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KSEEB Solutions For Class 9 Social Science Chapter 2 Financial Management Points To be Remember

• Finance is the acquisition of funds and their effective utilization, keeping in mind the overall objectives of the concern.
• Guttmann and Douglas defined business finance as “the activity concerned with planning, raising, controlling and administering of the Finds used in business”.
• Finance is the lifeblood of every business. Without finance no business activity is possible.
• Finance helps with the modernization, diversification, expansion, and development of an enterprise.
• Finance is essential to undertake research, market survey, advertisement, and publicity for effective marketing of the products.
• Business organizations generally require two types of finance on the basis of the term for repayment. They are
  1) Short-term finance
  2) Long-term finance
• Finance that is required for day-to-day work is called Short term finance.
• To fill the financial gap between these two processes namely sales and receipt of sale proceeds sufficient funds are required. Hence there is a need for short-term finance.
• The important Sources of Short term finance are
  1) Trade credit,
  2) Bank credit or Bank loan,
  3) Advance from customers,
  4) Short-term public deposit or installment credit
  5) Loans from indigenous bankers

• Long-term finance is raised by Joint Stock Companies, through the issue of shares and debentures.
• The capital of a joint stock company is divided into small units called Shares.
• Debentures are the debts or loans borrowed by the companies
• The Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI) was set up in 1948 under the act of Parliament to provide long-term financial assistance to the industry.
• State Finance Corporation Act was passed in 1951 by the Parliament to enable the State governments to establish State Finance Corporations.
• The Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) was established in 1964 under the Industrial Development Bank Act 1964.
• EXIM Bank is the export and import bank of India which was set up in 1982.
• Venture capital is a source of funds used to finance new projects involving new technology on production which has high risk but has the potential for high returns.
• A specialized marketplace that facilitates the exchange of securities that are already in existence is known as Stock Exchange or Stock market.
• Shareholders have to open a separate account to buy and sell shares is called a Demat account.

Class 9 Social Science Chapter 2 KSEEB Financial Management Notes 

Financial Management Textual Questions And Answers

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words in the following statements.

1. Business enterprises require two types of finance, they are long–term loans and short-term loans.
2. The suppliers of goods raise credit from the buyers,’ it is called Trade credit.
3. The business concerns raise credit to carry out day-to-day affairs and is called Short term finance.
4. For immediate needs the business institutions get credit from Indigenous bankers.
5. The capital of joint-stock companies is divided into small units. They are called Shares.
6. The bank that supplies credit to import and export trade is called EximBank.
7. The IFCI was started in the year 1948 AD.
8. The first share market in India was started in Mumbai.

Financial Management Answer the following questions in two to three sentences each.

Question 1. What is the meaning of financial management?
Answer: Financial management is the process of raising, providing, and managing funds in the business.

Question 2. Which are the two types of finance required by the business concerns? Give examples.
Answer: Business organizations generally require two types of finance on the basis of the term for repayment. They are
1. Short-term finance:-Trade credit, Bank credit or Bank loan, Advance from customers, Short-term public deposit or installment credit, Loans from indigenous bankers
2. Long-term finance: –Ex. Issue of Shares Debentures

Question 3. Mention any four sources of short-term credit required by business concerns.
Answer: The main sources of short-term credit required by business concerns?

1)Trade credit
2)Bank credit or Bank loan
3)Advance from customers
4)Loans from indigenous bankers

Financial Management Class 9 KSEEB Solutions 

Question 4. Why do business concerns require short-term finance?
Answer: The business concerns require short-term finance because

• It is required to meet the working capital needs. i.e. to purchase raw materials, pay wages and salaries, to meet the marketing and administrative expenses.
• To fill the financial gap between these two processes namely sales and receipt of sale proceeds sufficient funds are required.

Question 5. What do you mean by long-term finance?
Answer: Long-term finance refers to finance required for the development programs such as the expansion of the level of Long term finance refers to finance required for the development programs such as the expansion of the level of production, modernization of production methods, etc.,

Question 6. Give the names of any three organizations in the field of mutual funds
Answer: Unit Trust of India (U.T.I.), S.B.I. Magnum equity fund, LIC growth fund, UTI Market plan, Prudential ICICI balance fund, HDFC income fund, Bajaj alliance, etc., are in the mutual fund field.

Financial Management Answer The Following Questions In About Eight To Ten Sentences

Question 1. What is the role and importance of finance to business concerns?
Answer: The role and importance of finance in business organizations are
1)Finance is the lifeblood of every business.
2)It helps to obtain resources that are required in the process of production and marketing of goods and services.
3) It integrates the various segments of business enterprise for the smooth running of the business in the direction of attaining the organizational goals.
4)It guides and regulates investment decisions and expenditures.
5) It helps for modernization, diversification, expansion, and development of an enterprise.
6)It is essential to undertake research, market survey, advertisement, and publicity for effective marketing of the products.
7) It is required to develop industries in backward areas.
8) Its stability will enhance the creditworthiness of the concern.

Question 2. Explain briefly the purposes for which long-term finance is required by business concerns.
Answer: Long-term finance refers to finance required for the development programs such as the expansion of the level of production, modernization of production methods, etc., This type of finance is also required for financing the fixed capital of an undertaking. Ex. To procure fixed assets, establishing new undertaking,s, etc.

KSEEB Social Science Class 9 Chapter 2 Financial Concepts 

Question 3.“Issue of shares and debentures play a very important role in long-term credit.” What are they? How do they help?
Answer: The capital of a joint stock company is divided into small units called Shares.
Debentures are debts or loans borrowed by companies.

The shares and debentures are helpful in many ways they are

• Whenever they need additional capital for a long-term purpose, the companies raise the funds through the issue of shares to the public
• The joint-stock companies are empowered to borrow finance for meeting long-term financial requirements through the issue of Debentures.

Question 4. What is the part played by Industrial Finance Corporations (IFC) and State Finance Corporations (SFS) in financing business?
Answer: The part played by (IFC) and (SFS) in financing businesses are

• The Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI) was set up in 1948 under the act of Parliament to provide long-term financial assistance to the industry. The Corporation grants loans to public limited companies and to cooperative societies. State-owned public limited companies can also borrow funds from the corporation.
• The main objective of State Finance Corporations is to provide long-term finance to small and medium-scale industries in their respective states

Question 5. What are long-term public deposits and what are their advantages to the public?
Answer: Long-term public deposits which a company can accept public deposits to meet long-term financial needs.

The advantages of long-term public deposits to the public are

• The procedure to get these deposits is simple and does not involve many formalities
• A company can accept these deposits for a period not exceeding 5 years (60 months)
• The deposits are unsecured and 8% to 10% of interest is allowed
• The maximum amount that can be raised under public deposit shall not exceed 25% of the paid-up capital of the company.

Question 6. What do you mean by Money market and how is it different from the capital market?
Answer:

• The term money market is used in a sense to mean a financial institution that deals with short-term funds in the economy
• The money market arranges funds for working capital
• The rate of interest is high, compared to the institutions of capital market
• The funds can be borrowed under the money market for a short period whereas the capital market long term
• Commercial banks and Indigenous bankers also play an important role in the money market.
• Financial institutions, finance corporations, investment trusts, mutual funds, etc. are the leading financial institutions in the capital market.

Question 7. Explain in brief the part played by the stock exchange in financial matters of business
Answer: The part played by the stock exchange in financial matters of business is

• Stock Exchange is one of the constituents of the capital market
• The Stock exchanges regulate and control businesses in buying, selling, and dealing in securities.
• They are regulated by the government
• They do not engage only in the purchase and sale of securities but provide a place where members can carry out their business on their own account under codes, rules, and regulations.

Financial Management Additional Questions And Answers

Choose the correct alternative and write the complete answer along with its alphabet in the answer sheet provided

Question 1. The First Stock Exchange was started m India in the year
1)1875 AD.
2)1892 AD.
3)1885 AD.
4)1888AD.

Answer: 1) 1875 AD.

Question 2.The bank which is functioning as an autonomous body is
1)EXIM Bank
2)Industrial Development Bank of India
3)Industrial Financial Corporation of India
4) State Finance Corporation

Answer: 2) Industrial Development Bank of India

Question 3.The bank which was a fully owned subsidiary bank of R. B.I till 1976 is
1)EXIM Bank
2)Industrial Development Bank of India
3)Industrial Financial Corporation of India
4)State Finance Corporation

Answer: 2) Industrial Development Bank of India

KSEEB Class 9 Social Science Chapter 2 Textbook Solutions 

Question 4. The First Stock Exchange was started in India at
1)Mumbai
2) Kolkata
3) Bangalore
4) Delhi

Answer 1) Mumbai

Question 5. EXIM bank was set up in the year
1) 1982 A.D
2) 1985 A.D
3) 1989 A.D
4) 1999 A.D

Answer: 1) 1982A.D

Question 6. The State Finance Corporation Act is applied to all the states except
1) Karnataka
2) Delhi
3) Jammu and Kashmir
4) Mumbai

Answer: 3) Jammu and Kashmir

Question 7. The capital of a joint stock company is divided into small units called
1) Debenture
2) Shares
3) Mutual funds
4) Credits

Answer: 2) Shares

Question 8. The credit obtained by the suppliers of goods is called
1)Advance from customers
2)Bank credit
3)Trade credit
4)Loan from indigenous bankers

Answer : 3) Trade credit

KSEEB Solutions Class 8 Civics Chapter 5 Judiciary Textbook Questions

Question 1.  You read that one of the main functions of the judiciary is ‘upholding the law and enforcing Fundamental Rights’. Why do you think an independent judiciary is necessary to carry out this important function?

Answer. Judiciary is an important organ of the government Its main function is to apply the existing laws to the individual cases and to administer justice. Protection of the fundamental rights of the people is not possible without the courts of law. But the Judiciary in a democratic and civilized state must be independent Independence of Judiciary means that it should be efficient, honest and impartial in giving its judgement It should be free from any outside control of the executive or the legislature. The Judge should be free to decide cases according to law in a bold and fearless manner. Individual rights can be safeguarded when judges are neither jnder the control of legislature nor under the control of the executive. The life and liberty of each individual will not be safe, where judiciary is subordinated to the executive. In the absence of independent judiciary, individual liberty is in danger. Moreover, the only way to fight against executive high-handedness and interference is through an independent judiciary- Indian Constitution has provided independence to Judiciary. The Courts are not under the government and do not act on their behalf.

Question 2. Re-read the list of Fundamental Rights provided in Chapter I. How do you think the Right to Constitutional Remedies connects to the idea of judicial review?

Answer. Indian Constitution provides six Fundamental Rights to the citizens. Right to Constitutional Remedies makes the Supreme Court the ultimate guardian of the fundamental rights and liberties of the people. Rights of the people have no meaning if they are not backed and upheld by the Judiciary. It is both the jurisdiction as well as the responsibility of the Supreme Court to issue orders, directions and Writs of Habeas Corpus, etc., for the enforcement of fundamental rights. In fact, Right to Constitutional Remedies connects to the idea of Judicial Review. The Supreme Court can declare any law null and void if that law violates the Fundamental Rights. For example, in Golak Nath’s case, 1967, the Supreme Court declared that the Parliament has no power to amend the Constitution. The Supreme Court also struck down Section 4 of the 42nd Amendment Act because Section 4 gave Primacy to Directive Principles of State Policy-‘ over Fundamental Rights.

Question 3. In the following illustration, fill in each tier with the judgements given by the various courts in the Sudha Goel case. Check your responses with others in class

Answer. Supreme Court: The Supreme Court found Laxman and his mother guilty, but acquitted the brother- in-law Subash due to lack of evidence. Laxman and his mother were sent to jail for life.
High Court: In November 1983, three accused went to the High Court to appeal against the judgement of trial court The High Court decided that Sudha had died due to an accidental fire caused by the Kerosene stove. Hence, the High Court acquitted Laxman, Shakuntala and Subash Chandra. Trial or Lower Court: On the basis of evidence, the Trial Court convicted Laxman and his mother Shakuntla and his brother-in-law Subash Chardra and sentenced all three of them to death.

Question 4. Keeping the Sudha Goel case in mind, tick the sentences that are true and correct the ones that are false:
(a)The accused took the case to the High Court because they were unhappy with the decision of the Trial Court.
(b)They went to the High Court after the Supreme Court had given its decision.
(c)If they do not like the Supreme Court verdict, the accused can go back again to the Trial Court.

Answer.

(a) True.
(b)False. They went to the Supreme Court after the High Court had given its decision.
(c)False. If they do not like the Supreme Court verdict the accused can make petition to the President

Question 5. Why do you think the introduction of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in the 1980s is a significant j step in ensuring access to justice for all?

Answer. In simple words, the term ‘Public Interest Litigation’ means that the person arid association other ; than the sufferer have the right to seek justice on their behalf. Now, this concept that a person j can seek justice only for himself has undergone a huge change. The poor and oppressed people j of India don’t possess means to seek judicial relief. It is only a public minded citizen or politically aware organisation that can move to the Supreme Court. In fact, the introduction of Public Interest j Litigation is a significant step in ensuring access to justice for all. Through Public Interest Litigation j cases, the Supreme Court has emerged as the defender and champion of the rights and liberties of j the poor masses.

Question 6. Re-read excerpts from the judgement on the Olga Tellis vs Bombay Municipal Corporation case. Now, write in your own words what the judges meant when they said that the Right to Livelihood was part of the Right to Life.

Answer. The Judgement of the Olga Tellis vs Bombay Munic’pal Corporation established the Rights to Livelihood as part of the Right to Life. Right to Life is provided under Article 21 of the Constitution, Article 21 states that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to the procedure established by law. But this is one aspect of the Right to Life. But another aspect of Right to Life is right to livelihood because no person can survive without the means of livelihood. Thus, right to livelihood is a part of Right to life. That is the conclusion that drawn from the judgement in the Olga Tellis vs Bombay Muncibal Corporation Case. The judgement in this case had tried to protect the livelihood of slum dwellers.

Question 7. Write a story around the theme, ‘Justice delayed is justice denied’.

Answer. Justice is the very foundation of the state. Without the judicial system, there can be no state worth the name. The judiciary is rightly called “the shield of innocence” and “the guardian of civil rights”. But for a good judiciary it is essential that justice should be impartial, speedy and cheap. But in India justice is not speedy. The position is the worst in civil cases. Unnecessary litigation, needless appeals, dilatory procedures, etc., have actually denied justice to people. Justice delayed is justice denied.
If justice is delayed and is not really done to the people, then the life and property of the people cannot be safe. In and a, it is very difficult to get a house vacated from the tenant. Generally, civil cases are decided in 15 to 30 years. The need is that justice should be quick and speedy.

Question 8. Make sentences with each of the glossary words given on the next page.

Answer.

• Acquit: In Sudha murder case, the High court acquitted Laxman, Shakuntla and Subash Chandra.
• To Appeal: In Sudha murder case, the three accused went to the High Court to appeal against the judgement of Trial Court.
• Compensation: Compensation is given to a person whose property is acquired for public purposes.
• Eviction: The eviction of a person from a pavement or slum will inevitably lead to the deprivation of the means of livelihood.
• Violation: In India, a citizen can be punished only for the violation of law.

Class 8 Civics Judiciary KSEEB Notes 

Question 9. The following is a poster made by the Right to Food campaign. Read this poster and list the duties of the government to uphold the Right to Food. How does the phrase ‘Hungry stomaches, overflowing godowns! We will not accept it!!” used in the poster relate to the photo essay on the Right to Food on page 61?

Answer . Every person has a right to life. But for survival, food is very essential.
Without food, (Roti) a person will die of hunger. The right to life includes right to food or right to livelihood. The government should perform the following duties to uphold the Right to Food:

1. The government should provide employment to the unemployed.
2. The government should give allowance to unemployed people.
3. The government should provide cheap or free food to the poor.

Judiciary Text Questions

Question l. Do you think that any ordinary citizen stands a chance against a politician in this kind of judicial system? Why not?

Answer. It is very difficult for an ordinary citizen to stand against a politician where the politician has the power to appoint and dismiss a Judge. Because under such conditions, Judge cannot act independently.

Question 2. List the two reasons why you believe an independent judiciary is essential to democracy.

Answer. The independence of Judiciary is essential to democracy as:

1. The freedom of the judiciary ensures that it is not under the control of the executive or the legislature.
2. It should be efficient and honest and the Judges should be free to decide cases according to ; law in a bold and fearless manner.

Question 3. Write two sentences of what you understand about the appellate system from the given case.

Answer. If a person believes that the judgement giver by the lower court is not just, then that person has a right to make an appeal to a higher court. =or example, appeal can be made to the High Court against the judgement of a Session Judge

Judiciary Additional Questions (Solved)

Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Which is the apex court of India and where is it situated?

Answer. The Supreme Court is the apex court of India. It is situated in New Delhi.

Question 2. Who appoints the Judges of the Supreme Court?

Answer. Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President on the advice of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

Question 3. Who appoints the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court?

Answer. The President of India appoints the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

Question 4. Mention the qualifications to be a judge of the Supreme Court

Answer.

1. A person must be a citizen of India.
2. He must have been a Judge of one or more High Courts for five successive
3. years or must have been an advocate of one or more High Courts for ten successive years.Question 5. Who was the first woman judge of the Supreme Court?

Answer. Ms. Meera Sahib Fatima Bibi was the first woman judge of the Supreme Court

Question 6. Mention the salary of the judges of the Supreme Court.

Answer. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is entitled a monthly salary of? 1,00,000 per month while the other judges of the Supreme Court are given  90,000 per month.

Question 7. What is the tenure of judges of the Supreme Court?

Answer. Judges of the Supreme Court hold oTice till they complete the age of 65 years.

Question 8. How can the judges of the Supreme Court be removed?

Answer. The judges of the Supreme Court can be removed by only impeachment.

Question 9. Can the salary of judges of the Supreme Court be reduced during their tenure?

Answer. The salary of judges can only be reduced during the financial emergency.

Question 10. Who can remove the judges of the Supreme Court?

Answer. The Judges of the Supreme Court can be removed by the President after an address by each House of the Parliament has been presented to the President for such removal on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity.

Question 11. Can the cases of Fundamental Rights be directly taken to the Supreme Court?

Answer. Yes, the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction regarding the Fundamental Rights.

Question 12. What do you understand by Dispute Resolution?

Answer. The Judical system provides a mechanism for resolving misunderstandings between citizens, between citizens and the government, between the centre arid states arid between two states.

Question l3. What do you understand by Independent Judiciary?

Answer. Independence of Judiciary means that it should be efficient, honest and not under the control of the j executive or the legislature. The judges should be free to decide cases according to law in a bold j and fearless manner.

Question 14. When was the Supreme Court of India established? Where is the Supreme Court situated?

Answer. The Supreme Court of India was established on 26v’ January, 1950 and it is situated at New Delhi.

Question 15. What is Judicial Review power?

Answer. It means that the court is the guardian of the constitution and can declare any law and executive order to be unconstitutional if it is violative of the constitutional provisions.

KSEEB Class 8 Civics Chapter 5 Questions And Answers 

Question 16. What do you mean by court of record?

Answer. It means that the decisions taken by the Supreme Court became a law for the lower court.

Question 17. Can any Judge of the Supreme Court resume his legal practice after his retirement?

Answer. No, judges of the Supreme Court can not resume their legal practice after retirement

Question 18. Mention any two writs which the Supreme Court can issue for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights?

Answer.

1. The writ of Habeas Corpus.
2. The writ of Mandamus.

Judiciary Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Mention four functions of the Supreme Court of India.

Answer.

1. The Supreme Court decides election disputes of the President and Vice-President
2. The Supreme Court exercises advisory functions.
3. The Supreme Court is the court of record.
4. The Supreme Court has original and appellate jurisdiction.

Question 2. Enumerate the miscellaneous powers of the Supreme Court.

Answer.

1. The Supreme Court has the power to inspect and supervise the working of the subordinate courts.
2. Election petition of the Presidential anc Vice-Presidential elections are filed directly in the Supreme Court.
3. The Supreme Court has the power to hear cases relating to Income Tax Act, Custom Act, etc.

Question 3. The Supreme Court has guaranteed the Fundamental Rights to the citizens. Discuss.

Answer. The Constitution makes the Supreme Court the ultimate guardian of the Fundamental Rights of the citizen. It has the power to issue orders, directives and writs of Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo Warranto and Certiorari, or any of them for the enforcement of Fundamental Rights. Thus, the Supreme Court has guaranteed the Fundamental Rights to the citizens.

Question 4. The Supreme Court is the highest court of appeals. Discuss.

Answer. The Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction on the decisions of the High Courts and those of other tribunals. The Supreme Court can grant special permission to appeal from any judgement or order in any cause or matter passed or made by any court or Tribunal in the territory of India. Thus, the Supreme Court is the highest Court of appeal.

Question 5. It is necessary to safeguard independence of Judiciary. Give reason.

Answer. Independence of Judiciary is essential to maintain the impartiality of Judges. The judges can perform their duties fearlessly only in the atmosphere of independence. Only independent judiciary can provide fair and speedy (ustice. It is an independent judiciary alone, which can secure the Fundamental Rights of the citizens guaranteed by the Cons:itution.

Question 6. The President can remove a judge. Discuss.

Answer . A Judge can be removed from office by the President after an address by each House of the Parliament supported by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that House present and voting, has been presented to the President in the same session for such removal on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity.

Question 7. What steps have been taken to make independent Judiciary in India?

Answer.

1. In India, methods of the appointment of the Judges is deviced in such a way that only able persons can become the Judges.
2. The Judges of the Supreme Court and High courts are given a very good salary.
3. The Judges are kept it service for a long period.
4. Legal qualifications have been decided to become the Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts.
5. Judiciary has been given vast powers in India.

Judiciary KSEEB Class 8 Textbook Solutions 

Judiciary Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Describe the composition of the High Court.

Answer. There is a Chief Justice and some other Judges in a High Court but their number is not fixed. The President decides the number from time to time. The Chief Justice and other Judges of the High Court are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court But before giving recommendations, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court should consult two senior-most judges of the Sjpreme Court The Supreme Court said, “Merit should be the predominant factor while making any recommendation for appointment as Judges.” If the High Court has surplus work or its work has been increased temporarily, the President can appoint additional Judges on ad hoc basis for a period of two years. If a Judge abstains for a long time or is incapable of performing his, the President can dismiss him.

Question 2. Discuss the composition, appointment and qualifications of the Judges of Supreme Court.

Answer . The Supreme Court established under the Indian Constitution is the highest Judicial authority in the country. All the Courts even those functioning n the States of India, are subject to the authority and jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. The Courts in India administer both the Federal laws as well as the State laws. Hence, judiciary in India is unified.

1. Composition of the Supreme Court At the time of the commencement of the Constitution, the Supreme Court consisted of eight judges, including the Chief Justice. But Article 124empovvered the parliament to determine and raise the number of Judges. In April, 1986 the number of judges was increased from 17 to 25. In January, 2009 the number of judges was increased from 25 to 30. Thus, at present the Supreme Court consists of Chief Justice and 30 other Judges. At present Justice H. L. Dattu s the Chie Justice of India.
   Appointment of the Judges: The Chief Justice of India is appointed by the President in consultation with such Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts as he may deem fit In the appointment of the other Judges of the Supreme Court the Chief Justice of India must be consulted by the President
2. Qualifications for appointment of Judges: A candidate for appointment as a Judge of the Supreme Court must fulfill the following qualifications:
   (a)He should be a citizen of India.
   (b)He must have been a Judge of one or more High Courts for five successive years or must have been an advocate of one or more High Courts for ten successive years.
   (c)He should be a distinguished jurist in the opinion of the President

Question 3. Explain briefly the Original Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.

Answer . The Indian Supreme Court had very wide and vast powers. The Supreme Court has an extensive jurisdiction-both Original and Appellate.
Original Jurisdiction: Original Jurisdiction means cases that start in the Supreme Court and regarding which the Supreme Court has exclusive jurisdiction. The Supreme Court, in its original jurisdiction, entertains suits in the following cases:

1. Centre-State Disputes:
   (a)Disputes between the Government of India and one or more States.
   (b)Disputes between the Government of India and any one state or states on one side and one or more other states on the other.
2. Inter-State Disputes: Disputes between two or more States.
3. Interpretation of the Constitution: All cases where interpretation of the Constitution is involved can be directly filed in the Supreme Court.
4. Disputes Relating to Fundamental Rights: Cases relating to violation or denying the Fundamental Rights can directly be brought before the Supreme Court
5. To Decide Election Disputes of the President and Vice-President: The Supreme Court is also empowered to decide election dispute relating to the President or the Vice-President of India and in this regard the Supreme Court’s decision is final and binding.

Question 4. Describe the Jurisdiction of a High Court.

Answer.

1. Original Jurisdiction: Some cases can directly be brought to a High Court They are cases relating to Fundamental Rights, wills, divorce, marriages, contempt of court, etc. Election disputes can also be heard by the High Court.
2. Appellate Jurisdiction: The High Court can hear appeals against the decisions of the District Courts. Appeals against all the decisions of the subordinate courts in civil, revenue and criminal cases can be brought to the High Court.
3. Administrative Powers: The High Court supervises the working of the subordinate courts. It can make rules and regulations for their work and inspect their records. It can transfer cases from one court to another. All appointments, transfers and promotions of District Judges are made by the Governor in consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court of the State.

Question 5. Discuss Appellate Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.

Answer. The Appellate Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court can be divided into three main parts-Constitutional, Civil and Criminal.

1. Appeal in Constitutional Cases: The Constitution provides that an appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court from any judgement, decree or final order of a High Court in India whether in a civil, criminal or other proceeding, if the High Court certifies that the case involves a substantial question of law that needs the interpretation of the Constitution.
2. Appeals in Civil Cases: Regarding appeals in civil cases, the 30th Amendment provides for the right to appeal in the Supreme Court. Cn any judgement a High Court involves a substantial question of law of general importance and if in the opinion of the High Court the said question needs to be decided by the Supreme Court.
3. Appeal in Criminal Cases: Regarding criminal cases, the Constitution provides that an appeal shall lie to the Supreme Court from any judgement, final order or sentence in a criminal proceeding of a High Court if:
   (a)the High Court has an appeal reve’sed an order of acquittal of an accused person and sentenced him to death; or
   (b)the High Court has withdrawn ^or trial before itself any case Pom any court subordinate to its authority and has in such trial convicted the accused person and sentenced him to death; or
   (c)the High Court certified that the case is fit for appeal to the Supreme Court

Judiciary Hots Corner

Question 1.  Discuss how far the Judiciary of India is independent.

Answer . Indian Judiciary is independent and efficient to work in accordance with democratic principles.
Indian Judiciary is independent in many ways, for instance:

1. Judicial admin stration is independent of the federal and state administration.
2. The judiciary has been given vast powers in India. The judiciary is ffee to give a decision against the government.
3. No government official or private individual can interfere in the working of the judiciary.
4. To save the Constitution of India against arbitrary interpretations by the other organs of the government, the Supreme Court is made free to interpret the Constitution.
5. To maintain the dignity of the Indian Judicial system the judiciary in India is made free to institute the ‘contempt of court’ proceeding against that person who shows disrespect to the court.
6. The Supreme and High Courts of India can declare a law, passed by legislature, null and void if it violates fundamental rights and provisions of the Constitution.
7. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court gets ? 1,00,000 whereas other judges get ?90,000. Judges get pension after retirement.
8.  Judges of the Supreme Court enjoy security of service. They can be removed only through the method of impeachment
9. Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the Chief Justice. Moreover, the qualifications of the Judges are mentioned in the Constitution.

Important Questions For KSEEB Class 8 Civics Chapter 5 

Judiciary Miscellaneous Questions

Multiple Choice Questions

Tick the correct option from the choices provided:

Question 1. Supreme Court consists of one Chief Justice and:

(a) 13 other Judges
(b) 25 other Judges
(c)20 other Judges
(d) 30 other Judges

Answer. (d) 30 other Judges

Question 2. The Judges of the Supreme Court of India retire at the age:

(a) 62 years
(b) 65 years
(c) 60 years
(d) 50 years

Answer. (b) 65 years

Question 3. The number of Judges of the Supreme Court is fixed by:

(a) Parliament
(b) Prime Minister
(c) President
(d) Cabinet

Answer. (a) Parliament

Question 4. The salary of the Chief Justice of India is:

(a) ₹ 26,000
(b) ₹1,00.000
(c) ₹ 28,000
(d) ₹ 30.000

Answer. (b) ₹ 1,00,000

Question 5.Whom does Supreme Court advise?

(a)Cabinet
(b)Prime Minister
(c)President
(d)Parliament

Answer. (C)President

Question6 Which one of the following is the Guardian of the Indian Constitution?

(a)Parliament
(b)(b)Supreme Court
(c)President
(d)Cabinet
(c)Supreme Court

Answer. (c)Supreme Court

Question 7 The Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the:

(a)Chief Justice of India
(b)People
(d)Prime Minister
(d)President

Answer. (d)President

Question 8. The power of Judicial Review is vested with: (a

(a)Parliament
(b)High Court
(c)The Supreme Court
(d)Both with Supreme Court and High Court

Answer. (d) Both with Sipreme Court and High Court In

Question 9. India, the power of Judicial Review is:
(a)Extra Constitutional
(b)Unconstitutional
(c)Constitutional
(d)Non of these

Answer. (c) Constitutional

Question 10. Which one of the following does not fall within the Appellate Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court? (a)

(a)Constitutional Cases
(b) Civil Cases
(c) Advisory Cases
(d) Criminal Cases

Answer. (c) Advisor/ Cases

Judiciary B. Fill in the Blanks

Fill the blanks with appropriate terms in the following sentences:

1. The Judge of the Supreme Court retires at the age of____ years.
2. The Judge of the High Court retires at the age of____ _years.
3. The Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts are appointed by the____ .
4. The Judges of the Supreme Court can be removed from the offices by the process of____Answer.1. 65
   2. 62
   3. President
   4.Impeachment

Judiciary C. True or False

State whether the following statements are true or false:

1. Supreme Court is situated at Mumbai.
2. In India, Supreme Court enjoys the power of Judicial Review.
3. Separation of Powers is essential for Independent Judiciary.
4. Each state is divided into districts that are presided over by District Judge.
5. Each state has a Supreme Court.
6. Indian Judiciary is integrated.

Answer.

1. False
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. False
6. True.

Judiciary D. Picture Interpretation

Look at the following picture and answer the questions that follow:

1. What does the picture represent?

Answer. It shows the Indian Supreme Court.

2. Where is it located?

Answer. It is located in New Delhi.

3. Why do wo need it?

Answer. We need the Supreme Court as rt is the apex court of India. All cases resolved in the High Court can appeal to the Supreme Court

KSEEB Solutions Class 8 History Chapter 3 Ancient Civilizations Of India Points Of Remember

• Archaeologists have excavated a cellar in Burzahom in Kashmir.
• There is a site named Mehrgarh near the fertile plain of Bolan pass which leads to Iran.
• The people of Mehrgarh were the first ones to have learnt the cultivation of Barley and Wheat crops and the rearing of goat and sheep.
• Mohenjo-Daro, one of the cities, had a water tank. Scholars have called this as the bath tank.
• Fire alters have been discovered in other cities like Kalibangan and Lothal.
• Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, and Lothal had constructed systematic granaries.
• The lower town in the low-lying area of the city was the place of habitation of the people.
• Holes were created in the drains to enable timely cleaning of them.
• There is an unknown script on the seals. This reveals that there was no dearth of literate people. This enabled the engraving of scripts on thousands of seals.
• The people of Harappan culture had depended on agriculture and trade.
• They had domesticated the humped bull, cow, buffalo, sheep, goat, dog, and then, and were engaged in cattle-rearing, sheep-rearing, and poultry.
• The seals obtained at Mesopotamia establish the fact that the Indus Valley Civilization had trade relations with it.
• Historians feel the dried rivers as the reason, and others feel that changed course of rivers was the reason.
• Aryans belonged to the early Indo- European tribe of southern Russia Eural mountain slopes.
• The culture built by these people is understood based on the Vedas and is called as Vedic culture.
• Rig-Veda, Sama-Veda, Yajur-Veda and Atharva-Veda are the four Vedas.
• Vedas are mainly a compilation of nature worship, Yaga and process of yagas; and balck magic. These are also called as ‘Samhithe’.
• Rig-Veda has 1028 sukthas or prayer songs. They are grouped under 10 Mandalas.
• We get the picture of an emerging social system in the ‘Purushasukta’ that appears in the 10th Mandala of Reg-Veda (Probably during 1000 BCE).
• According to this the gods created Adipurusha whose mouth became Brahmanas; Shoulders became Kshatriyas; thighs became Vyshyas and Shudras were born from his Feet.
• ‘Sama-Veda’, ‘Yajur-Veda’, and ‘Atharva- Veda’ appeared as the continuation and contributory to it.
• The four divisions of Brahamana, Kshtriya, Vyshya, and Shudra that are found in the last part of Rig-Veda as part of ‘Purushasukta’, incorporating certain changes became more strong.
• There is a reference to metals like gold, copper, iron, lead, brass, and tin in Vedas.
• ‘Rudra’ and ‘Vishnu’ had gained a significant position during post-Rig-Vedic period.
• In ‘Upnishads’, new concepts like ‘Karma’ and ‘rebirth of the soul’ were created.

Read and Learn More KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science

Ancient Civilizations Of India Exercises Complete the following sentences:

1. The Fertile land that is near Bolan Pass Mehrgarh.
2. Harappa was found in the Indus Valley of Punjab.
3. Harappan people depended on agriculture Trade and commerce.
4.The Oldest Veda is Rigveda.
5. The priest who conducted yagnas was called Hothar as in Rig-Veda.

Ancient Civilizations Of India Answer Briefly

Question 1. Write on the special features of Harappa cities.
Answer

• There were two or more parts in the cities of Harappa.
• The western part which was called citadel was narrow and at an elevated place.
• The eastern part that was called the lower
  town was wide and at a lower level.
• Every part had a wall made of burnt bricks.
• The walls were very strong since the bricks around them, were placed in an interlocking manner.

Class 8 History Ancient Civilizations of India KSEEB Notes 

Question  2. Write a note on the great bath of Mohenjo- Daro.Answer

• Mohenjo-Daro, one of the cities, had a water tank.
  
• Scholars have called the water tank as the great bath.
  
• The bath tank is built of brick so as to prevent the seepage of water from the tank.
  
• The Bath tank has steps on either sides to go down and has rooms all around.
  
• The water was probably supplied to the tank by a well, and the used water was let out.
  
• Probably very important people used to take bath in this pool on special occasions

Question  3. How was the nature of town plan during Harappa civilization?
Answer

• The lower town was the place of habitation of the people.
• It was constructed in a very methodical manner.
• Systematically laid-out houses, roads, and drains can be seen here.
• The houses were either one or two-storied houses.
• The houses were built of bricks and had strong walls.
• There were rooms all around the courtyard inside.
• The main door faced the street and none of the windows opened onto the street.
• There were bathrooms in the houses.
• Some houses had wells which supplied water.
• The cities had a neatly laid-out underground sewage system.
• The drains were built of brick and covered with stone slabs.
• The gutter of each house was linked to the main drain outside and enabled the flow of dirty water from the house to the main drain.
• Holes were created in the drains to enable timely cleaning of them.

Question  4. Name the Vedas.
Answer Rig-Veda, Sama-Veda, Yajur-Veda, and Atharva- Veda are the four the Vedas.

Question  5. What Yajna and Yagas were important during the Vedic period?
Answer Rajasooya yaga, AshwamedhaYaga

Question  6. Name the professions of the post-Vedic period.
Answer There were professionals like makers of arrows and bows, rope makers, bamboo makers, ointment-making women, firewood makers, fire makers, horse tenders, cowherds, hunters, fishermen, smiths, businessmen, doctors, astrologers, and others.

Ancient Civilizations Of India Multiple Choice Questions

Question  1. Archaeologists have excavated a cellar in Burzahom of

1. Kashmir
2. Jammu
3. Himachal Pradesh
4. Punjab

Answer 1) Kashmirof Rig-Veda was

Question  2. Fire alters have been discovered in

1. Harappa and Lothal
2. Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa
3. Kalibangan and Lothal
4. Mohenjo-Daro and LothalA) a local rich tribe

Answer 3) Kalibangan and Lothal

Question  3. The granaries have been discovered in

1.  Kalibangan and Lothal
2. Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa
3. Kalibangan and Lothal
4. Mohenjo-Daro and Lothal

Answer 3)Kalibangan and Lothal

KSEEB History Chapter 3 Class 8 Multiple Choice Questions 

Question 4. The great bath of the Harappan Civilization is found at 

1. Mohenj o-Daro
2. Kalibangan
3. Lothal
4. Harappa

Answer 1) Mohenjo-Daro

Question 5. History and Culture of the Indi-an people is written by

1. Nehru
2. B .K. Ghosh
3. Gandbij
4. R K Varma

Answer:2) B.K. Ghosh

Question 6. The oldest Veda is

1. Rig-Veda
2. Sama-Veda
3. Yaj ur-Veda
4. Atharva-Veda

Answer: 1) Rig-Veda

Question 7. The instructions to hermits who were living in the forest is in

1. Brahmana
2. Aranyaka
3. Upanishad
4. Aranyakas

Answer: 4) Aranyakas

Question 8. The language used in Rig Veda belongs to

1. Indo-European family languages
2. hid o-African family languages
3. Indo-American family languages
4. Indo-Asian family languages

Answer: 1) Indo-European family languages

Question 9. The Varna that existed during the last stage of Rig Veda was

1. Brahmin
2.  Kshatriya
3. Vysya
4. Shudra

Answer: 4) Shudra

Question 10. The word panic used to refer to

1. a local rich tribe
2. practice of agriculture
3. practice of animal husbandry
4. a piece of cultivable land

Answer: 1) a local rich tribe

Question 11. In Rig-Veda, ‘Kshetra’ was referred to

1. a local rich tribe
2. practice of agriculture
3. practice of animal husbandry
4. a piece of cultivable land

Answer: 4) apiece of cultivable land

Question 12. The priest who conducted the Yagna was called as

1. Hothar
2. Kshatriya
3. Vysya
4. Shudra

Answer: 1) Hothar

Question 13. The 200 shlokas in Rig-Veda were written on

1. Air
2. Fire
3. Water
4. Mountains

Answer: 2) Fire

Class 8 History Chapter 3 Guide On Ancient Civilizations Of India KSEEB 

Question 14. ‘Black’ (Krishna) and White (Shukla) are in

1. Rig-Veda
2. Sama-Veda
3. Yajur-Veda
4. Atharva-Veda

Answer: 3)Yajur-Veda

Ancient Civilizations Of India Fill In The Blanks With the Suitable Answer

1. The first village that has come to our notice is Mehrgarh
2. Vedas are also called as Samhithe
3. Samhithe has a text called Brahmana
4. Rig-Veda has 1028 sukthas or prayer songs.
5. We get the picture of an emerging social system in the Purushasukta
6. The brass, an alloy was called as Ayas
7. 4 Yava’ is identified as Barley
8. The type of family that followed in Vedic period was Patriarchal
9. The head of the tribes was called Rajan or Raja
10. The soldier of Vedic period was called as Yodha

Ancient Civilizations Of India Answer The Following Questions In A Sentence Each

Question 1. Why Indus valley civilization is called the Harappan Civilization?
Answer Since the sites around this city resembled the sites discovered earlier, they were called the Harappan Civilization.

Question 2. What is Vedic culture?
Answer The culture built by these people is understood based on the Vedas and is called as Vedic culture.

Question 3. What is Sabha?
Answer The word” ‘Sabha’ and ‘Samithi’ were used to denote the assembly of common people around the King.

Question 4. What is Samithi?
Answer The words ‘Sabha’ and ‘Samithi’ were used to denote the assembly of common people around the King.

Question 5. Who is a‘Kashatra’? Shiva Publications, Bangalore
Answer The people who ruled over common people are called as ‘Kashatra’

KSEEB Class 8 Ancient Civilizations Of India Study Materials 

Question 6. Why are Yagnas organised?
Answer Yagnas were organised primarily for two reasons:

• To get good rains and harvest and
• To seek the help of Gods to defeat their enemies like dasyus

Ancient Civilizations Of India Answer The Following Questions In Brief

Question 1. The great bath of Mohenjo-daro and modern swimming pool are similar. Justify.

Answer The great bath of Mohenjo-daro is built of brick so as to prevent the seepage of water from the tank. The Bath tank has steps on either sides to go down, and has rooms all around. The water was probably supplied to the tank by a well, and the used water was let out.

Question 2. Town planning of Harappan civilization was better than present town planning. Justify.
Answer

• It was constructed in a very methodical manner.
• Systematically laid-out houses, roads and drains can be seen here.
• Almost every person lived in either one or two-storied house.
• The houses were built of bricks and had strong walls.
• There were rooms all around the courtyard inside.
• The main door faced the street.
• None of the windows opened onto the streets.
• There were bathrooms in the houses.
• Some houses had wells which supplied water.
• The cities had a neatly laid-out underground sewage system.
• The drains were built of brick and covered with stone slabs.
• The gutter of each house was linked to the main drain outside and enabled the flow of dirty water from the house to the main drain.
• Holes were created in the drains to enabl e timely cleaning of them.

Question 3. How was the life style of Burzahom’s people?
Answer

• Burzahom’s people used to dig shallow pits in the soil and live in them.
• There were steps leading to the pits.
• These were built in this manner in order to provide protection from the cold weather and wild animals.
• Earthen pots have been found inside and outside such pics.
• People cocked food either inside or outside in accordance to the weather condition.

Question 4. The people of Mehrgarh better civilized than Burzahom’s people. Justify.
Answer

• The people of Mehrgarh were the first ones to have learnt the cultivation of Barley and Wheat crops and the rearing of goat and sheep.
• The people of Mehrgarh lived in houses whereas Burzahom * s people used to dig shallow pits in the soil and live in them.
• Some houses had four or more rooms whereas there were steps leading to the pits in Burzahom.
• People and animals used to be buried together in Mehrgarh.
• Burzahom’s people cooked food either inside or outside in accordance to the weather condition.

Question 5. How was the first urbanization of India discovered?
Answer The ancient sites of Harappa were discovered by the engineers when the railway lines were being laid 150 years ago in the Sindhu valley region of Punjab.

Solutions For Ancient Civilizations Of India KSEEB Class 8 History 

Question 6. Differentiate between citadel and lower town.
Answer The western part is narrow and at an elevated place. Archaeologists are of the view that this was a citadel. The eastern part is wide and at a lower level. This area has been called the lower town. Every part had a wall made of burnt bricks. Since the bricks around them, were placed in an interlocking manner, the walls were very strong,

Question 7. Harapan had given much importance for hygiene. Justify.
Answer The cities had a neatly laid-out underground sewage system. The drains were built of brick and covered with stone slabs. The gutter of each house was linked to the main drain outside and enabled the flow of dirty water from the house to the main drain. Holes were created in the drains to enable timely cleaning of them

Question 8. How was the Town Life of Harappans?
Answer

• The precious stones and metals were also found.
• Most of the objects found were beads and seals.
• The layout of the town reveals the existence of administrative class.
• The people of this place may have used expensive metals, gems and jewelry.
• The beads were probably used by the common people.

Question 9. How did the Harappans develop agriculture and animal husbandry?
Answer The people of Harappan culture had depended on agriculture and trade. Wheat, Barley, pulses, and mustard were their main crops. They had learnt to grow cotton and weave cloth from it. They knew irrigation since many towns were situated on the banks of rivers. They had domesticated the humped bull, cow, buffalo, sheep, goat, dog, and hen, and were engaged in cattle-rearing, sheep-rearing, and poultry. Oxen were used to carry heavy loads

Question 10. List out the causes for the decline of harappan civilization?
Answer. The causes for the decline of harappan civilization are

• The dried rivers
• The changed course of rivers
• The destruction of forests
• Inundation by floods
• Migration to new areas in the east and south.

Question 11. Write the extension of geographical area of Rig-Veda period.
Answer The geography discussed in Rig-Veda extends from Afghanistan’s Hindukush mountain to doab of Ganga and Yamuna rivers (Doab is the area between two rivers – the western part of present Uttar Pradesh state) and from Kashmir to Sindh in the northern boundaries.

Question 12. How was the four varnas born according to Purushashukta?
Answer According to Purushasukta the gods created Adipurusha whose mouth became Brahmanas; Shoulders became Kshatriyas; thighs became Vyshyas and Shudras were bom from his Feet.

Question 13. How was the economic condition of Rig Vedic Period?
Answer

• Rig-Vedic people were basically into animal husbandry.
• Cultivated land was considered as part of wealth.
• There are details of the emergence of agriculture as a profession.
• In Rig-Veda the cultivable land is called as ‘Kshetra’ and cultivation is called as ‘Krushi’. Oxen were used to pull carts and ploughs.
• They were used to pull water by using rope and pulley the lifted water was flown into broader canals.
• Yava’ is identified as Barely.

Question 14. Differentiate between Yaj ur-Veda’s different types of text called ‘Black’ and White.
Answer Yajur-Veda has two different types of text called ‘Black’ (Krishna) and White (Shukla). In the black Yajur-Veda, there are explanations about the way of reciting mantras, and also has commentary and discussions on the same. The White Yajur-Veda has only ‘mantras’ but no explanations.

KSEEB Solutions Class 8 History Chapter 2 Geographical Features and Pre-Historic India Points To Remember

• India is a sub-continent occupying a huge area in the southern part of the Asian Continent.
• It consists of 29 states and 6 union territories and one national capital region (Delhi).
• India’s geographical features comprise the Himalayan Mountains, the Indo-Gangetic plain in the North, the Deccan Plateau, and the Coastal region in the South.
• The snow-capped mountains in the North include some of the tallest mountain peaks in the world.
• The ancient civilizations of the Indus Valley and the Vedic period flourished in the Indo-Gangetic plain.
• The Narmada river separates India into two – the Malwa plateau or Central Highlands and the Deccan Plateau, in the south.
• The eastern coastline is called the Coromandel Coast, whereas the western coastline is referred as Konkan and Malabar coast.
• The period before the discovery of the art of writing is called the Prehistoric age.
• The scholars who study this period are called Archaeologists.
• The relics of hunting and food-gathering humans are available in Bimbetka, Hunasagi, and Kurnool in India.
• Signs of ashes have been obtained in the caves ofKumool.
• Cave drawings can be seen in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Karnataka. There are beautiful drawings of wild animals and hunting.
• The age that prevailed 2 million years ago is the oldest age and is called the Old Stone Age
• The period from 12,000 years to around 10,000 years is called the Middle Stone Age.
• The tools of the Middle Stone Age are generally very small and hence they are called delicate stone tools.

Read and Learn More KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science

Geographical Features and Pre-Historic India Answer the following questions in brief.

Question 1. Describe the geographical features of India briefly.
Answer: India’s geographical features comprise the Himalayan Mountains, the Indo-Gangetic plain in the North, the Deccan Plateau, and the Coastal region in the South.

• Himalayan Mountains: They help to preserve the safety and security of India. There have been very few intrusions on ancient India from the northern Himalayan region. The attacks have been mainly from the north-western side through the valleys of Bolan and Khyber passes.
• The Indo-Gangetic plain in the North: The flat Indo-Gangetic plains are extremely fertile. The ancient civilizations of Indus Valley and Vedic period flourished here. Many battles have been fought from time to time to establish control over this area. The dynasties that established control over this fertile Gangetic plain also established empires.
• The Deccan Plateau: The Narmada River separates India into two – Malwa plateau or Central Highlands and the Deccan Plateau, in the south. The Mauryas and the Guptas ruled these two areas of ancient India.
• The Indian coastline: It is vast and stretches over 6,100 km. The eastern coastline is called the Coromandel Coast, whereas the western coastline is referred as Konkan and
  Malabar Coast. The numerous ports on this coastline had attracted the Romans from time immemorial. Foreign trade was carried on in those days only through sea routes.

Question 2. What are the valleys through which the attacks on India have taken place?
Answer: The attacks have been mainly from the north-western side through the valleys of Bolan and Khyber passes.

Class 8 History Geographical Features And Pre Historic India KSEEB Notes 

Question  3. What is meant by ‘Prehistoric Age’?
Answer: The period before the discovery of the art of writing is called the Prehistoric age.

Question 4. How did animal husbandry and dairying start?
Answer: The Earth’s temperature began to gradually increase. This led to the development of grasslands in many places. Birds and animals began to multiply in unprecedented numbers. Animals like deer, elks, goats, sheep, and others prospered in these grasslands. Humans who had been hunting animals began to observe their nature, food habits, and the way these animals multiplied. Over a period of time, they captured some these animals and brought them up. Like this animal husbandry and dairying started.

Question  5. The different periods of prehistory have been given various names by archaeologists. What are they?
Answer:

• Old Stone Age – the Early, Middle, and Late Old Stone Ages
• Middle Stone Age
• New stone Age

Geographical Features and Pre-Historic India Additional questions and answers

Choose the correct alternative and Write the complete answer along with its alphabet in sheet provided:

Question  1. India is a peninsula as it is surrounded by

1. Three sides of water
2. Four sides of water
3. Two sides of water
4. One side of water

Answer: 1) Three sides of water

Question  2. The river which separates India into two – Malwa plateau and the Deccan Plateau, in the south is

1. Tapati
2. Cauvery
3. Narmada
4. Godavari

Answer: 3) Narmada

Question  3. The eastern coastline is called

1. Coromandel Coast
2. Konkan coast
3. Malabar Coast
4. Canara Coast

Answer: 1) Coromandel Coast

4. The period from 12,000 years to around 10,000 years is called

1. New Stone Age
2. Delicate Stone Age
3. Old Stone Age
4. Middle Stone Age

Answer: 4) Middle Stone Age

KSEEB History Chapter 2 Class 8 Multiple Choice Questions 

5. The National capital of India is

1. Bengaluru
2. Mumbai
3. New Delhi
4. Kolkata

Answer: 3) New Delhi

Geographical Features and Pre-Historic India Answer the following questions in brief.

Question 1. The ancient civilizations of Indus Valley and Vedic period flourished in Indo-Gangetic plains. Why?

Answer: The flat Indo-Gangetic plains are extremely fertile. The ancient civilizations of Indus Valley and Vedic period flourished here. Many battles have been fought from time to time to establish control over this area. Usually, the dynasties that established control over this fertile gangetic plain also established empires.

Question  2. It is necessary to learn about the geographical environment. Why?
Answer: The geographical environment has influenced every country and people in the world. There is an intimate relationship between human life and the environment. Hence it is necessary to learn about the geographical environment in order to know about human history.

Question  3. Which are the neighboring countries of India?
Answer: Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar are the neighboring countries of India.

Question  4. Name the four physical division of India.
Answer: The four physical division of India are

• The Himalayan Mountains
• The Indo-Gangetic plain in the North
• The Deccan Pla Eau
• The Coastal region in the South

KSEEB Class 8 Geographical Features And Pre Historic India Study Materials 

Question  5. How did Himalaya change the history of India?
Answer: Himalayan Mountains help to preserve the safety and security of India. There have been very few intrusions on ancient India from the northern Himalayan region. The attacks have been mainly from the north-western side through the valleys of Bolan and Khyber passes.

Question  6. Where did the Pre-historic man live?
Answer: The relics of the hunting and food-gathering humans are available in Bimbetka, Hunasagi, and Kumool in India.

Question  7. How do we get to know about such industrial sites?
Answer: Areas, where people used stones to create various tools, have been thought to be the first industrial sites of human beings. Usually, we get to see stone tools around rocky areas. People might have rejected some rocks as unsuitable for their tools. Heaps of broken rock or stone chips obtained during the creation of implements abound in such areas. It is possible that people lived for a long time in these places. These sites are called residential and industrial sites.

KSEEB Solutions Class 8 Civics Chapter 1 The Indian Constitution Textbook Questions

Question 1. Why does a democratic country need a Constitution?

Answer. All the democratic countries of the world have a Constitution. A democratic country needs Constitution due to the following reasons:

• Supreme Law of the Country: The Constitution is the supreme law of the state. The government at the state and central level work within the sphere of powers given to them by the constitution.
• Provide Basic Rules: The Constitution provides basic rules and principles on the basis of which a democratic government functions.
• Nature of Government: It is the Constitute on that decides how the government will be organised.
• Rule of Law: Rule of law is a basic feature of a democratic country and the Constitution makes provisions for this feature.
• Limitations on the Government: The Constitution imposes limitations on the three organs of the government.

Question 2. Look at the wording of the two documents given below. The first column is from the 1990Nepal Constitution. The second column is from the more recent Interim Constitution of Nepal.

What is the difference in who exercises ‘Executive Power’ in the above two Constitutions of Nepal? Keeping this in mind, why do you think Nepal needs a new Constitution today?

Answer . Under Article 35 of 1990, in the Constitution of Nepal, executive powers were exclusively vested with the King of Nepal. The King was the head of the state, as well as head of the government

He exercised all the executive powers which were absolute. But under the Interim Constitution of 2007, the executive powers are vested with the Council of Ministers. The executive powers and functions are exercise in the name of the Prime Minister of Nepal.

Council of Ministers and Prime Minister exercise executive powers in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. According to the Interim Constitution, Constitution is supreme rather than the King of Nepal. In changed circumstances, there is a great need of a new’ Constitution which is based on democratic principles. Old Constitution does not reflect the ideals of the country. Hence, a new Constitution is needed for establishing democracy in Nepal.

Question 3. What would happen if there were no restrictions on the powers of elected representatives?

Answer. In a democratic country, the government is run by the elected representatives. In India, legislative and executive powers are vested with the elected representative of the people. It is very essential that the elected representatives exercise their power to serve the people. They should exercise their powers in accordance with the provision of the Constitution. There should be some constitutional and legal restrictions on the powers of the elected representatives.

If there are no restrictions, then the elected representatives will misuse the powers for their selfish interests and they will not serve the people. The Constitution limits the powers of the elected representatives in many ways. Generally, the powers of the elected representatives are limited by giving fundamental rights to the citizens.

Question 4. In each of the following situations, identify the minority. Write one reason why you think it is important to respect the views of the minority in each of these situations.
(a)In a school with 30 teachers, 20 of them are male.
(b)In a city, 5 per cent of the population are Buddhists.
(c)In a factory mess for all employees, 80 per cent are vegetarians.
(d)In a class of 50 students, 40 belong to more well-off families.

Answer.

(a) In a school with 30 teachers, women teachers are in a minority. Male teachers should respect the views and wishes of women teachers because under the Constitution, both men and women are equal.

(b)In a city, Buddhists are in a minority and the majority should respect the religion and sentiments of the Buddhists.

(c)In a factory mess, non-vegetarians are in a minority and majority vegetarians should respect the views of the minority
.
(d)In a class of 50 students, 10 students who are rot from well-off families are in a minority. The majority should respect the views of the minority so that inferiority complex does rot develop among them.

Class 8 Civics The Indian Constitution KSEEB Notes 

Question 5. The column on the left lists some of the key features of the Indian Constitution. In the other column write two sentences, in your own words, on why you think this feature is important:

Questions 6. Color the following countries on the given map:

(a)Color India in red
(b) Color Nepal in green
(c) Color Bangladesh in yellow

Answer. Color it yourself.

The Indian Constitution Text Questions

Question 1. Discuss with your teacher what you understand by the term ‘constitutive’. Provide one example of constitutive rules’ from your everyday life. Why do the people of Nepal want a new Constitution?

Answer. The people of Nepal want a new constitution because the old constitution does not reflect the ideals of the country. The people of Nepal want Nepal to be an ideal country for which they have fought for.

Question 2. Look at the pictures given on Page 7 of the NCERT Textbook and answer the following questions:
(i)In what way is the class monitor misusing his power?
(ii)In which of the following situations is a minister misusing his power:
(a)refuses to sanction a project of his ministry for sound technical reasons;
(b)threatens to send his security staff to rough up his neighbor;
(c)calls up the police station asking them not to register a complaint that is likely to be filed against his relative.

Answer.

(i)The monitor, Suresh, is misusing his power by picking on Anil.
(ii)(a)The minister s not misusing his powers.
(b)The minister is misusing his powers.
(c)The minister is misusing his powers.

Question 3. Who is in a minority in the storyboard on In what way is this minority being dominated by the decision taken by the majority?

Answer. The girls are the minority in the storyboard. The girls are being dominated by the boys as the teacher decides what game they should play by the show of hands and as there are more boys in the class, the boys always dominate the girls.

Question 4. Why was Shabnam happy chat she had not watched TV? What would you have done in a similar situation?

Answer. Shabnam was happy by not watching the TV. because she revised the chapters and there were many questions from the last two chapters. I would have done the same.

Question 5. Discuss the difference between State and Government with your teacher.

Answer. The word ‘State’ does not refer to state governments and is used to distinguish it from ‘government1. The Government can change with every election and is responsible for enforcing the laws and administering them. On the contrary, a State is a political institution representing the sovereign people within a particular territory. The government (or the executive) is one part of the State. The Government and the State are two very- different concepts and can not be used in place of the other.

questions 6. Which Fundamental Rights will the following situations violate:

1. If a 13-year old child is working in a factory manufacturing carpets.
2. If a politician in one state decides to not allow laborers from other states to work in his state.
3. If a group of people are not given permission to open a Telugu-medium school in Kerala.
4. If the government decides not to promote an officer of the armed forces because she is a woman.

Answer.

1. Right against Exploitation
2. Right to Freedom
3. Cultural and Educational Rights
4.  Right to Equality.

KSEEB Class 8 Civics Chapter 1 Questions And Answers 

Question 7. The Constitution also mentions fundamental duties. Find out with the help of your teacher what these include and why it is important for citizens in a democracy to observe these.

Answer . It is important for citizens in a democracy to observe these Fundamental Duties as they tell us:

1.To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem.
2.To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom.
3.To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.
4. To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so.
5. To promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities, to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.
6. To value and preserve the rich heritage of our complete culture.
7. To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures.
8. To develop the scientific temper’, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
9. To safeguard public property and to abjure violence.
10. To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individuals and collective activity’ so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement.
II. Who is parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or as the case may be ward between the age for 6 to 14 years.

The Indian Constitution Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Who was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee?

Answer. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee.

Question 2. When was the Constituent Assembly of India established?

Answer. The Constituent Assembly was established in July, 1946.

Question 3. How much time did the Constituent Assembly take to draft the Indian Constitution?

Answer.  The Constituent Assembly took 2 years, I I months and 18 days to frame the Constitution.

Question 4. Name the permanent Chairman of the Constituent Assembly.

Answer. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the Permanent Chairman of the Constituent Assembly.

Question 5. What is the source of the authority according to the Preamble?

Answer. The Preamble expresses in a very clear language that the people are the ultimate source of all authority.

Question 6. How many members were there in the Constituent Assembly?

Answer . The Constituent Assembly consisted of 389 members.

Question 7. What form of government exists in India?

Answer. The Indian Constitution establishes a parliamentary form of government in India.

Question 8. State any two features of the Constitution of India.

Answer.

1. The Constitution of India is in a written form and is supreme.
2. The Constitution of India is the most detailed Constitution in the world.

Question 9. Explain the meaning of Fundamental Rights.

Answer. The legal rights mentioned in the Constitution are called Fundamental Rights. These rights are considered essential for the development of an individual.

Question 10. How many Fundamental Rights are there ‘at present’ in our Constitution?

Answer. At present, there are six Fundamental Rights n our Constitution.

Question 11 . Mention one characteristic of the Right against Exploitation.

Answer. Selling and buying (trafficking) of human beings and forced labor is prohibited.

Question 12. Mention one distinction between the Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy.

Answer. Fundamental Rights are justifiable while Directive Principles are not.

Question l3. Which type of government existed in Nepal in 1990?

Answer. In 1990, Nepal had monarchy.

Question 14. When was democracy established in Nepal?

Answer. In 2006, democracy was established in Nepal.

Question 15. Why did the people of Nepal want a new constitution?

Answer. The people of Nepal wanted a new constitution as the old constitution did not reflect the ideals of the country, that the people of the country want Nepal to be, and that they had fought for.

The Indian Constitution KSEEB Class 8 Textbook Solutions 

The Indian Constitution Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. Explain the meaning of Constitution.

Answer. The Constitution is a collection of those rules and regulations according to which the administration of the state is run. The administration of each state is run in accordance with certain rules law regulations. It is the fundamental law reflecting the will of the people. It determines the powers and responsibilities of the state. It also states people’s rights and duties.

Question 2. Write a short note on the meaning of the Preamble.

Answer. The Constitution of India begins with a Preamble. The Preamble serves the purpose of a window through which we peep into the intentions of the makers of the Constitution. In short, the Preamble is a summary of the objectives and basic philosophy of the Constitution. It helps n the interpretation of the constitution. With the help of the Preamble, we can understand the basic philosophy of the Constitution.

Question 3. Discuss the objectives of our Constitution as embodied in the Preamble.

Answer.  Following are the objectives of our Constitution given in the Preamble:

1. Justice—social, political and economic;
2. Liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;
3. Equality of status and opportunity, and
4. Fraternity, assuring the dignity of the individal and the unity of the Nation.

Question 4. Mention some federal features of our Constitution.

Answer.

1. It is a written Constitution.
2. It is partly rigid.
3. There is a distribution of powers between the centre and the states.
4. There is an independent and competent Supreme Court to settle disputes between the Centre and the States and among the States.
5. Union Parliament is bicameral. It consists of two Houses—the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.
6. The Constitution is supreme.

Question 5. Mention four features of the Indian Parliamentary System.

Answer.

1. The President of India is a nominal head of the State.
2. The Cabinet, with the Prime Minister as its head, act as the real executive.
3. There is a close relationship between the Cabinet and the Parliament.
4. The Cabinet is collectively responsible to the Parliament.

Question6. Why are Fundamental Rights enumerated in the Indian Constitution?

Answer. Fundamental Rights are included in the Constitution to uphold the dignity of the individual. The object of Fundamental Rights is to sustain the proposition that the system of government by the Constitution embodies the concept of limited government, i.e., a government of laws and not of men.

Question 7. Mention any two Fundamental Rights which Constitution confers on minorities.

Answer.

1. The Constitution provides that any section of the citizens residing in the territory of India or any part thereof having distinct language, script or culture of its own shall have
2. The Constitution provides that all minorities, whether based on religion or language shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice. The State shall not in granting aid to educational institutions, discriminate against any educational institution on the ground that it is under the management of a minority

Question 8.Mention any two conditions under which ‘Fundamental Rights’ can be restricted.

Answer.

1. During the proclamation of emergency caused by external aggression or armed rebellion, the President can by order suspend Fundamental Rights and their enforcement in the court of law.
2. During emergency caused by internal disturbance, Fundamental Rights under Article 19 are automatically suspended in the disturbed area.

Question 9. Explain the meaning of Directive Principles of State Policy.

Answer. The Directive Principles of State Policy are those principles which are fundamental in the governance of the country. These principles describe the ambitions and aspirations of the framers of the Constitution regarding the establishment of welfare state in India. The Directive Prince pies are in the nature of directions, instructions or recommendations to the Union and State government to be followed while framing the laws and formulating the policy.

Question 10. Write any four Directive Principles of State Policy.

Answer.

1. The state shall strive to promote the welfare of the people.
2. The state shall strive to minimise the inequalities in status, facilities and opportunities.
3. A uniform civil code throughout the territory of India.
4. The state shall promote international peace and security.

Question 1l . Explain briefly the purposes of the Constitution.

Answer.

1. The Constitution lays out certain ideals and objectives which the country should follow.
2. The second purpose of a Constitution is to define the nature of a country’s political systems.
3. The Constitution puts limitation or the elected representatives of the people so that they cannot misuse the powers.

Important Questions For KSEEB Class 8 Civics Chapter 1 

The Indian Constitution Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. ‘India is a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic. Explain.

Answer. The Preamble proclaims that the people of India have resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic.’

1. India is a Sovereign State: It means that now, after the promulgation of the Constitution, India is not subject to any foreign rule. India is fully sovereign, internally as well as externally. No other country can compel India to follow or not to follow a particular policy.
2. India is a Socialist State: Natural resources and wealth of the nation should be used for the welfare of the whole society. Government should regulate the ownership of land and industry to reduce socio-economic inequalities.
3. India is a Secular State: There is no offical religion of the state. Freedom of religion has been granted to all persons residing in India. All persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right to practice and propagate religion.
4. India is a Democratic State: Indian policy is based on democratic principles. The people elect their representatives on the basis of adult franchise. Al citizens enjoy equal political rights. The government is run according to same basic rules.
5. India is a Republican State: The head of the state (President) is elected for a period of five years. There is no room for a hereditary monarch like the one in England.

Question 2. Discuss basic features of the Indian Constitution,

Answer . Important features of the Constitution are the following:

1. A Written and Detailed Constitution: The Republic of India has a written Constitution. It is the longest and the most detailed Constitution n the world. It is five times as long as that of the U.SA
2. Federal Structure: The Indian Constitution is Federal in structure. It has federal features such as a written Constitution, division of subjects between the center and the states, double sete of governments independent judiciary, bicameral legislature, etc. Though the Constitution is federal in structure, it is unitary- in spirit It has some unitary- features like the distribution of powers in favor of the Centre, financial dependence of the states on the Centre and Emergency powers of the centre.  Al these provisions make the union government very’ strong.
3. Parliamentary Form of government India has a Parliamentary form of government like Great Britain. The executive head of the state, i.e., the President is the nominal head. The real powers of the state are enjoyed by the Prime Minister and the Cabinet The Cabinet is responsible to the Parliament. It can compel the cabinet to resign by passing a vote of no confidence against it
4. Fundamental Rights and Duties: Fundamental Rights of citizens are provided in the Constitution, if a citizen’s right is infringed, he can go to the court for the protection of his right. The citizens : are also required to perform certain duties. These are essential for their own development and
   to uphold the sovereignty, unity and integrity of the country.
5. Directive Principles of State Policy: These are the guiding and directive principles which the government makes keep in mind while framing its policies. These principles are for the welfare • of the people and aim at establishing a socialist society’.
6. Single Citizenship: The Indian citizens are granted single citizenship that of the Indian union alone. This means that all citizens are regarded as the citizens of India. They do not hold the separate citizenship of the state in which they live.
7.  Independent Judiciary: The Constitution makes the judiciary independent. An independent judiciary can safeguard the rights and liberties of the citizens. It protects the individual against the high-handedness of the government.
8. Universal Adult Franchise: To make India a truly democratic state, every1 adult has been given the right to vote. Every citizen above the age of eighteen, has the right to vote without any discrimination. There are more than seventy crore voters who can vote in general elections.
9. Our National Language: The Constitution recognises Hindi as the official language of India.
10. Secular State: The Constitution of India establishes a secular state. The citizens have been guaranteed freedom of religion. There is no official religion of the state.

Question 3. Examine the significance of the Preamble to the Indian Constitution.

Answer . The Preamble is not a part of the Constitution. It does not have any legal force. Still it has special significance. The significance of the Preamble s as follows:

1. Source of Authority: The Preamble defines the source of authority from the Constitution is derived. The words, ‘We, the people of India are very significant.
2. Nature of Indian Polity: The Preamble emphasises the fact that India is a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic.
3. Symbol of Objectives: The Preamble is the symbol of those objectives which the Constitution makers pledged to attain. The Preamble assures the people of India Justice-modal, Economic and Political.
4. Key to the Constitution: The Preamble is the soul and spirit of the Constitution. The Preamble is the mirror of the Constitution.
5. Guide to the Government: The Preamble to the Constitution provides guidelines to the government of the day
6. .Guidelines to the Judiciary: Whenever a Court of Justice has to explain some articles of the Constitution then it takes the help of the ideas expressed through the Preamble of the Constitution.
7. Yardstick to Evaluate the Performance of the Government The Preamble enables the people to assess and evaluate the performance of the government in the light of the objectives laid down in the Preamble. It keeps the government on its toes.

Question 4. Discuss the objectives of the Constitution mentioned in the Preamble.

Answer. In the Preamble following objectives are mentioned:

1. Justice: The object of the Constitution is that all the citizens of India should get justice in every sphere of life. In the Preamble, the idea of achieving social, economic and political justice for all citizens has been mentioned. To achieve social, economic and political justice provisions have been made in the Constitution.
2. Liberty: Another objective of the Indian Constitution is to secure liberty for the people of India. The citizens of India have been guaranteed a number of freedoms by the Constitution. The Preamble holds forth an assurance to secure to all citizens liberty of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship and equality of status and opportunity.
3. Equality: The third objective of the Indian Constitution laid down in the Preamble is equality. The Preamble ensures equality of aJI in the eyes of law. No person is to be deprived of his life and liberty unless he has violated a law in existence. Whatever may be the social status of a person, he is a subject to law. The Constitution prohibits discrimination on the basis of caste, color, creed, religion, sex, place of birth, etc. The Constitution provides equality of opportunity to all.
4. Fraternity: The Preamble to the Constitution lays special stress upon the promotion of fellow feeling among the people of India. Unless the people become a community of interests, their cohesion into one nation is not possible. No one should treat a fellow citizen as inferior.
5. Integrity: The inclusion of the term integrity expresses ‘our determination to put an end to all separatist tendencies.’

Question 5. Describe the various Fundamental Duties which are laid down In Indian Constitution.

Answer . Following are the various Fundamental duties, which are laid down in Indian Constitution:

1. To abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem.
2. To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom.
3. To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.
4. To defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so.
5. o promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities, to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women.
6. To value and preserve the rich heritage of our complete culture.
7. To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures.
8. To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.
9. To safeguard public property and to abjure violence.
10. To strife to wards excellence in all spheres of individuals and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement.
11. Who is parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or as the case may be ward between the age for 6 to 14 years.

Class 8 Civics Chapter 1 The Indian Constitution Guide KSEEB 

Question 6. Write an essay on ‘Fundamental Rights’ as incorporated in our Constitution.

Answer. The fundamental Rights enumerated in the Indian Constitution are the most elaborate in the world. The Constitution of India provides for Fundamental Rights by developing a complete and separate Part {Part III) and classifies them under six categories. Six fundamental rights can be explained as follows:

1. Right of Equality (Articles 14 to 18): The Constitution declares all the citizens of India to be equal in the eyes of law. Law provides equal protection to all. The concept of equality is that special privileges of all kinds should be abolished. Untouchability is abolished.
2. Right to Freedom (Articles 19 to 22): The Constitution guarantees to the citizens Rights of Freedom. Article 29 guarantees six freedoms viz. (a) Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression; (b) Right to assemble peacefully and without arms; (c) Right to form associations; (d) Right to move freely throughout the territory of India; (e) Right to reside and settle in any part of the territory of India; (f) Right to practise any profession. Articles 20 to 22 guarantee personal liberty.
3. Right against Exploitation (Articles 23-24): The Constitution of India recognises the dignity of the individual and protect him against any form of exploitation either by the State or by the privileged classes in the society. Art. 23 provides that traffic in human beings and beggar (forced labor) and similar other forms of forced labor are prohibited. Art. 24 prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 in any factory, mine or any other hazardous (dangerous) employment.
4. Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25-28): Right to freedom of religion has been guaranteed to all persons residing in India. The Constitution provides that subject to public order, morality and health, all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right to profess, practise and propagate religion. The Constitution prohibits imparting of religious instructions in any educational institution wholly maintained out of State funds.
5. Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29 and 30): The Constitution guarantees certain cultural and educational rights. No citizen shall be denied admission into any educationaJ institution maintained by the State receiving aid out of State funds on grounds of religion, race, caste, language or any of them.
   The Constitution protects the interests of the minorities in India. The Constitution provides that all minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32): The Constitution guarantees the right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the rights conferred by Part III of the Constitution.

Question 7. Write the distribution of powers in Indian Federalism.

Answer. The Constitution of India very clearly distributes the power between the centre and the states. There are three lists of powers between the centre and the states, given in the Constitution:

1. The Union List: There are 97 subjects n the Union list. Only the union government can make laws on these subjects. The main subjects are – Railways, Post and Telegraph, Coinage and Currency, Defence and Foreign Affairs. Laws framed on these subjects are enforced in all states and on all citizens equally.
2. The State List: There are 66 subjects in teh s list. The state government can make laws on them. The main subjects are-law and order, police, agriculture, irrigation and public works. The state legislature frames laws on these subjects.
3. The Concurrent List: There are 47 subjects in the concurrent list On these subjects both the Centre and the States can make laws. But if the two laws are contradictory, the laws made by the Centre shall prevail. The Residuary powers have been given to the Centre under the Constitution.

Question 8. Mention main Federal features of Indian Constitution.

Answer. Following are the main features of Indian Federation:

1. Division of Powers: The Constitution distributes powers between the union government and state government There are three lists or powers in the Constitution: (a) Union List; (b) State List; and (c) Concurrent List
2. Written Constitution: Indian Constitution is a written document. The Indian Constitution consists of 448 Articles and 12 Schedules and so far over 100 Amendments have been made in the Constitution.
3. Rigid Constitution: The Constitution of India is also a rigid one.
   (iv)Supremacy of the Constitution: Indian Constitution is Supreme. The CentraJ and the state governments in India have to act in accordance with the Constitution. The power of judicial review is given to the Supreme Court and high courts to maintain the supremacy of the constitution.
4. Supremacy of Judiciary: The Indian Constitution establishes a powerful and independent judiciary’ in India. It decides disputes between the Centre and the State. It interprets the Constitution and its interpretations are final.
5. Bicameral Legislature: The Indian Parliament consists of two Houses—Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. The Lok Sabha is the lower house whereas Rajya Sabha is the upper house. Lok Sabha is more powerful than Rajya Sabha.

The Indian Constitution Hots Corner

Question 1. State the necessity of a Preamble in a Constitution.

Answer. It is considered essential that ever)’ written Constitution should possess a Preamble. The Preamble contains the basic ideals and philosophical postulates of a Constitution. The Preamble to the Constitution mirrors the spirit of Constitution. The Indian Constitution also begins with a Preamble. The preamble is essential because it serves the purpose of a window through which we peep into the intensions of the makers of the Constitution. It enables the people to assess and evaluate the performance of the government in the light of the objectives laid down in the Preamble.

Question 2. The Indian Constitution is called a living document’. How?

Answer. Indian Constitution is dynamic. It can be amended to suit the changing condations of the country; After the enforcement of the Constitution, many great social, economic and political changes have come in India. As a result, quite often the need arises to make changes in the Constitution to make it suitable for the new conditions in India. So, the provisions have been made in the Constitution for its amendment from time to time. Till 2015, 100 amendments have been made.

KSEEB Civics Chapter 1 Class 8 The Indian Constitution Miscellaneous Questions

A. Multiple Choice Questions 

Tick the correct option from the choices provided:

Question 1. Indian Constitution was framed by:

(a) Indian Parliament
(b) Dr. Ambedkar
(c) Constituent Assembly
(d) British Parliament

Answers. (c) Constituent Assembly

Question 2. The Indian Constitution was enforced on:

(a)9th December, 1950
(b)15th August, 1947
(c)2oth November, 1949
(d)26th January, 1950

Answer. (d)26th January, 1950

Question 3. Aims of the Constitution are mentioned in the:

(a)Preamble
(b)Fundamental Rights
(c)Directive Principles
d)None of these

Answer. (a) Preamble

Question 4. Who was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly?

(a)Dr. Ambedkar
(b)Pt Jawahar Lai Nehru
(c)Dr. Rajinder Prasad
(d)K.M. Munshi

Answer. (a) Dr. Ambedkar

Question 5. Which of the following right is available under the Indian Constitution?

(a)Right to Equality
(b)Right to Freedom
(c)Right against Exploitation
(d)All of these

Answer.(d) All of these

Question 6. At present Indian citizen enjoys:

(a)Seven Fundamental Rights
(b)Eight Fundamental Rights
(c)Six Fundamental Rights
(d)None of these

Answer. (c) Six Fundamental Rights

The Indian Constitution B. One Word Sentence Answers

Answer the following questions in one word/sentence:

1. The Indian Constitution begins with this document.

Answer. Preamble.

2. An assembly of people’s representatives who framed the Constitution for a country.

Answer. Constituent Assembly.

3.  The permanent Chairman of the Constituent Assembly.

Answer. Dr. Rajendra Prasad.

4. A type of government which existed in Nepal in 1990.

Answer. Monarchy.

5. The number of Fundamental Rights that are present in our Constitution.

Answer. 6.

The Indian Constitution C. Match The Following

Find and write the correct options from the given below columns:

Answer. 1. (e) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (d)

The Indian Constitution D. Picture Interpretation

Look at the following picture and answer the questions that follow:

1. who is the personality shown?
   
2. What document is he signing?
   
3. What is the importance of this document?

Answer.

1. The personality shown in the picture is Jawaharlal Nehru.
2. He is signing the Constitution of India.
3. This documents holds immense importance as it is needed to run the country efficiently.

KSEEB Solutions Class 8 History Chapter 1 Source Points To Remember

• There is no source no history’ is the stance of history.
• If the things used by human beings in the past have remained, then they are called sources by historians.
• Literary sources and Archaeological sources are the two sources
• Written Literature and Oral Literature are the two types in literary sources
• The literature created by Indians in native languages is called as the Native Literature.
• Literary works in Sanskrit, Prakruth, Kannada, Telugu, Tamil, Hindi, Marathi, Kashmiri, Gujarathi, Oriya, and in many other native languages are the sources.
• Many foreigners who visited India as travelers, ambassadors, businessmen, officials, and missionaries have recorded their observations and experiences in their works.
• Exaggeration, hyperbole, and loyalty to one’s master are apparent in native literature.
• Oral literature means the folk story, folk songs, folk legends, ballads, and others that pass on from one person to another by word of mouth.
• Inscriptions, Coins, Monuments and Other ruins are Archaeological sources.
• Inscriptions mean engraved writing. Inscriptions are written on stone, rock, metal, ivory, terracotta, and other materials that last longer.
• The Uttarameruru inscription narrates the rural administration of Chola kings.
• Coins are also aid us in knowing the language of administration, titles that the kings possessed their religion, economic conditions of the times and metal technology in vogue of the particular kingdoms.
• Meharuli’s iron pillar and Vijayapura’s whispering Golgumbuz are the evidence of the maturity of then Science and Technical knowledge.
• By applying the carbon-14 dating procedure on the biological ruins (dead animals, birds, and trees) found in these sites, one can arrive at the accurate period of the ruins.

Read and Learn More KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Social Science

Source Exercises

Answer the following after a discussion with your classmates:

Question 1. How do historians write history?
Answer:

• Historians collect the sources, subject them to critical examination, analysis and then write the history.
• Whenever direct sources are not available, they need to make assumptions based on the available sources.
• Often an event is analyzed from different perspectives by different historians.

Question 2. What is the meaning of source? How many types are there?
Answer:
If the things used by human beings in the past have remained, then they are called as the sources by historians.
The sources can be divided into two:
a) Literary sources
b) Archaeological sources

Class 8 History Source KSEEB Notes 

Question 3. Name any two native literary works.
Answer. Kautilya’s ‘Arthashastra’ King Hala’s “Gathaspathasathi’

Question 4. Name any two foreign writers.
Answer Megasthanese’s4 Indica’ Fa-Hien’s -Gho-ko-ki’

Question 5. What is the source which has more reliability for writing history?
Answer Inscriptions are more reliable as these have a direct relationship with then events.

Question 6. Explain the importance of coins in the writing of history.
Answer Coins are helpful in understanding the geographical extent of the ruler’s kingdom that minted the coins. They also aid us in knowing the language of administration, titles that the kings possessed their religion, economic conditions of the times and mental technology in vogue of the particular kingdoms.

Question 7. What are the aspects on which monuments throw more light?
Answer: The monuments throw light on then contemporary religious aspects, technology, economic growth, scientific knowledge, and creativity achieved.

Question  8. By what method, the age of biological fossils can be decided?
Answer By applying the carbon-14 dating procedure on the biological ruins (dead animals, birds, and trees) found in these sites, one can arrive at the accurate period of the ruins.

Source Additional Questions And Answers

Choose the correct alternative and Write the complete answer along with its alphabet in sheet provided:

Question 1. A systematic study of the past is

1. History
2. Political Science
3. Sociology
4. Economics

Answer 1) History

Question 2. The work of Barani is

1. A)Prithiviraj a Raso
2. B) Tarikh-i-F iruzshahi
3. C) Tarikh-i-Babari
4. D) Tarikh-ul-Hind

Answer 2) Tarikh-i-Firuzshahi

Question 3. The author of‘Vikramarjunavijaya’is

1. Ranna
2. Ponna
3. Pampa
4. KumaraVyasa

Answers 3)Pampa

Question 4. The Allahabad pillar inscription narrates about

1. Chandra Gupta
2. Immadi Pulukeshi
3. Kharavela,
4. Samudra Gupta

Answer 4) Samudra Gupta

Question 5.The inscription which narrates about Immadi Pulukeshi is

1. Aihole inscription
2. Hathigumpa inscription
3. Allahabad pillar inscription
4. Halmidi inscription

Answer 1) Aihole inscription,

KSEEB History Chapter 1 Class 8 Multiple Choice Questions 

Question 6. Uttarameruru inscription narrates the rural administration of

1. Pandya kings
2. Pallava kings
3. Chola kings
4. Chalukyas

Answer 3)Chola kings

Question 7. The folk story, folk songs, folk legends, and ballads are coming under

1. Oral Literature
2. Native literature
3. Foreign literature
4. Archaeological Sources,

Answer 1) Oral Literature

Fill in the blanks with the suitable answer:
1. Megasthanese wrote Indica
2. The author of Gho-ko-ki is Fa-Hien
3. The literary work of Hiuen Tsang is Si-yu-Ki
4. Most of Ashoka’s inscriptions are in Bhramhi script
5. The inscription which narrates about Kharavela is Hathigumpa
6. Chitor’s Vijayastamba (victory pillar) tells the victory of  Ranakumbh

Source Question Answer the following in a sentence each:

Question 1. Historian is like an advocate. Why?
Answer Historian is like an advocate. The advocates present their arguments on the basis of the following evidence and sources related to their case. Similarly, historians collect the sources, subject them to critical examination, and analysis and then write the history.

Question 2. Which are the two sources of History?
Answer The sources can be divided into two:1. Literary sources  2. Archaeological sources

Question 3. Mention the two types of literary sources.
Answer The two types in literary sources are 1) Written Literature 2) Oral Literature

Question 4. What is Native Literature?
Answer The literature created by Indians in native languages is called as the Native Literature

Question 5. What is Foreign Literature?
Answer Foreign Literature means the literature created by many foreigners who visited India as travelers, ambassadors, businessmen; officials, and missionaries have recorded their observations and experiences in their works. Shiva Publications, Bangalore

Question 6. What is Oral Literature?
Answer Oral literature means the folk story, folk songs, folk legends, ballads, and others that pass on from one person to another by word of mouth.

Question 7. Which are the four types of Archaeological Sources?
Answer The four types of Archaeological sources are

1. Inscriptions.
2. Coins.
3. Monuments.
4. Other ruins.

Class 8 History Chapter 1 Guide On Source KSEEB 

Question 8. What are Archaeological sources?
Answer The sources which are found during excavation, ruins of buildings, inscriptions, coins, terracotta pieces, bangles, seals, beads, bone pieces, metal and others are called Archaeological sources

Question 9. What are Inscriptions?
Answer Inscriptions mean engraved writing. Inscriptions are written on stone, rock, metal, ivory, terracotta and other materials that last longer.

Question 10 What are the monuments?
Answer Palaces, temples, forts, pillars, etc, which were constructed by ancient kings and important people are called monuments.

Question 11. How does coin help to know that Gouthamiputra had defeated Nahapana?
Answer Gouthamiputra Shakarani got the name of Nahapana erased on his coins, and engraved his name on them. This supports the view that Gouthamiputra had defeated Nahapana.

Source Answer the following questions in four to six sentences each:

1. How do literary works help historians?
Answer

• The literary works can clarify the depiction of then-contemporary social, political, economic, cultural, and administrative aspects.
• These works portray the contemporary social, religious, economic, cultural, and political life of people. The availability of Roman coins in Bengaluru proves the fact that this region had a trade link with Romans two thousand years back.

Question 2. How do Monuments helpful to historians in the creation of History?
Answer.

• Meharulrs iron pillar and Vijayapura’s whispering Golgumbuz are evidence of the maturity of the Science and Technical knowledge.
• Shajahan’s Tajmahal tells the story of love.
• Chitor’s Vijayastamba (victory pillar) tells the victory of Ranakumbh.
• The cave pictures and engravings of Elephanta, Ellora, and Ajanta narrate their mastery of painting and sculpture during their time.
• The temples of Aihole and Patadakallu explain the evolution of Indian temple architecture.
• The monuments of Nalanda and the architecture of Madrasas built by Gawan in Bidar narrate the importance given to education during those times.
• The fort of Srirangapatana explains the accomplishments in the area of defense technology.
• The monuments throw light on then-contemporary religious aspects, technology, economic growth, scientific knowledge, and creativity achieved.

Question 3. How are the coins helpful for historians in the creation of History?
Answer.

• The coins are helpful in understanding the geographical extent of the ruler’s kingdom that minted the coins.
  
• They also aid us in knowing the language of administration, titles that the kings possessed their religion, economic conditions of the times and metal technology in vogue of the particular kingdoms.
  
• Samudra Gupta had minted seven different types of gold coins. Based on the pictures on those coins, it is said that Samudra Gupta was a lover of music and he had conducted Ashwamedha Yaga too.
  
• Gouthamiputra Shakarani got the name of Nahapana erased on his coins, and engraved his name on them. This supports the view that Gouthamiputra had defeated Nahapana.

KSEEB Solutions Class 8 History Chapter 12 India After Independence Textbook Questions

Question 1. Name three problems that the newly independent nation of India faced.

Answer. The newly independent nation of India faces several problems. The problem of resettling refugees, division of society on the basis of caste and feeding the growing population were a few challenges.

Question 2. What was the role of the Planning Commission?

Answer. The government set up the Planning Commission in 1950 to help, design arid execute suitable policies for economic development in India.

Question 3. Fill in the blanks:

(a)Subjects that were placed on the Union UST were ____and
(b)Subjects on the Concurrent List were______ ______and
(c)Economic planning by which both the state and the private sector played a role in development was called a _____model.
(d)The death of_____ sparked off such violent protests that the government was forced to give in to the demand for the linguistic state of Andhra.

Answer.

(a) taxes, difference and foreign affairs
(b) forests, agriculture
(c) mixed economy
(d) Potti Sriramulu

Question 4. State whether true or false:

(a)At Independence, the majority of Indians lived in villages.
(b)The Constituent Assembly was made up of members from the Congress party.
(c)In the first national election, only men were allowed to vote.
(d)The Second Five Year Plan focused on the development of heavy industry.

Answer. (a) True (b) False (c) False (d) True

Question 5. What did Dr. Ambedkar mean when he said that “In politics, we have equality, and in social and economic life we will have inequality”?

Answer. Dr. Ambedkar meant that everyone has equal political rights in this country. Each one has the right to vote in India and everyone is equal in the eyes of the law’. However, the socio-economic structures and policies in India are such that people are not equal.

Class 8 History India After Independence KSEEB Notes 

Question 6. After Independence, why was there a reluctance to divide the country on linguistic lines?

Answer. After independence, many Indian leaders were reluctant to divide the country on linguistic lines. They thought that this would hamper national unity and encourage regional sentiments. It will prove to De an obstacle in the growth of nationalist spirit and lead to divisiveness among the people of India.

Question 7.Give one reason why English continued to be used in India after Independence?

Answer. After Independence, English continued to be used in India as many Indian states did not know the Hindi language. Moreover, some states threatened to separate from the Indian Un on if Hindi was imposed. English was seen as a common link among all the states and therefore, it continued to be a language for communication.

Question 8. How was the economic development of India vislised in the early decades after Independence?

Answer. The formation of a new nation was a difficult task. It was aimed that India should become a modern, self-sufficient, developed arid an industrilasied nation. The Planning Commission was set up in 1950 to design economic policies and strategies through Five Year Plans. The Second Five Year Plan proposed a large-scale growth of heavy and basic industries like iron and steel. The building of dams was also initiated. India adopted a mixed-economy model of development which was based on a combination of public and private sectors for creating economic growth

Question 9. Who was Mira Behan? Find out more about her life and her ideas.

Answer. Mira Behan was actually a British woman who had stayed in India for most of he’* life. Her’ real name was Madeleine Slate. She was fascinated by Gandhi and his ideas. She closely associated with Gandhi in his struggle and stay end at his ashram. After Independence, she was appointed by the government to advise upon development of agriculture in the state of Uttar Pradesh. She began several community projects to prevent cutting of trees and floods in hilly areas. She has been awarded with the Padma Vibhushan medal for her selfless service.

Question 10. Find out more about the language divisions in Pakistan that led to the creation of the new nation of Bangladesh. How did Bangladesh achieve independence from Pakistan?

Answer. At the time of its formation, Pakistan was divided into West and East Pakistan. West Pakistan mainly consisted of Urdu-speaking Muslims, while in East Pakistan, the Muslims spoke in Bengali. The Muslims in East Pakistan were not given their due share in administration. They were not given their basic rights as citizens. Slowly, a movement to free East Pakistan began to emerge, which was supported by India. India and Pakistan fought a war in 1971. Pakistan lost on 16th December, 1971, and the new country of Bangladesh was formed

India After Independence Text Questions

Question 1. Imagine a conversation between a father and son in a Muslim family. After Partition, the son thinks it would be wiser for them to move to Pakistan while the father believes that they should continue to live in India. Taking information from the chapter so far (and Chapter II), act out what each would say.

Answer. The father must have thought that India is a democratic country with scope for development. The son must have thought that Pakistan is an Islamic state where Muslims would be treated fairly.

Question 2. Discuss in your class, one advantage and one disadvantage today of the decision to keep English as a language of India.

Answer. The advantage of using English is that it a common language of communication irrespective of the region one comes from. The disadvantage of using English lies in its superiority over the Indian languages and over-reliance of people on English. People who do not know English are discriminated against, while the knowledge of Indian languages is not giver much importance in our country.

KSEEB Class 8 History Chapter 12 Questions And Answers 

Question 3. Discuss in your class whether Mira Behan was right in her view that science and machinery would create problems for human beings. You may like to think about examples of the effects of industrial pollution and deforestation on the world today.

Answer. Mira Behan was right in her view to some extent The mindless use of technologies’ has created an ecological imbalance and several problems for human race. The increasing pollution and environmental hazards have proved that uncontrolled use of scientific equipment has made it difficult for humans to survive. Most of us live in unhealthy surroundings. However, it is not to say that all developments in science and industry are bad. If development and use of resources is done wisely, we can avoid the degradation of the environment.

India After Independence Very Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What was the population of India in 1947?

Answer. India’s population in 1947 was around 45 million.

Question 2. When was the Constitution of India adopted?

Answer. The Constitution of India was adopted on 26*h January, 1950.

Question 3. What is universal adult franchise?

Answer. It means that all the adult citizens of India are allowed to vote in state and national elections.

Question 4.What is meant by equality before law?

Answer. This principle means that everyone is equal before the eyes of law irrespective of caste, community or religion. There is no discrimination on any basis.

Question 5. How has the powers been divided in India?

Answer. India is a federal country in which power is divided between central and state governments.

Question 6. What is the Union List?

Answer. It is a list of subjects on which only the central government is authorazised to make laws. It includes subjects like taxation, foreign relations as well as posts and telegraph.

Question 7. What is the Concurrent List?

Answer. it is a list of subjects on which both the central and state governments can make laws. In the case of any clash, the decision of the central government will prevail. Forests and agriculture are examples of subjects mentioned in the Concurrent List

Question 8. What do you mean by democracy?

Answer. Democracy means government of the private for the people and by the people. It is a political system in which power lies in the hands of the people.

Question 9. What is a mixed economy?

Answer. That economy in which both the private and the public sectors co-exist is known as a mixed economy.

Question 10. What do you mean by a republic?

Answer. A republican form of government is that where the head of the state is directly or indirectly elected by the people. In a republic, the citizens have some fundamental rights and the government functions according to a body of rules.

India After Independence Short Answer Type Questions

Question 1. How was the Indian Constitution drafted?

Answer. The Constituent Assembly was formed in July 1946 and it set up a Drafting Committee under the chairmanship of Dr.  B.R. Ambedkar. Between December 1946 and November 1949, three hundred Indians met several times to prepare the draft of the Constitution. These meetings were attended by individuals across India from different political parties. Laves existing in other parts of the world were also referred to. The discussions finally resulted in the framing of the Constitution, which was adopted on 26th January, 1950.

Question 2. How did the Constitution make provisions for the lower castes?

Answer. Our Constitution has offered special privileges for the people belonging to lower castes. The practice of untouchability was abolished. The government also reserved a certain number’ of seats in legislature and government jobs. Several other provisions were given to the people from socially disadvantaged communities.

Question 3. What do you mean by social democracy?

Answer. Social democracy means that all the people living in the society are equal. People should not be discriminated on the basis of caste, religion, color and sex. All the people should have equal opportunities to develop their personalities. Everyone has the right to use public places, religious centers and places of entertainment. The state should not support untouchability and the interests of the minorities should be safeguarded. The Right to Equality before law is mentioned in the Articles 14-18 of the Constitution.

India After Independence KSEEB Class 8 Textbook Solutions 

Question 4. How did Andhra Pradesh come into existence?

Answer. In 1920s, the Congress had declared that states would be divided in Independent India on linguistic basis. After Independence, when the political leaders saw no development in this direction, they strongly reacted. Potti Sriramulu went on a hunger strike in October 1952 demanding the formation of Andhra. He died after fasting for 58 days. After his death, there were widespread bandhs and hartals. The government was forced to accept this demand. Andhra Pradesh was made out of Madras Presidency as a separate state in independent India on 1st October, 1953.

Question 5. What was the focus of the Second Five Year Plan?

Answer. The Second Five Year Plan focused on the development of heavy industry in India, Large number of iron and steel industries were established. These basic industries would be regulated by the government The Plan was formulated in 1956 which also provided for construction of several dams across the country. It was important in shaping the economically of India in the coming years.

India After Independence Long Answer Type Questions

Question 1. What are the main features of the Constitution of India?

Answer. The main features of the Constitution of India are given as follows:

• The Constitution of India provides for a federal structure of governance. The subjects are divided between the Centre and the states. Also, it provides for an independent judiciary and a bicameral legislature (consisting of two houses).
• Universal adult franchise is another important feature of the Constitution of India. It means that any Indian citizen above the age of 18 has the right to vote in the elections.
• It guarantees equality before law to all the citizens. It means that all the citizens of the country are equal before law irrespective of their caste, creed, color, race, sex, etc.
• It gives special privileges to poor and the disadvantaged sections of the society. They are given special privileges like reservations to uplift their social status.

Question 2. Enlist some problems faced by India after Independence and Partition.

Answer. After Independence, India faced certain problems as mentioned below:

• Due to the Partition, lakhs of people left their homes on both the sides. Around 8 million refugees came to India from Pakistan. The-e were problems of food supply, housing facilities and rehabilitation of new occupants.
• There were about 562 Princely States in India at the time of Independence. It was a major challenge to persuade them to join the Indian Union.
• At the time of Independence, Indian society was divided into several castes, sub-castes, communities, sects and religious groups. There was a problem to keep these people united in the newly independent country.
• After’ Independence, there was a need to develop the country and its economy, which was ruined by the colonial government. The masses had to be freed from poverty, which was only possible through promoting industries and increasing agricultural output.

Question 3. Discuss the distribution of powers in Indian Federalism.

Answer . The Constitution of India distributed the powers between the Centre and the states. There are

three Lists of subjects on which the Centre and states can make laws:

• The Union List: There are 97 subjects n the Union List. Only the union government can make laws on these subjects. Railways, posts and telegraph, coinage and currency, difference and j foreign affairs are some subjects included in the Union List The laws framed are applicable to j all the states and citizens equally.
• The State List: There are 66 subjects in this list The state governments can make laws on these subjects. Agriculture, public works and police are included in the State List.
• The Concurrent List: There are 47 subjects in the Concurrent List On these subjects, both the Centre and the states can make laws. In case of a disagreement, the decision of the union government shall prevail.

The Residuary powers have been given to the central government in the Constitution.

Important Questions For KSEEB Class 8 History Chapter 12 

Question 4. “A huge division persists in Indian society over the last sixty six years”. Elaborate?

Answer. The Constitution of India laid down that all citizens are equal. However, in reality, differences and inequalities exist at many levels in our society. There is a sharp difference between the urban and rural areas. Some parts of the country are more developed than the others. A few Indians are very rich, while millions live below the poverty line. Thousands of people do not have shelter or enough food to eat. The gap between the rich and the poor classes is very wide.

Besides, caste and communal differences still plague the Indian society. The lower castes are discriminated against on a daily basis in every sphere of the society. People from different religious groups often clash with each other. There are differences among the people on the basis of region, language and ethnic background. Hence, we can say that differences still exist in the Indian society, ever after decades of Independence.

India After Independence Hots Corner

Question 1. Why did newly independent India have to adopt a new political system?

Answer. The newly independent nation of India had to adopt a new political system because the colonial rule had come to an end. It had to fulfill the hopes and expectations of a huge population. Hence, a viable political system was needed to govern the country.

Question 2. How was the practice of untouchability abolished?

Answer. The practice of untouchability was abolished through a law called The Untouchability Offence Act* passed in 1955. According to this law, anyone practicing untouchability will either be imprisond or fined.

Question 3. What were the recommendations of the States Reorganization Commission?

Answer. The States  Reorganization Commission submitted its detailed report in 1956. It suggested the redrawing of district and provincial boundaries on the basis of linguistic differences. As such, states in India should be carved out accordingly.

Question4. What were the problems faced by people in urban and rural areas at the time of Independence?

Answer.

• Most of the Indian population lived in the villages at the time of Independence. Peasants and farmers were highly dependent upon monsoon rains for growth of their crops. There were no proper irrigation facilities or other means of development available to the farmers. Most of the farmers were under heavy debts.
• In the urban areas, the workers lived in overcrowded slums and they had no provisions of health and education. The cities were not well equipped for the growing population to live comfortably.

India After Independence Miscellaneous Questions

A. Multiple Choice Questions

Tick the correct option from the choices provided:

Question 1. The Constituent Assembly of India started to prepare the new Constitution in

(a)July 1946
(b)Dec 1946
(c)Aug 1947
(d)Jan 1950

Answer. (a) July 1946

Question 6. Which of these problems were faced by newly independent India?

(a)Problem of refugees
(b)Problem of division of society
(c)Problem of development
(d)All of these

Answer. (d) All of these

Question 7. Which of these subjects is kept in the Union List?

(a)Currency
(b)Difference
(c)Foreign affairs
(d)All of these

Answer. (d) All of these

Question 8. Which of the following subjects is mentioned in the State List?

(a)Medical
(b)Police
(c)Local bodies
(d)All of these

Answer. (d) All of these

KSEEB History Chapter 12 Class 8 Multiple Choice Questions 

Question 9. At the time of Independence, a majority of Indians lived in_____

(a)Villages
(b)Towns
(c)Cities
(d)Buildings

Answer. (a) Villages

India After Independence B. True or False

State whether the following statements are true or false:

1. On 1st October, 1953, Andhra Pradesh came into being.

Answer. True

2. (Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution.

Answer. True

3. The Constituent Assembly was set up in July 1946.

Answer. True

4. On 26th November, 1947, the Constitution of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly.

Answer. False

5. India became independent on 15th August, 1951.

Answer. False

6. About 8 million refugees came to India during Partition.

Answer. True

7.  There were 562 Princely States in India in 1947.

Answer. True

8. The Second Five Year Plan was formulated in 1956.

Answer. True

India After Independence B. Picture Interpretation

Question 1 See picture (i) and identify his role in the Indian politics.

Answer. It is a picture of an Indian political leader named Potti Sriramulu. He led a powerful struggle and sacrificed his life which resulted in the formation of the state of Andhra Pradesh.

Question 2. See picture (ii) and identify his role in nation building.

Answer. The picture is of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. He played a significant role in the Indian freedom struggle. He was the first Hone Minister of India. He took the challenging task of uniting all Princely States into the Indian Union.