Nile delta) are the landforms associated with the work of the river.

Lithosphere Match the following:
  A                                  B                                       
SIMA                         Earthquake
Sandstone                 Yellow soil
Epicentre                   Oceanic crust
Geyser                        Sedimentary rock
Loess                          Underground water
Answer:
   A                                     B
SIMA                       Oceanic crust
Sandstone               Sedimentary rock
Epicentre                Earthquake
Geyser                    Underground water
Loess                      Yellow soil

Lithosphere Define the following:

Aqueous rocks: Sedimentary rocks are also called aqueous rocks because they are formed in water bodies (Lake, Sea and Ocean beds).

Pacific ring of fire: This is the volcanic belt found in the Coastal margins of the Pacific Ocean consisting of the Philippines, Japan, USA, Central America, and South America.

Mechanical weathering: When the rock is broken and disintegrated without any chemical alteration, the process is called Physical weathering or Mechanical weathering.

Carbonaceous rocks: Organically formed sedimentary rocks

Tsunami: Tsunami is a large sea wave occasionally experienced along the coasts of Japan and in other regions caused by an underwater earthquake. In the Japanese language ‘Tsunami’ means ‘harbour waves.

Continental glacier: Continental glaciers are extensive ice sheets found in polar regions eg., Greenland and Antarctica.

Hot spring: Whenever warm or hot water comes out naturally it is called a hot spring or thermal spring. They are usually found near the volcanic regions

Lithosphere Terms to remember:

NIFE: The most important materials of the core are Nickel and Ferrous (Iron). So it is known as NIFE

Arenaceous and Argillaceous rocks: Rocks built up by fragments of pre-existing rocks which have been produced by the processes of weathering and erosion Example:- Sandstone (Arenaceous rocks) and Shale (Argillaceous rocks).

Tectonic forces: The earth’s crust consists of many major and minor plates. These plates are not stationary. The plate boundaries are dynamic places and are the primary location of earthquake activity (Circum-Pacific Belt).

Mountain glacier: The glaciers found in the Polar regions are called Mountain glaciers.

Aeolian cycle: The work of wind is called the “Aeolian cycle”.

Beaches: The work of sea waves is significant along the sea shore or coasts.

Lithosphere Additional Questions And Answers

Choose the correct alternative and Write the complete answer along with its alphabet in the sheet provided:

Question 1. The outermost solid layer of the earth is known as the

1. Lithosphere
2. Atmosphere
3. Biosphere
4. Hydrosphere

Answer: 1. Lithosphere

Question 2. Litho means

1. Rock
2. Solid
3. Semi-solid
4. Liquid

Answer: 1. rock

Question 3. The innermost layer of the earth is the

1. Core
2. Crust
3. Mantle
4. Gutenberg line

Answer: 1. core

Question 4. The word ‘Igneous’ means ‘fire’ which derived from

1. The Latin word ‘Ignis’
2. The English word ‘Ignis’
3. The Greek word ‘Ignis’
4. The French word ‘Ignis’

Answer: 1. The Latin word ‘Ignis’

KSEEB Geography Chapter 2 Class 8 Multiple Choice Questions 

Question 5. Which one among the following is not an Intrusive igneous rock?

1. Granite
2. Diorite
3. Gabbro
4. Basalt

Answer: 4. Basalt

Question 6.Which one among the following is Extrusive igneous rock?

1. Granite
2. Diorite
3. Gabbro
4. Basalt

Answer: 4. Basalt

Question 7. The word Sedimentary is derived from the Latin word ‘Sedimentum’, which means

1. Fragments
2. Settling down
3. Collecting
4. Consolidation

Answer: 2. settling down

Question 8. The sedimentary rocks are also called aqueous rocks because they are formed in

1. The water bodies
2. The desert areas
3. The mountain areas
4. The plateaus

Answer: 1. The water bodies

Question 9. Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks are

1. Arenaceous rocks
2. Rock salt
3. Gypsum
4. Limestone

Answer: 1. Arenaceous rocks

Question 10. Chemically formed sedimentary rocks are

1. Arenaceous rocks
2. Argillaceous rocks
3. Gypsum
4. Limestone

Answer: 3. Gypsum

Question 11. Organically formed sedimentary rocks are

1. Arenaceous rocks
2. Argillaceous rocks
3. Gypsum
4. Limestone

Answer: 4. Limestone

Question 12.The funnel-shaped hollow at the top of the cone of a volcano is called

1. ‘Vent’
2. ‘Crater’
3. ‘Caldera’
4. Funnel

Answer: Question. Crater

Question 13. A large basin-shaped crater bounded by steep sides is known as

1. ‘Vent’
2. ‘Crater’
3. ‘Caldera’
4. Funnel

Answer: 3.‘Caldera’

Question 14. Which is an example of an Active volcano?

1. Mt. Stromboli
2. Mt. Vesuvius
3. Mt. Fujiyama
4. Mt. Krakatoa

Answer: 1. Mt. Stromboli

Question 15. Which is an example of a Dormant volcano?

1. Mt. Stromboli
2. Mt. Etna
3. Arthur’s Seat
4. Mt. Krakatoa

Answer: 4. Mt. Krakatoa

Question 16. Which is the example of an Extinct volcano?

1. Mt. Stromboli
2. Mt. Etna
3. Arthur’s Seat
4. Mt. Krakatoa

Answer: 3. Arthur’s Seat

Question 17.Japanese language ‘Tsunami’ means

1. Cyclones
2. Earthquakes in ocean
3. Harbour waves
4. Ocean tides

Answer: 3. Harbour waves

Question 18. Old Faithful in Yellowstone National Park of USA is an example for

1. Hot springs
2. Intermittent springs
3. Geysers
4. Artesian wells

Answer: 3. Geysers

Question 19. The springs which are common in Australia are

1. Hot springs
2. Intermittent springs
3. Geyser
4. Artesian wells

Answer: 4. Artesian wells

Question 20.“Aeolian cycle” is the work of

1. Sea waves
2. winds
3. Glaciers
4. Volcanoes

Answer: 2. winds

Lithosphere Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The point of origin of the earthquake in the earth’s crust is called Seismic focus or Hypocentre.
2. The magnitude and intensity of earthquakes are recorded by using the Richter scale.
3. The place where a river takes its birth is called Source.
4. The point where a river meets sea or ocean Mouth.
5. The point where a tributary joins the main river is called Confluence.
6. “The work of river is called Fluvial Cycle”.
7. The tidal mouth of a river broadening into the sea/ocean is Estuary
8. A fan-shaped, low-lying area of deposits at a river mouth is Delta
9. The work of Glaciers is called the “glacial cycle.”

Answer the following Questions in a sentence each:

Question 1. What is the Earth’s Crust?’
Answer: The crust is the uppermost layer of the earth, rich in Silica, Aluminium and Magnesium.

Question 2. What is the Mantle?
Answer: The Mantle is the second and the middle layer of the earth.

Question 3. Why is the More also called NIFE?
Answer: The most important materials of the core are Nickel and Ferrous (Iron). So it is known as NIFE.

Question 4. What are Rocks?
Answer: Rocks are solid inorganic substances that are found in the crust of the earth.

Question 5. Which are the three types of rocks?
Answer: Igneous rocks, Sedimentary rocks and Metamorphic rocks are the three types of rocks.

Class 8 Geography Chapter 2 Guide On Lithosphere KSEEB 

Question 6. How is the word igneous rock derived?
Answer: Igneous rocks are those which have been formed by the cooling of molten matter of the earth. Igneous rocks were the first to be formed, therefore they are also called Primary rocks.

Question 7. Why igneous rocks are also called Primary rocks?
Answer: Igneous rocks were the first to be formed, therefore they are also called Primary rocks.

Question 8. How is the word Sedimentary derived?
Answer: The word Sedimentary is derived from the Latin word ‘Sedimentum’, which means ‘settling down.

Question 9. The sedimentary rocks are called secondary rocks. Why?
Answer: Sedimentary rocks are formed after the disintegration of igneous rocks. Therefore they are called secondary rocks.

Question 10. What are Endogenic forces?
Answer: Endogenic forces are the forces which originate inside the crust and influence the surface features of the earth eg., Volcanoes, Earthquakes etc.

Question 11. What is a volcano?
Answer: A volcano is a vent or narrow opening in the Earth’s crust connected by a pipe to an underlying magma chamber, through which magma, rock fragments, lava, ash, steam, flames and other gases are emitted from the interior of the Earth.

Question 12. What invent?
Answer: A passage in the earth’s crust through which magma and other volcanic materials are ejected is called a ‘Vent’.

Question 13. What are active volcanoes?
Answer: Volcanoes which constantly eject lava, gases, ashes etc., are known as active volcanoes.

Question 14. What is Earthquake?
Answer: An earthquake is a shock or series of shocks or tremors, due to a sudden movement of crustal rocks generated within the crust or mantle.

Question 15. What is the Epicentre?
Answer: The point on the earth’s surface vertically above the seismic focus is called the Epicentre.

Question 16. What is Seismograph?
Answer: The origin, time, velocity and direction of seismic waves are recorded by an instrument known as Seismograph.

Question 17. Mention the causes of the Earthquake.
Answer:
The causes of Earthquake are:

• Plate Tectonics
• Volcanic Eruptions
• Faulting
• Man-made factors

Question 18. Earthquakes are very dangerous and destructive. Why?
Answer: Earthquakes are very dangerous and destructive. They cause large-scale deaths, loss of property, landslides, flash floods, and damage to bridges, roads, railway lines etc.

Question 19. What is Denudation?
Answer: Denudation is the action of changing the landscape or changing the surface of the earth by various natural agents such as Rivers, Glaciers, Underground water, Wind, Sea waves etc.,

Question 20. What is a River?
Answer: mass of fresh water flowing from its source to mouth along a definite course is called a ‘River’.

Question 21. What are the tributaries?
Answer: ‘Tributaries’ are the feeders or small streams which supply water to rivers along their course.

Question 22. What are the Glaciers?
Answer: Glaciers are slowly moving, compacted masses of ice and snow found in the high mountains and Polar Regions.

Question 23. What is Underground water?
Answer: Underground water is the subsoil water found on account of percolation or seepage of water into the ground.

KSEEB Class 8 Lithosphere Study Materials 

Question 24. What are aquifers?
Answer: The porous rock beds which hold large amounts of underground water are called aquifers.

Lithosphere Answer The Following Questions In Four or Five Sentences Each:

Question 1. What is inside the earth is still a mystery for man. Why?
Answer: With years of study and research human beings have been able to get information about the materials inside the earth up to 10 to 1Question km. Going beyond this depth is very difficult due to the increase in temperature (1 o C for every 3Question meters)

Question 2. How does man come to know about the earth’s interior?
Answer: To understand more about the earth’s interior humans are dependent on indirect evidence such as seismic waves, volcanic materials etc. The earth’s interior comprises various materials in different forms. On the basis of the density of a material, chemical composition and physical state of matter the earth’s interior is classified into 3 main layers. They are the Crust, the Mantle and the Core.

Question 3. Differentiate between SIMA and SIAL,
Answer: In the upper part of the crust only lighter materials are found. It is called SIAL (Silica and Aluminium) or continental crust. The lower part of the crust is rich in Silica and Magnesium and it is called SIMA or oceanic crust.

Question 4. Write extensions of the mantle.
Answer: The Mantle is the second and the middle layer of the earth. The depth of this layer is up to Question900 km from the surface. The materials are in a semi-liquid or partially molten state which is called magma. The mantle is composed of dense and rigid rocks which have a predominance of minerals like magnesium and iron. The mantle has two parts :

1. The Upper mantle or the Asthenosphere is partially in a molten condition and
2. The Lower mantle or the Mesosphere is in solid condition. The contact zone of the crust and the mantle is called ‘Mohorovicic Discontinuity’ or Moho. While the boundary that separates the Mantle from the Core is called ‘Gutenberg Discontinu-ity’. Here the rocks are different in chemical composition from those below and above.

Question 5. Differentiate between the Asthenosphere and the Mesosphere.
Answer:
The mantle has two parts:

1. The upper mantle or the Asthenosphere is partially in a molten condition and
2. The Lower mantle or the Mesosphere is in solid condition.

Question 6. Differentiate between Discontinuity and Discontinuity.
Answer: The contact zone of the crust and the mantle is called ‘Mohorovicic Discontinuity’ or Moho. While the boundary that separates the Mantle from the Core is called ‘Gutenberg Discontinu-ity’.

Question 7. How are Intrusive igneous rocks formed?
Answer: When the molten materials (magma) of the Earth’s interior do not reach the earth’s surface, they cool and solidify (quite slowly) below the surface.

Question 8. How are the Extrusive igneous rocks formed?
Answer: Rocks are formed by the solidification of magma above the earth’s surface

Solutions For Lithosphere KSEEB Class 8 Geography 

Question 9. How are the Metamorphic Rocks formed?
Answer: Metamorphic rocks are those which are formed by the process of metamorphism or alteration of pre-existing rocks. Metamorphism means the change of form which may be physical or chemical or both by the influence of heat and pressure.

Question 10. What are the materials emitted by Volcanoes?
Answer: The materials ejecting out from the volcanoes are of three types. Solid: Volcanic bombs, cinders, scoria, pumice, dust, ash. Liquid: Lava. Gases: Sulphur, Hydrogen, Carbon dioxide.

Question 11. How are manmade activities responsible for Earthquakes?
Answer: Over interaction of man with nature. The extraction of minerals, deep underground mining, huge dams and reservoirs, nuclear tests etc.

Question 12. Where are the earthquake measuring stations in India?
Answer: Some seismic recording centres of India: Gowribidanur, Kodaikanal, Pune, Hyderabad, Dehradun

Question 13. Which are the Agents of Denudation?
Answer: Rivers, Glaciers, Underground water, Wind, Sea waves etc., are the Agents of Denudation

Question 14. Differentiate between ‘porous’ rocks and ‘impervious’ rocks.
Answer: The rocks which allow the water to percolate are called ‘previous’ or ‘porous’ rocks and the rocks which do not allow the water inside are called ‘impervious’ or non-porous rocks.

KSEEB Solutions Class 8 Geography Chapter 1 The Earth – Our Living Planet Points To Remember

The Earth is the home for all forms of life like plants, animals, and human beings because of its suitable distance from the Sun, range of temperature, life-supporting gases, atmosphere, water cycle, etc. Our Earth is called by many names.

Some of them are ‘Living Planet’, ‘Unique Planet’, ‘Watery Planet’, and ‘Blue Planet’. The Earth is the fifth largest planet in the Sun’s family. The diameter of the Earth is approximately 4 times greater than the Moon and it is around 107 times less than that of the Sun.

The Earth’s shape is often described as Geoid, which literally means ‘Earth shaped’, or ‘Oblate spheroid’. The Earth is flattened at the poles and bulges at the equator.

Read and Learn More KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science

The land bodies of the Earth are known as Continents. There are seven continents, namely Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia.

Asia is the largest continent in the world while Australia is the smallest continent.

The large water bodies on the Earth are called oceans. There are four major oceans. They are the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Arctic ocean.

The Pacific is the largest and deepest ocean while the Arctic is the smallest and shallowest ocean.

The Northern Hemisphere has 60% of land and 40% of water. Therefore it is called the ‘Land Hemisphere’.

On the other hand, there is 81% of water and 19% of land in the Southern Hemisphere and so it is called the ‘ Water Hemisphere’.

The Earth is spherical in shape. Therefore it is difficult to locate the places, and the direction and calculate the distance between places.

Latitude is an imaginary line that joins all the places which have the same angular distance north or south of the equator.

The Equator is the longest line of latitude known as the Great circle.

The imaginary lines that intersect the equator at the right angle joining the north and south are called longitudes.

Lines of longitude are called Meridians (Meir- mid and Indian-day) because all places along the same meridian of longitude experience noon or mid-day at the same time.

The meridian passing through Greenwich (England) has been chosen as Prime Meridian. It is marked as 0 longitudes.

The time according to the longitude of a place or according to the position of the Sun at that place is known as the Local time.

When the Sun is shining vertically over the longitude it is 12 noon at that place. All places situated on the same meridian have the same local time.

In India, 82 Via East longitude is considered the Standard Meridian of the country. It passes through Allahabad of Uttar Pradesh.

The time based on this Meridian is called the Indian Standard Time (1ST). It is 5 hours and 30 minutes ahead of GMT.

The problem of time in countries of the world was solved first by the standard time and then by the zonal time.

Any ship crossing this line from the west (Asia to North America) to the east takes a day twice while the ship crossing this line from the east (North America to Asia) to the west drops one day.

Class 8 Geography The Earth – Our Living Planet KSEEB Notes 

The Earth – Our Living Planet Exercises

Fill in the blanks with a suitable answer:

1. The total geographical area of the Earth is 510 million Sq. Km.
2. The shape of the Earth is Geoid.
3. The equatorial and polar diameters of the Earth are 12756 and 12714 Kms.
4. The 23 VioNorth latitudes are called as Tropic of Cancer
5. The Indian Standard Time is based on 82 1/2⁰ East longitude.

Answer the following questions briefly:

Question 1. Why is the Earth called the ‘Living Planet’?
Answer: The Earth is the home for all forms of life like plants, animals, and human beings because of its suitable distance from the Sun, range of temperature, life-supporting gases, atmosphere, water cycle, etc.

Question 2. Why are the Northern and Southern hemispheres called Land and Water Hemispheres?
Answer: The Northern Hemisphere has 60% of land and 40% of water. Therefore it is called the ‘Land Hemisphere’. On the other hand, there is 81 % of water and 19% of land in the Southern Hemisphere and so it is called the ‘Water Hemisphere’.

Question 3. What are latitudes and longitudes?
Answer: Latitude is an imaginary line that joins all the places which have the same angular distance north or south of the equator. The imaginary lines that intersect the equator at the right angle joining the north and south are called longitudes.

Question 4. Mention the difference between local time and standard time.
Answer: The time according to the longitude of a place or according to the position of the Sun at that place is known as the Local time. The uniform time which is followed throughout a country is called the Standard Time of that country.

KSEEB Class 8 Geography Chapter 1 Questions And Answers 

Question 5. What is the International Date Line?
Answer: A line passing through 180meridian diametrically opposite to the GM.T was adopted as the point where circumnavigators should make adjustments.

The Earth – Our Living Planet Define the following:

Unique planet: The Earth is the home for all forms of life like plants, animals, and human beings because of its suitable distance from the Sun, range of temperature, life-supporting gases, atmosphere, water cycle, etc.

Size of the Earth: The Earth is the fifth largest planet in the Earth’s Sun’s family. The diameter of the Earth is approximately 4 times greater than the Moon and it is around 107 times less than that of the Sun

Geoid: The Earth’s shape is often described as Geoid, which literally means ‘Earth shaped’, or ‘Oblate spheroid’. The Earth is flattened at the poles and bulges at the equator.

Continents: The land bodies of the Earth are known as Continents.

Prime Meridian: The meridian passing through Greenwich (England) has been chosen as Prime Meridian. It is marked as 0°longitude.

Indian Standard Time: In India, 82140 East longitude is considered the Standard Meridian of the country. It passes through Allahabad of Uttar Pradesh. The time based on this Meridian is called the Indian Standard Time (IST). It is 5 hours and 30 minutes ahead of GMT.

The Earth – Our Living Planet Terms to Remember:

Living Planet: The Earth is the home for all forms of life like plants, animals, and human beings because of its suitable distance from the Sun, range of temperature, life-supporting gases, atmosphere, water cycle, etc.

Equator: The Equator (0) is the longest line of latitude known as the Great circle. It is equal to the circumference of the Earth.

Arctic circle: 66’A’North latitude is called as Antarctic Circle

Antarctic circle: 6614′ South latitude is called as Antarctic Circle.

Zonal Time: The whole globe is divided into 24 such time zones so that the time in each zone differs from the other by only one hour.

International date line: A line passing through 180 meridians diametrically opposite to the GMT was adopted as the point where circumnavigators should make adjustments.

The Earth – Our Living Planet Additional Questions And Answers

Choose the correct alternative and Write the complete answer along with its alphabet in the sheet provided:

Question 1. The third planet from the Sun is

1. Earth
2. Mars
3. Mercury
4. Venus

Answer: 1. Earth

Question 2. The fifth-largest planet in Sun’s family is

1. Mars
2. Earth
3. Jupiter
4. Uranus

Answer: 2. Earth

Question 3. The Earth’s shape is often described as

1. Circle
2. Spherical
3. Geoid
4. Cylindrical

Answer: 3. Geoid

Question 4. The land bodies of the Earth are known as

1. Continents
2. Countries
3. Desert
4. Plains

Answer: 1. Continents

Question 5. The largest continent in the world is

1. SouthAmerica
2. Africa
3. North America
4. Asia

Answer: 4. Asia

Question 6. The smallest continent in the world is

1. Antarctica
2. Europe
3. Australia
4. SouthAmerica

Answer: 3. Australia

Question 7. The round distance between two latitudes is

1. 110.4kms
2. 111.4kms
3. 121.4kms
4. 105.4kms

Answer: 1.110.4kms

KSEEB Geography Chapter 1 Class 8 Multiple Choice Questions 

Question 8. On the equator the distance between two consecutive meridians is

1. 111.4kms
2. 111 km
3. 121.4kms
4. 105.4kms

Answer: 2. 111 km

Question 9. The longest latitude is

1. Tropic of Cancer
2. Tropic of Capricorn
3. Arctic Circle
4. The Equator

Answer: 4. The Equator

Question 10. The longest longitude is

1. Tropic of Cancer
2. Tropic of Capricorn
3. Greenwich Meridian
4. The Equator

Answer: 3. Greenwich Meridian

Fill in the blanks with a suitable answer:

1. The largest and deepest ocean is The Pacific Ocean
2. The smallest and shallowest ocean is the Arctic Ocean
3. The earth is rotating on its axis and completes one rotation in 24 hours.
4. The earth takes 4 minutes for rotation between two latitudes.
5. 82 1/2⁰ East longitude is considered the Standard Meridian of India.
6. Standard Meridian of India passes through Allahabad
7. The country which has the highest number of longitudes is Russia.

Answer the following questions in three to four sentences each:

Question 1. Name the seven continents of the world.
Answer: There are seven continents, namely Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia.

Question 2. Name the four major oceans of the world,
Answer: The Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Arctic Ocean are major oceans of the world.

Question 3. How do we understand the location of a place, the direction, and the distance between places?
Answer: To know the position, distance, and direction of east and west or north and south, a network of lines is drawn on the globe. These are known as lines of latitudes and longitudes.

Question 4. Name the important latitudes drawn on the globe.
Answer:
Important latitudes are:

0 latitude-Equator or Great Circle.

23 1/2⁰ North latitude – Tropic of Cancer.

23 1/2⁰ South latitude – Tropic of Capricorn

66 1/2⁰ North latitude – Arctic Circle.

66 1/2⁰ South latitude – Antarctic Circle.

90⁰North – North pole.

90⁰ South – South pole.

Question 5. Why Lines of longitude are called Meridians?
Answer: Lines of longitude are called Meridians (‘meri’- mid and ‘Indian-day) because all places along the same meridian of longitude experience noon or mid*day at the same time.