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KSEEB Solutions for SSLC Class 10 Economics Chapter 2 Notes Rural Development

 Rural Development And Decentralization

• India is a land of villages and its 68.84% of the population lives in villages according to 2011 census report.
• One-third of its population lives in abject poverty.
• Mahatma Gandhi said long ago that development of its villages is the true development of India.
• The development techniques that the Indian Government adopted after independence enabled only urban development.
• Poverty has increased among the rural people who depend primarily on agriculture.
• Though 60% of the people work in the primary sector,the contribution from this sector to the national income is very less and is reducing year by year.
• Rural development is the improvement of the social and economic status of the rural people by proper utilization of the locally available, natural and human resources.
• It occupies a very important place in the development of the Indian economy.
• The rural people should be provided with essential facilities like electricity, irrigation, transport, communication, market-yards, etc.
• Small-scale and cottage industries can improve, thereby strengthening the rural economy.
• The facilities and opportunities that are available to people in urban areas should be available to people in rural areas too.
• Providing the administrative power and the responsibility of developing the village to its own people is called administrative decentralization.
• This process was called ‘Gram Swarajya’ by Mahatma Gandhi.

Class 10 Economics Chapter 2 Rural Development Important Topics

 Role of Panchayat Raj Institutions and Women In Development

• To enable decentralization, the Panchayat Raj System has been brought into practice.
• Even during Vedic times, the village administration was being carried on by village people.
• A committee of five representatives of the people would carry on the administration. They were known as the ‘Panchas’.
• The Panchayat organization is also known as ‘Rural Local Government’.
• As per the 73rd Amendment to the Constitution, three-tier system of panchayats came into existence, throughout the country in the year 1993. They were Gram Panchayat, Taluk Panchayat, and Zila Panchayat.
• Panchayat Raj institutions can help to provide the rural community with basic facilities of roads, drains, drinking water, street lights, toilets, school and hospital buildings, market-yards, etc.
• More employment opportunities can be provided to the people by nurturing the rural productive activities of agriculture, cattle-rearing, poultry, fishery, social forestry, etc.
• Through the Panchayats, seminars, conferences and training programmes can be organised for all kinds of activities.
• Various projects like ‘Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Project (MNREGP), Rural Development ‘Swarnajayanti Rural Self-Employment Project (SRSEP), etc., for generation of employment and alleviation of poverty can be implemented.
• ‘Indira Awas Yojana’, ‘Ambedkar-Valmiki Housing Programme’ and ‘Ashraya Yojana’ are different housing programmes implemented in the villages.
• Through ‘Suvarna Gramodaya Yojana’ basic facilities can be enhanced.
• The Public Distribution System (PDS) in villages can be improved and poor people should be provided with the essential food grains adequately.
• Social and cultural activities can be encouraged through the celebration of village fairs and festivals.
• Through such activities, village art and crafts will get an impetus and the rural culture will get enriched.
• Thus, Panchyat Raj institutions play a significant role in the overall development of rural areas.
• In her lifetime, a woman performs a variety of duties as a mother, wife, daughter-in-law and a daughter. Every man’s life is shaped by a woman.
• The work that women perform at home is not considered labour and so she is not paid any wages. This kind of wage less labour is not taken into account in the national income also.
• Women Self-Help Groups’, have been created in all villages in the rural sector.
• Both men and women share the same responsibility in making the country economically developed.
• They are like the two wheels of the chariot of progress. Neither should be ignored.

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Biology Notes Karnataka State Syllabus

Chapter 1 Life Processes Notes

Chapter 2 Control and Coordination Notes

Chapter 3 How Do Organisms Reproduce Notes

Chapter 4 Heredity and Evolution Notes

Chapter 5 Our Environment Notes

Chapter 6 Management of Natural Resources Notes

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC Political Science Chapter 4 Global Problems And India’s Role Notes

With the end of Second World War, the imperialism and colonialism ended. A new world order emerged along with the old world order. With the beginning of UNO, a new era of world order started.

• Humanists have advocated that every human being should get their rights.
• In the name of caste, religion, race, gender, colour of the skin and nationalism, human rights have been denied to many people throughout the history.
• The Human Rights Declaration prepared by the experts agreed upon by member countries was adopted in the UN general body meeting on December 10, 1948.
• In order to facilitate better implementation of Human Rights, the UNO has provided ‘guidelines’ along with the Human Rights Declaration.
• The guidelines included 30 columns. For example, every individual has a right to live with freedom, dignity and equality once he is born as an individual.
• India has been advocating for better human rights implementation in all the meetings of UNO.
• Disarmament is the present as well as future need of the humanity. Disarmament is the only solution to stop mad rush for arms.
• Disarmament is the only direct process available to bring down the number of arms or elimination of certain arms.
• Insecurity, fear, instability and threat of war appear due to the arms competition.
• India as a peaceful country advocates disarmament. Peace is very important for global security issues.
• Among the members of the world, economic inequality is a major problem.

KSEEB Class 10 Political Science Problems of India 

• The word ‘Third World’ denotes poverty and non-development.
• These countries are trying to come out of the shortages of food, capital, health, education, and many other issues.
• Meanwhile, the excess spending, open economy, globalisation promoted by the developed world are taxing the poor nations with increasing pollution and inability to manage the increasing problems.
• India, as a progressive nation, is striving to promote economic equality among all the countries of the world.

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC Political Science Chapter 2 Indian Foreign Policy Notes

Just like an individual who cannot live alone, countries also cannot live in isolation.

Hence, every country needs to have a foreign policy to regulate its interaction with other countries.

According to experts, “Every sovereign country has its own foreign policy”.

It’s an important point to note that India had its own foreign policy before independence and after independence. India is one of the few countries in the world which pursue its own foreign policy.

The major aims of Indian Foreign Policy are:

•  National security
•  Enriching national economy
•  Spreading the cultural richness of our country in other countries.
•  Increasing the number of friendly countries and checking the power of enemy countries.
• Achieving world peace and co-existence.
• Issues like national interests, geographical interests, political situation, economic interest, military issues, public opinion, international situation, and many other issues have influenced and shaped India’s Foreign Policy.

Key Concepts In Problems Of India And Their Solutions Class 10 SSLC Political Science

Basic Aspects of India’s Foreign Policy:

• Panchasheela Principles: In 1954, both India and China accepted Panchasheel Principles to foster their international relationship. The basic principles were to respect each other’s sovereignty and regional interests, noninvasion of each other, noninterference in each other’s internal issues, mutual cooperation and respect, peaceful coexistence.
• Non-Aligned Movement: The world was divided into two power blocks after the end of Second World War.
• The democratic countries were under the hegemony of USA and the communist countries were led by USSR. In those days, India followed the policy of being Non Aligned to either of these blocks. It was successful in commanding the faith from both blocks. It secured financial assistance from USA and military aid from USSR.
• Anti-Imperialism: The Foreign Policy of India opposes imperialism. Imperialism is an attempt by a sovereign country to take over another sovereign country with the intention of ruling it for its personal gains.
• Anti-Apartheid Policy: Apartheid is an affront to human rights and world peace. The Foreign Policy of India declared that “No country of the world shall practice this”. India had declared its support to Nelson Mandela and his party African National Congress who were opposing Apartheid in their country.
• Disarmament: The process of elimination of specific arms step-by-step is called disarmament. Since the time of Nehru, India has supported the disarmament process. Though it is impossible and impractical to attain total disarmament, as every country needs arms for its protection; an attempt can be made to reduce the numberof arms.
  The Constitution of India’s Article 51 advocates for a foreign policy that aims at establishing international peace and cooperation.

KSEEB Solutions for SSLC Class 10 Political Science Chapter 1 Notes

India has faced numerous external and internal problems since 1947. These problems have to be managed through efficient administration.

• Let’s know more about such problems.
• Unemployment is a situation where a person does not find work in accordance to his capacity or qualification.
• India has a huge population and unemployment is a big problem.
• Usually, the population and improved technology are considered as the two reasons for unemployment. Apart from these two, shortage of natural resources, over-dependency of agriculture, ruined cottage industries and lack skill based education unemployment has become a huge problem.
• In order to solve poverty-related issues, both the central and state governments have taken various measures to generate employment for people.
• The solution is to inculcate world class skills to our people so that they compete with globalized production.
• Corruption is another social evil in the public life of India. Now, the corruption has spread to all strata of the society.
• Corruption means offering bribes and following any other illegal means to achieve some illegal benefits.
• Corruption influences negatively on both, personal as well as public sphere of life. It influences the economic,social and political life of a country negatively.
• Things like tax evasion, illegal hoarding, smuggling, economic offences, cheating, violation of international exchange and employment cheating all find space in corruption.
• It is impossible to root out corruption by either rejecting it at personal level or just going along with it.
• It can berooted out only through strong public ethics and morality and personal commitment.
• Discrimination: Indian society is made up of patriarchal values. It discriminates the role of women and man according to the patriarchal values. Hence, inequalities are there between  men and women in our society.
•  Just like gender discrimination, caste based discrimination is also a challenge to India.
• Communalism is a major problem in our country. Segregation in the name of religion and creating hatred and cultivating opposite self interests can be called as Communalism.
•  Political competition, social groupism and economic hatefulness are expressed in Communalism.
•  Communalism puts self interest ahead of national interest. The communal forces make attempts to increase their communal forces in the country.
•  A lot of precautions are needed to address the challenge posed by Communalism. Ideas like uniform civil code, equality among all the citizens, supporting secular values in the society  and transcending narrow thoughts in favour of national interests can be the solutions for communalism.

KSEEB SSLC Political Science Chapter 1 important points

• India has faced numerous external and internal problems since 1947. These problems have to be managed through efficient administration.
• Let’s know more about such problems.
• Unemployment is a situation where a person does not find work in accordance to his capacity or qualification.
• India has a huge population and unemployment is a big problem.
• Usually, the population and improved technology are considered as the two reasons for unemployment. Apart from these two, shortage of natural resources, over dependency of agriculture, ruined cottage industries and lack of skill based education unemployment has become a huge problem.
• In order to solve the poverty related issues, both the central and state governments have taken various measures to generate employment for people.
• The solution is to inculcate world class skill to our people so that they compete with globalized production.
• Corruption is another social evil in the public life of India. Now, the corruption has spread to all strata of the society.
• Corruption means offering bribe and following any other illegal means to achieve some illegal benefits.
• Corruption influences negatively on both, personal as well as public sphere of life. It influences the economic, social and political life of a country negatively.
• Things like tax evasion, illegal hoarding, smuggling, economic offences, cheating, violation of international exchange and employment cheating all find space in corruption.
• It is impossible to root out corruption by either rejecting it at personal level or just going along with it. It can be rooted out only through strong public ethics and morality and personal commitment.
• Discrimination: Indian society is made up of patriarchal values. It discriminates the role of women and man according to the patriarchal values. Hence, inequalities are there between men and women in our society.
• Just like gender discrimination, caste based discrimination is also a challenge to India.

• Communalism is a major problem in our country. Segregation in the name of religion and creating hatred and cultivating opposite self interests can be called as Communalism.
• Political competition, social groupism and economic hatefulness are expressed in Communalism.
• Communalism puts self interest ahead of national interest. The communal forces make attempts to increase their communal forces in the country.
• A lot of precautions are needed to address the challenge posed by Communalism. Ideas like uniform civil code, equality among all the citizens, supporting secular values in the society and transcending narrow thoughts in favour of national interests can be the solutions for communalism.

KSEEB Solutions for SSLC Class 10 Geography Chapter 8 Notes

Minerals

• Mineral is a natural inorganic substance that possesses a definite chemical composition and physical properties.
• The process of extracting minerals from the Earth is called mining.
• Iron ore is a ferrous metallic mineral. It is an important raw material for the iron and steel industry.
• India is endowed with large reserves of iron ore. It is found in many
• Manganese is the most important ferro-alloy metal.
• It is used for the manufacture of steel.
• India is one of the leading producer and exporter of manganese ore in the world.
• Bauxite is the main source of aluminium.
• Mica is an important non-metallic mineral. It can be easily split into very thin, transparent sheets and is heat resistant.

Class 10 Geography Chapter 8 Indian Mineral and Power Resources

Power Resources

• The resources, which are necessary for the generation of energy, are called power resources.
• Conventional power resources include coal, petroleum, natural gas etc. Most of these are exhaustible.
• Non-conventional power resources include alternative sources of energy such as solar, wind, tidal, geo-thermal power, and biogas.
• Coal is a fuel substance of plant origin. It is composed largely of carbon.
• Petroleum is mineral oil, which is composed of hydrocarbons. It is an important fuel as well as raw material for many industries.
•  Electricity generated from the force of falling water is called ‘hydro-electricity’.
• The first hydro-electricity power plant in India was installed at Darjeeling in West Bengal (1897).
• However, the real generation of hydel power was started with the hydel power stations at Shivanasamudram on Kaveri river (1902).
• The energy generated from the atomic minerals is called ‘nuclear power’.
• In India, non-conventional power resources are found in abundance. They are renewable, pollution free and eco- friendly.
• This is one of the problems of India these days. There is a great demand for energy. However, the production of energy is not sufficient.

KSEEB Solutions For SSLC Class 10 Geography Chapter 11 Notes

The natural hazards, which create widespread destruction, are known as natural disasters.

Disasters may be natural or man-made.

• India is a vast country and has been facing various natural disasters.
• There are two types of cyclones namely tropical cyclones and temperate cyclones.
• Tropical cyclones are more common in India.
• In India, most of the tropical cyclones develop in the Bay of Bengal.
• Flood refers to the inundation of land by river water. It is recurring disaster in India.
• The sliding of landmass along steep slopes of hills or mountains is called landslides.
• Sea waves strike the coasts with great force. This constant process leads to erosion of coasts.
• An earthquake is a violent vibration in the Earth’s crust. It is one of the worst natural hazards, which often results in disaster.

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes History

• Chapter 1 Advent of Europeans to India Notes
• Chapter 2 The Extension of the British Rule Notes
• Chapter 3 The Impact of British Rule in India Notes
• Chapter 4 Opposition to British Rule in Karnataka Notes
• Chapter 5 Social and Religious Reformation Movements Notes
• Chapter 6 The First War of Indian Independence (1857) Notes
• Chapter 7 Freedom Movement Notes
• Chapter 8 Era of Gandhi and National Movement Notes
• Chapter 9 Post Independent India Notes
• Chapter 10 The Political Developments of 20th Century Notes

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes Political Science

• Chapter 1 The Problems of India and their Notes
• Chapter 2 Indian Foreign Policy Notes
• Chapter 3 India’s Relationship with Other Countries Notes
• Chapter 4 Global Problems and India’s Role Notes
• Chapter 5 International Institutions Notes

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes Sociology

• Chapter 1 Social Stratification Notes
• Chapter 2 Labour Notes
• Chapter 3 Social Movements Notes
• Chapter 4 Social Problems Notes

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes Geography

• Chapter 1 Indian Position and Extension Notes
• Chapter 2 Indian Physiography Notes
• Chapter 3 Indian Climate Notes
• Chapter 4 Indian Soils Notes
• Chapter 5 Indian Forest Resources Notes
• Chapter 6 Indian Water Resources Notes
• Chapter 7 Indian Land Resources Notes
• Chapter 8 Indian Mineral & Power Resources Notes
• Chapter 9 Indian Transport and Communication Notes
• Chapter 10 Indian Industries Notes
• Chapter 11 Indian Natural Disasters Notes
• Chapter 12 Indian Population Notes

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes Economics

• Chapter 1 Development Notes
• Chapter 2 Rural Development Notes
• Chapter 3 Money and Credit Notes
• Chapter 4 Public Finance and Budget Notes

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes Business Studies

• Chapter 1 Bank Transactions Notes
• Chapter 2 Entrepreneurship Notes
• Chapter 3 Globalization of Business Notes
• Chapter 4 Consumer Education and Protection Notes

KSEEB Class 10 SSLC Geography Chapter 12  Indian Population Notes

The total number of people living in a particular area is called “population”.

India is the second populous country in the world, next to China.

• As per 2011 census, the total population of India was 121.01 crore At the beginning of the last century, during 1901 – 1921, population growth was slow.
• The period from 1921 to 1951 was considered as a period of moderate growth.
• The growth rate of population was very high from 1951 – 1991.
• However, the growth rate started declining from 1981 onwards. It declined from 24.7% in 1981 to 17.64% in 2011

Many factors are responsible for the growth of population in India :

• High birth rate
•  Low death rate
• The most important impacts of population growth are: – Unemployment, shortage of food and malnutrition, low standard of living, environmental pollution etc.
• The Government of India has taken some measures to check the growth of population.
• The distribution of population in India is uneven. This is due to varied geographical and cultural factors.
• The number of people per sq km is called density of population. According to 2011 census, the average density of population in India is 382 per km².
• Based on population density, India can be divided into three zones: 1) Areas of high density 2) Areas of medium density and 3) Areas of low density.
• Factors affecting on distribution of population :
• Physical features
•  Climate
•  Soils
• Resources
• Industries and commerce

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes History

• Chapter 1 Advent of Europeans to India Notes
• Chapter 2 The Extension of the British Rule Notes
• Chapter 3 The Impact of British Rule in India Notes
• Chapter 4 Opposition to British Rule in Karnataka Notes
• Chapter 5 Social and Religious Reformation Movements Notes
• Chapter 6 The First War of Indian Independence (1857) Notes
• Chapter 7 Freedom Movement Notes
• Chapter 8 Era of Gandhi and National Movement Notes
• Chapter 9 Post Independent India Notes
• Chapter 10 The Political Developments of 20th Century Notes

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes Political Science

• Chapter 1 The Problems of India and their Notes
• Chapter 2 Indian Foreign Policy Notes
• Chapter 3 India’s Relationship with Other Countries Notes
• Chapter 4 Global Problems and India’s Role Notes
• Chapter 5 International Institutions Notes

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes Sociology

• Chapter 1 Social Stratification Notes
• Chapter 2 Labour Notes
• Chapter 3 Social Movements Notes
• Chapter 4 Social Problems Notes

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes Geography

• Chapter 1 Indian Position and Extension Notes
• Chapter 2 Indian Physiography Notes
• Chapter 3 Indian Climate Notes
• Chapter 4 Indian Soils Notes
• Chapter 5 Indian Forest Resources Notes
• Chapter 6 Indian Water Resources Notes
• Chapter 7 Indian Land Resources Notes
• Chapter 8 Indian Mineral & Power Resources Notes
• Chapter 9 Indian Transport and Communication Notes
• Chapter 10 Indian Industries Notes
• Chapter 11 Indian Natural Disasters Notes

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes Economics

• Chapter 1 Development Notes
• Chapter 2 Rural Development Notes
• Chapter 3 Money and Credit Notes
• Chapter 4 Public Finance and Budget Notes

KSEEB SSLC Class 10 Social Science Notes Business Studies

• Chapter 1 Bank Transactions Notes
• Chapter 2 Entrepreneurship Notes
• Chapter 3 Globalization of Business Notes
• Chapter 4 Consumer Education and Protection Notes